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All Journal International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur Machine : Jurnal Teknik Mesin INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian Jurnal Teknik Mesin Indonesia Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research (JIEMAR) Jurnal Teknik Mesin Sinergi Journal Techno Entrepreneur Acta
Rusdi Nur
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Aerospace Engineering Humanities Automotive Engineering Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Physics

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Experimental study on annealing S45C steel: effect of temperature and time on hardness, impact strength Sirman, Mahadir; Syahrisal, Syahrisal; Pasandang, Henny; Nur, Rusdi; Faraby, Muhira Dzar; Mukhlisin, Mukhlisin
International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences Vol 15, No 1: March 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v15.i1.pp343-354

Abstract

Steel generally exhibits poor wear and friction resistance, making it necessary to improve its surface mechanical properties, particularly hardness and microstructure, to enhance performance. Heat treatment is one of the most effective methods for achieving these improvements. This study aimed to optimize the heat treatment parameters of S45C medium-carbon steel to improve hardness and impact strength using response surface methodology (RSM). Experimental trials were conducted at annealing temperatures of 800 °C, 850 °C, and 900 °C with holding times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes, followed by cooling in water, oil, or air. Hardness (HRC) and impact strength (Nm/mm²) were measured, and the data were analyzed using RSM with a central composite design (CCD). Quadratic models were found to be statistically significant for both hardness (Prob > F = 0.0222) and impact strength (Prob > F = 0.0338), confirming their validity. The optimization results indicated that a holding time of 60 minutes within the 850-900 °C range provides the best balance between high hardness (>55 HRC) and adequate impact strength (>0.68 Nm/mm²). These findings not only validate the predictive capability of RSM in heat treatment optimization but also provide practical guidelines for industrial applications of S45C steel in automotive, tooling, and structural components.
Co-Authors A.Ari Putra Abdul Rahman Adil Adil, Adil Ahmad Nurul Muttaqin Amrullah Amrullah Andi Fadel Ahmad Apollo . Arial Arial Arminas, Arminas Arthur H. Razak Arthur Halik Razak Asmeati Asmeati, Asmeati Asmeati Sabir Asrul Hidayat C. R. Rakka Dedy Putra Odam Dermawan, Dermawan Didit Putra Odam Dimas F Roji Edhy Gazali Farid Hidayat Arfa Faris Farid R Fathur Hidayat, M. Firman Arif Ibrahim Ibrahim Ikhlas Abdullah Ilyas Mansur Irsat Maulana Jannah, Fitrial M I Mukhsen M. A. Fattah Mahadir, Mahadir Makmur Saini Maulana S. Usman, Achmad Miftahul Ahmad Misbahuddin Misbahuddin Muas M Muas Muchtar Muh Reza B Muhammad Arsyad Suyuti Muhammad Arsyad Suyuti Muhammad Arsyad Suyuti Muhammad Iswar Muhammad Iswar Muhira Dzar Faraby, Muhira Dzar Mukhlisin Mukhlisin Nursyahbani P Parahdiba Pasandang, Henny Sattar Sattar, Sattar Sirman, Mahadir Sitti Sahriana Sudirman, Zainal Syah Risal Syaharuddin Rasyid Syaharuddin Rasyid Syaharuddin Rasyid Syahrisal, Syahrisal Tri Agus Susanto Usman Usman Uswatul Hasanah Mihdar Wahyono Patandean, Tri Yosrihard Basongan