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Journal : Policy

Understanding Japan’s Civil Service System: Norms, Meritocracy, and Institutional Change Zuliansyah P. Zulkarnain; Eko Prasojo
Policy & Governance Review Vol 5 No 1 (2021): January
Publisher : Indonesian Association for Public Administration

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30589/pgr.v5i1.355

Abstract

This article aims to elucidate the tradition of Japan’s public administration emphasizing the civil service system. A number of studies explain the impact of the tradition (norms, values, and institutions), in shaping the process and result of public administration reform. By applying the historical institutionalism perspective, this study reveals how the legacy of the past, the tradition promoted by the Meiji Restoration, creates the new tradition of public administration. This study selects Japan as a typical case representing Asian developmentalists. The remarkable Meiji restoration marked the process of adoption and adjustment of the Germanic traditions in the bureaucracy modernization. Norm institutionalization has established the new norms and civil service system. The basic norms consist of legality, consensus, and seniority. It develops the "kyaria" denoting recruitment, selection, and promotion influenced by seniority, long term performance, and prestigious university recommendation and produces competent and dominant mandarins in the policy process. However, the parliament continuously initiates the reform to reduce the mandarin's domination and heighten political control over the bureaucracy. The reform has not yet changed the power balance of two institutions since the ”kyaria's” embeddedness in Japan's polity produces two consequences. First, it contributes to public administration modernization. The mandarin’s outstanding performance increases political legitimacy and social acceptance to the "kyaria"system. Second, the parliament cannot drastically reduce the mandarin’s role since the lifetime employment model enriches them with knowledge and experience of the government affairs. Conducting cautious reform and, at the same time, working closely with the mandarin are the primary reform strategy of the parliament.
DKI Jakarta’s Odd-Even Transportation Policy Formulation from The Perspective of Evidence Based Policy Eko Prasojo; Afwan Abdi Salam
Policy & Governance Review Vol 6 No 1 (2022): January
Publisher : Indonesian Association for Public Administration

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30589/pgr.v6i1.439

Abstract

This research describes the policy formulation of the odd-even traffic restriction system in DKI Jakarta from the perspective of an evidence- based policy. The odd-even policy seeks to solve congestion and environmental problems due to using private vehicles that have not been fully resolved. The researchers used the concept of evidence-based policy (Head, 2008) to understand three dimensions of evidence, namely political knowledge, scientific (research-based) knowledge, and practical implementation knowledge. The researchers used the post-positivist paradigm in this study to obtain a holistic analysis and to understand the possibility of other variables not discussed in previous theories through in-depth interviews and literature studies. The results show there was stakeholder involvement in the systemic-participatory process limited to NGOs and academics. Meanwhile, business interest groups were reactively involved through mass media support. The Transportation Department of DKI Jakarta had used data and information in the traffic restriction policy formulation with the odd-even system. Limitations in data resulted in the inability to provide a holistic picture related to traffic conditions and the effects of the odd-even policy implementation in DKI Jakarta. Practically, the odd-even policy formulation had shaped the preparedness of the implementing instruments in the odd-even policy implementation. Meanwhile, theoretically, this study found two determinant factors in the formation of political knowledge not stated by Head (2008), namely legal certainty and mass media role.