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All Journal Jurnal Natur Indonesia agriTECH Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Abdimas Galuh: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Journal Of Chemical Process Engineering
Thamrin Usman
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Ahmad Yani Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 79124
Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Economics, Econometrics & Finance Energy Engineering Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Nursing

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Synthesis of Biodiesel in Low-Grade Palm Oil using Geopolymer-ZnO Catalyst Nabila, Yaasinta Lafasha; usman, Thamrin; Alimuddin, Andi Hairil
agriTECH Vol 44, No 3 (2024)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/agritech.80468

Abstract

This study aimed to synthesize biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) from low-grade palm oil using geopolymer-ZnO catalyst. The activity of catalyst was tested by mixing low-grade palm oil and methanol in a mole ratio of 1:10, with varying catalyst concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% at a temperature of 67 o C and different time intervals. Subsequently, the progression of the reaction was monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The results showed that catalyst ratios of 1:0, 1:1, and 1:2 provided complete conversion at concentrations of 3% and 5%. Geopolymer-ZnO catalyst reuse test was carried out using a concentration of 5%, followed by washing with n-hexane. After drying at 100 o C, the sample was reused in biodiesel synthesis. The reuse test findings showed optimum results at 1:2 variation and 2 hours of reaction time with total methyl ester conversion. In addition, the majority of the experiments performed were carried out using a 1:1 variation with a maximum of 3 repetitions, which consistently showed total conversion to methyl ester. Catalyst used was then characterized using FTIR, XRD, and XRF instruments, with the analysis results confirming that it was geopolymer-ZnO. Methyl ester obtained was analyzed using GC-MS, and the findings showed that the main compositions included methyl oleate (47.35%) and methyl palmitate (40.13%).
Determination of Optimum Conditions for Biodiesel Synthesis from Bulk Palm Oil Using Red Mud-CaO Catalyst Nurdianty, Sri; Usman, Thamrin; Rahmalia, Winda
agriTECH Vol 45, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/agritech.79978

Abstract

The synthesis of biodiesel from bulk palm oil using methanol and a heterogeneous catalyst, red mud-CaO, has been carried out. This research aimed to investigate the effect of the ratio of red mud-CaO, percent catalyst, and reaction time on the conversion of methyl ester. Red mud and CaO catalysts were obtained from calcining red mud and clay bath CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) waste at 200°C and 900 o C for 5 and 4 hours, respectively. Biodiesel synthesis was carried out by adding bulk palm oil:methanol (1:10 v/v) and red mud-CaO heated for 1, 2, and 3 hours at 65 o C. In addition, the reaction was followed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Optimum reaction conditions were obtained at the ratio of red mud-CaO (1:1 w/w), catalyst 5%, and time of 2 hours indicated by the total formation of methyl ester on TLC plate. Meanwhile, red mudCaO (1:1 w/w) catalyst was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine the crystal structure and element composition. The analysis was carried out using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) to determine the functional groups of catalyst. XRD characterization results showed that there were 4 highest peaks, namely 29.29° (CaCO3 ), 33.99° and 17.93° (Ca(OH)2 ), and 11.59° (aluminum silicate mineral). The 4 highest elemental contents were Ca, Fe, Al, and Si. FTIR characterization showed the peak wavenumbers 3641.60 cm -1 (Ca(OH)2 ),1423.47 cm -1 (O-C-O bond of carbonate), 981.77 cm -1 and 986.69 cm -1 (Si-O), 875.68 cm -1 and 713.66 cm -1 (Ca-O), 366.48 cm -1 (Al-O), and 426.27 cm -1 (Fe-O). According to GC-MS analysis, the most formed methyl ester compositions were methyl oleate (47.35%) and methyl palmitate (40.13%).
Co-Authors Ajuk Sapar Andi Hairil Alimuddin Anis Shofiyani Ari Widiyantoro Endah Sayekti Gusrizal Gusrizal Heni Pujiastuti Imelda Hotmarisi Silalahi Irma Ramadhani Febriaty Nabila, Yaasinta Lafasha Naselia, Uray Amira Nelly Wahyuni Nurdianty, Sri Rahayu, Warsi Kurnia Risa Nofiani Rudiyansyah Rudiyansyah Suriyanti, Lieli Titin Anita Zahara, Titin Anita Wibowo, M. Agus Wibowo, Muhamad Agus Winda Rahmalia Zaharah, Titin Anita