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Synthesis of rubber seed shell-derived porous activated carbons for promising supercapacitor application Rustamaji, Heri; Prakoso, Tirto; Devianto, Hary; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Febriyanto, Pramahadi; Ginting, Simparmin br; Darmansyah, Darmansyah
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 2 (2025): March 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.60869

Abstract

This work investigates synthesizing activated carbon obtained from rubber seed shells utilizing several activating agents (KOH, CaCl2, and ZnCl2) for supercapacitor applications. Activated carbon was produced from a rubber seed shell using hydrothermal carbonization at 275 °C for 60 minutes and a 120-minute activation treatment at 800 °C. Various activating agents pronounced impacted the pore architecture, surface area, crystallinity, and level of graphitization, which collectively determined the electrochemical characteristics of the resulting materials. Incorporating activation agents enhances the specific surface area and influences the extent of graphitization of activated carbon. The specific surface area of activated carbon products ranges from 367 to 735.2 m² g⁻¹. Further investigation through electrochemical analysis, conducted with a carefully engineered two-electrode system, demonstrated a peak electrode capacitance value of 246 F g-1 at 50 mA g-1 for an ACZn-based supercapacitor. Supercapacitor cells’ energy and power densities reached significant levels, measuring 5.47 Wh kg-1 and 246 W kg-1, respectively. The RSS-derived activated carbon-based supercapacitor exhibited remarkable longevity in a 5000-cycle test, with consistent capacitance retention and coulombic efficiency of 100.11% and 100%, respectively. This work presents a sustainable pathway for producing activated carbon electrodes, contributing to the global circular economy and demonstrating considerable industrial potential.
Morphological and thermal stability analysis of Sn/C electrodes synthesized through impregnation and precipitation methods for CO2 electroreduction Eviani, Mitra; Prakoso, Tirto; Kusdiana, Dadan; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Devianto, Hary
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 14, No 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61280

Abstract

This study investigates tin (Sn) based electrodes supported by graphite for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ECO2R) to formic acid, comparing precipitation and impregnation synthesis methods. Electrodes were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The precipitation method yielded higher Sn content (91.22%) and superior thermal stability (3% mass loss at 1000°C vs. 45% for impregnation). Morphological analysis through SEM revealed precipitation-synthesized electrodes exhibited more uniform Sn particle distribution across the graphite surface, while impregnation resulted in larger Sn agglomerates with less homogeneous coverage, significantly influencing electroactive surface area and catalytic performance. The electrochemical performance of electrodes was tested using H-cell. CV showed decreased cathodic current for Sn/C electrodes compared to pure graphite in CO2-saturated electrolyte, while chronoamperometry indicated slightly better sustained performance for precipitation-synthesized electrodes with stabilized current densities after 3 hours of operation. EIS analysis suggested the precipitation method yields a marginally lower ohmic resistance (28.8 Ω vs. 29.8 Ω), resulting in a more favorable electrode structure for overall catalytic activity. Both methods showed lower ohmic resistance than that of pure graphite (38.1 Ω), the precipitation-synthesized Sn/C electrode emerged as the preferred selection for ECO2R to formic acid, balancing high Sn content, thermal stability, superior durability, and better Faradaic efficiency. The observed performance differences were attributed to distinct metal-support interactions formed during synthesis, with precipitation creating stronger metal-carbon bonds that enhance stability but potentially limit certain active sites necessary for optimal CO2 reduction kinetics. This comprehensive characterization revealed that the precipitation-synthesized electrode offers the most promising foundation for further development, potentially through process optimization, hybrid synthesis approaches, or targeted doping strategies to enhance catalytic activity while maintaining the advantageous stability characteristics.
Heavy hydrocarbon recovery with integration of turboexpander and JT valve from highly CO2-containing natural gas for gas transmission pipeline Yusupandi, Fauzi; Widiatmoko, Pramujo; Sukmana, Ira Febrianty; Fitri, Hera Rahma; Eviani, Mitra; Devianto, Hary
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 17 No 2 (2023): Volume 17, Number 2, 2023
Publisher : Jurnal Rekayasa Proses

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.82485

Abstract

Demand of natural gas is predicted to increase since many valuable products can be produced. Water and heavy hydrocarbon content are the key for gas pipeline facility. To meet requirement of natural gas transportation, dehydration unit (DHU) and hydrocarbon dew point control unit (DPCU) are necessary to avoid water and hydrocarbon condensation during transmission. The conventional dehydration technology, TEG contactor, can lower water content from 1,304 mg/m3 to 80.35 mg/m3 where the maximum limit of water content in natural gas is 97 mg/m3 to prevent hydrate formation. DPCU is installed to remove heavy hydrocarbon, especially C5+. Integration of JT valve and turboexpander was employed to obtain the low gas dew point. The hot gas stream that entered the JT valve was observed. The lower hot bypass gas was applied, the lower hydrocarbon dew point and the more condensate flowrate was achieved. The highest power generation can be gained at low hot gas flow ratio which also influenced the exit pressure and temperature of compressor. In pipeline simulation, the pressure and temperature drop occurred at the high hot gas rate. To examine the arrival condition, dew point curves were generated and showed that the limitation of hot gas flow ratio has to be below 0.6 to prevent heavy hydrocarbon condensation in pipeline.
The Effect of Illumination, Electrode Distance, and Illumination Periods on the Performance of Phototrophic Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells (PSMFCs) Harimawan, Ardiyan; Devianto, Hary; Khodiyat, Nicholas; Gatalie, Kreszen Livianus; Aslan, Christian
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 56 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Directorate for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.1.1

Abstract

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can potentially be used to overcome issues with battery powered light buoys and their frequent maintenance. In this study, a phototrophic sediment microbial fuel cell (PSMFC) was chosen, as the microalgae provide oxygen to be reduced on the cathode and to release the necessary nutrients for the bacteria on the anode. To achieve this, we studied the effect of illumination, the period of the illumination, and the distance between 9-cm2 stainless steel mesh electrodes on the performance of the MFC. The illuminated cells were able to produce higher OCP (max. 205.2 mV) and higher power density (max. 0.68 mW/m2). However, the highest current was achieved during the unilluminated variation (max. 5.3 μA unilluminated and 3.3 μA illuminated). Prolonged illumination produced a higher OCP, current, and power density. A longer electrode distance produced a higher OCP, power density, and current. SEM analysis showed that biofilm formation tended to be scattered at lower electrode distance and more clumped (filling the anode area) at higher electrode distance. Through FTIR analysis, it was found that all MFC variations had the same organic matter, but a more concentrated organic content was found in the MFC at longer electrode distances.
Co-Authors Aditya Farhan Arif Adriaan Adriaan Adriaan Adriaan Adriaan, Adriaan Aghietyas Choirun Az Zahra Aida Nur Ramadhani Al-Aziz, Rd. Habib R. M. T. Ananda, Wisnu Anastasia Yuandy Anies Mutiari Anna Sonya Asoka Ardiyan Harimawan Ardiyan Harimawan Aslan, Christian Auliardi, Dzaky Bork Ilsemann Dadan Kusdiana Daniel Yonathan, Daniel DARMANSYAH . Dian Shofinita Dicky Tri Jatmiko Eviani, Mitra Fauzi Yusupandi Febriyanto, Pramahadi Ferdyan Ihza Akbar Fitri, Hera Rahma Gatalie, Kreszen Livianus Guan, Guoqing Harimawan, Ardiyan Henry Natanail Purwito Heri Rustamaji Hilham Zamriko Koto Ignatius Chandra Kurniawan Ilsemann, Bork Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin Isdiriayani Nurdin James B. Winterburn Jerry Jerry Josephine Christine Utomo Khodiyat, Nicholas Koto, Hilham Zamriko Listiani Artha Melanie, Susiana Mhd Ridho Utomo Mike Reich Mitra Eviani Muhammad Mara Ikhsan Mutiari, Anies Nurdin, Isdiriayani Nurdin, Isdiriayani Pramahadi Febriyanto Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pramujo Widiatmoko Pusparizkita, Yustina Metanoia Rd. Habib R. M. T. Al-Aziz Reich, Mike Rendy Rendy Ridho Eka Yandra Rizkiana, Jenny Rizky Eka Ahmad Saputera, Wibawa Hendra Satria, Arysca Wisnu Schmahl, Wolfgang Setiadi, Tjandra Shofinita, Dian Simparmin br Ginting Sukmana, Ira Febrianty Sung Pil Yoon Susiana Melanie Tae-Hoon Lim Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja Tatto Bustomi Thadeo, Francesco Tiara Calista Shandy Tirto Prakoso Tirto Prakoso Utomo, Mhd Ridho Vita Wonoputri Widiatmoko, Pramujo Winterburn, James B. Wisnu Ananda Wolfgang Schmahl Yandra, Ridho Eka Yustina Metanoia Pusparizkita Yusupandi, Fauzi