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All Journal Jurnal MEKANIKAL MEKTRIK JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) INOVTEK POLBENG Manutech : Jurnal Teknologi Manufaktur Jurnal Teknik Mesin Piston: Journal of Technical Engineering Jurnal Penelitian Enjiniring Fakultas Teknik Unhas Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) METAL : Jurnal Sistem Mekanik dan Termal PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL FISIKA (E-JOURNAL)
Jon Affi, Jon
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Limau Manis-Pauh, Padang, 25137, Indonesia
Aerospace Engineering Automotive Engineering Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Physics Other

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Journal : Piston: Journal of Technical Engineering

 1 
Utilization of Coconut Shells as a Source of Graphene Nanosheets Fe/N-GNS for Environmentally Friendly Primary Battery Electrodes Giyanto; Affi, Jon; Gunawarman; Handayani, Murni; Yetri, Yuli
Piston: Journal of Technical Engineering Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Mesin Universitas Pamulang

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Abstract

The research on the performance of carbon (C)/d-orbital metals (graphite/graphene, graphene/N-graphene, graphite/Fe-graphene, graphite/Fe-N-graphene, and graphene/Fe-N-graphene) in primary battery electrode systems was carried out using a simple technology by mixing coconut shell powder with N and Fe. The purpose of this study was to determine the preparation method of Fe/GNS and Fe/N-GNS electrodes and to evaluate the performance of the electrolyte on electron distribution in Fe/GNS and Fe/N-GNS electrodes as primary battery anodes based on electrical conductivity values. This research was conducted as a laboratory experimental study. GNS and N-GNS were synthesized using a modified Hummers method, while Fe/GNS and Fe/N-GNS electrodes were synthesized using the impregnation method. GNS, N-GNS, Fe/GNS, and Fe/N-GNS after electrolyte combination were characterized using SEM–EDX and a multimeter, respectively. The SEM–EDX results at 170 °C and 500–600 °C showed a folded and wrinkled graphene structure with dispersed Fe (5.3 wt% by EDX), dominated by C and O. The addition of Fe–NH₃ acted as a catalyst to form more regularly structured graphite. The DHL test showed the highest electrical conductivity (~51,400 at 40 V) for Fe-N-GNS samples synthesized at 170 °C and 600 °C, which were identified as the most optimal synthesis conditions.
Synthesis of Graphene-Like Carbon from Coconut Shell and Electrical Conductivity Properties Rohmat, Nur; Affi, Jon; Gunawarman; Handayani, Murni; Yetri, Yuli
Piston: Journal of Technical Engineering Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Mesin Universitas Pamulang

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Abstract

Demand for batteries continues to increase in line with the growth of electric vehicles, while the availability of lithium in nature is limited. One alternative is the use of renewable natural materials, such as coconut shells, to produce functional carbon materials. This study aims to synthesize graphene-like carbon (GLC) from coconut shells using pyrolysis and sonication methods. The process was carried out through drying at 150–200 °C and pyrolysis at 700 °C. XRD characterization showed main peaks at 2θ ≈ 23.11° and 43.75° (150 °C/700 °C), and 23.15° and 43.38° (200 °C/700 °C), with an interlayer spacing of 0.35 nm and a shift in the C (002) peak from pure graphite, indicating the formation of nanosized graphene layers. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O–H, aromatic C=C, C=O, and C–O groups, indicating a hexagonal carbon framework with oxygen functionality on the surface. The Raman spectrum showed ID/IG ratios of 0.84 and 0.83, indicating structural disorder while still consistent with graphene-like characteristics. Conductivity tests showed relatively stable electrical conductivity with gradual electron energy loss at small current increases, allowing better control of electron mobility.
Co-Authors , Gunawarman Abdul Ajiz, Abdul Afdal Afdal, Afdal Ahmad Hasnul Fajri Asrilia, Yuni Deki Zulkarnain Desmarita Leni Djong Hon Tjong G Gunawarman, G Giyanto Gunawarman Hariyati Lubis Harri Biora Putra Hidayatul Fajri Ilhamdi Ilhamdi Ilhamdi, Ilhamdi Irpansyah Siregar Ismet Hari Mulyadi Menkher Manjas Munawarman, Munawarman Murni Handayani Nur Rohmat Nuswantoro, Nuzul Ficky Paskarino, Rio Putra, Rezky Syahemi Raden Mohamad Herdian Bhakti Sanny Ardhy Susanti, Oknovia Tengku Machdhalie Sofie Ultra Marsedi Yanda, Hengki Ebitra Yuli Yetri Yuli Yetri