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TANGGUNG JAWAB PERUSAHAAN MULTINASIONAL DALAM KEGIATAN KERUANGANGKASAAN MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DAN HUKUM RUANG ANGKASA Subandi, Agit Yogi
Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Vol 1, No 2 (2017): Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (365.593 KB)

AbstrakPerkembangan teknologi dan ekonomi global membuat ruang angkasa tidak hanya digunakan oleh negara untuk tujuan ekonomi dan politiknya, melainkan telah menjadi tujuan juga bagi entitas-entitas di luar negara, dalam hal ini entitas non-pemerintah. Perusahaan multinasional tergolong entitas non-pemerintah. Fenomena perusahaan multinasional menjadi penting untuk diperhatikan, karena karakteristik bisnisnya lintas yurisdiksi nasional dan lebih dari satu negara serta melakukan kontrol bisnisnya dari satu negara. Dalam hukum ruang angkasa dikenal dengan istilah “national activity”, mengingat kegiatan ruang angkasa ini juga terkait dengan pertahanan politik suatu negara dan harus di bawah pengawasan negara, sehingga sulit untuk menentukan status kebangsaannya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka yang menjadi permasalahan adalah bagaimana tanggung jawab perusahaan multinasional menurut hukum internasional dan hukum ruang angkasa dan bagaimana bentuk mekanisme pertanggungjawabannya. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara umum, sifat tanggung jawab dari negara menurut konteks hukum ruang angkasa adalah atribusi, dan bukan persoalan alokasi risiko. Oleh sebab itu, tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Multinasional dalam kegiatan keruangangkasaan, berdasarkan ketentuan yang ditetapkan untuk perusahaan multinasional ataupun dari rezim perdagangan internasional adalah memberikan kewajiban-kewajiban dari hukum internasional untuk mematuhi ketentuan hukum nasional suatu negara, tempat di mana perusahaan tersebut beroperasi.Kata Kunci: hukum ruang angkasa, keruangangkasaan, tanggung jawab perusahaan. AbstractThe development of technology and the global economy make space not only used by the state for economic and politicalpurposes, but has become a destination also for entities outside the State, in thiscase non-governmental entities. Multinational corporations classified as non-governmental entities. The phenomenon of multinational corporations is important tonote,because the characteristics of the business across national jurisdictions and more than one country and control the business from one state. In space law known as ‘national activity’, given space activity is also associated with a politicaldefenseof a country and must be under the supervision of the state, making it difficult to determine the status of nationality. Based on this, then the problem is how the responsibility of multinational corporations according to international law and space law and how the form and mechanism of the responsibility. Based on the conclusions of the authors, in general, the nature of the responsibility of the State under a legal context space is attribution, and not about risk allocation. Therefore, Responsibilities of Multinationals companies in space activities, based on the provisions established for multinational companies or of the international trade regime is giving obligations of international law to comply with the national laws of a country, a place where the company operates.Keywords: corporate liability, space activity, space law.DOI : https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v1n2.15

RESPONSIBILITY FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW Agit Yogi Subandi
PRANATA HUKUM Vol 16 No 2 (2021): Juli
Publisher : Law Faculty of Universitas Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36448/pranatahukum.v16i2.253

Space law, described as a "body of law" that regulates activities related to space. As with international law in general, space law uses legal bases, among others, a.l; international treaties, conventions, and resolutions issued by the general assembly of the United Nations to regulate these activities. Because this space activity carries a very large risk, such as failing to orbit the space vehicle at its orbital point, causing damage to the vicinity of the launch site. Based on that, what needs to be discussed in this paper is what is the concept of responsibility in space activities? And what is the definition of liability under international law? The existence of arrangements regarding this activity, it is shown that the responsibility is public and accountability is in the form of compensation.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND INDONESIAN LAW Agit Yogi Subandi
PRANATA HUKUM Vol 17 No 1 (2022): Januari
Publisher : Law Faculty of Universitas Bandar Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36448/pranatahukum.v17i1.267

In the beginning, humans wanted change in life. Especially in terms of human thought which was centered on God or nature (Theocentric), then later shifted to being centered on humans themselves (Anthropocentric). However, with this change, humans actually destroy their own habitation, because they exploit nature for their own interests and this actually becomes self-destruction. Based on this, a concept emerged to balance what humans need with what nature wants (the concept of natural law), namely sustainable development. This concept continues to develop until now, but the manifestation of the concept seems difficult to apply in life in countries. Therefore

TANGGUNG JAWAB PERUSAHAAN MULTINASIONAL DALAM KEGIATAN KERUANGANGKASAAN MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DAN HUKUM RUANG ANGKASA Agit Yogi Subandi
Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Vol. 1 No. 2 (2017): Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Volume 1 Nomor 2 Maret 2017
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

AbstrakPerkembangan teknologi dan ekonomi global membuat ruang angkasa tidak hanya digunakan oleh negara untuk tujuan ekonomi dan politiknya, melainkan telah menjadi tujuan juga bagi entitas-entitas di luar negara, dalam hal ini entitas non-pemerintah. Perusahaan multinasional tergolong entitas non-pemerintah. Fenomena perusahaan multinasional menjadi penting untuk diperhatikan, karena karakteristik bisnisnya lintas yurisdiksi nasional dan lebih dari satu negara serta melakukan kontrol bisnisnya dari satu negara. Dalam hukum ruang angkasa dikenal dengan istilah “national activity”, mengingat kegiatan ruang angkasa ini juga terkait dengan pertahanan politik suatu negara dan harus di bawah pengawasan negara, sehingga sulit untuk menentukan status kebangsaannya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka yang menjadi permasalahan adalah bagaimana tanggung jawab perusahaan multinasional menurut hukum internasional dan hukum ruang angkasa dan bagaimana bentuk mekanisme pertanggungjawabannya. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara umum, sifat tanggung jawab dari negara menurut konteks hukum ruang angkasa adalah atribusi, dan bukan persoalan alokasi risiko. Oleh sebab itu, tanggung Jawab Perusahaan Multinasional dalam kegiatan keruangangkasaan, berdasarkan ketentuan yang ditetapkan untuk perusahaan multinasional ataupun dari rezim perdagangan internasional adalah memberikan kewajiban-kewajiban dari hukum internasional untuk mematuhi ketentuan hukum nasional suatu negara, tempat di mana perusahaan tersebut beroperasi.Kata kunci: hukum ruang angkasa; keruangangkasaan; tanggung jawab perusahaan. AbstractThe development of technology and the global economy make space not only used by the state for economic and political purposes, but has become a destination also for entities outside the State, in this case non-governmental entities. Multinational corporations classified as non-governmental entities. The phenomenon of multinational corporations is important to note, because the characteristics of the business across national jurisdictions and more than one country and control the business from one state. In space law known as ‘national activity’, given space activity is also associated with a political defense of a country and must be under the supervision of the state, making it difficult to determine the status of nationality. Based on this, then the problem is how the responsibility of multinational corporations according to international law and space law and how the form and mechanism of the responsibility. Based on the conclusions of the authors, in general, the nature of the responsibility of the State under a legal context space is attribution, and not about risk allocation. Therefore, Responsibilities of Multinationals companies in space activities, based on the provisions established for multinational companies or of the international trade regime is giving obligations of international law to comply with the national laws of a country, a place where the company operates.Keywords: corporate liability; space activity; space law.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict under International Law Siregar, Naek; Aini, Desy Churul; Rehulina, Rehulina; Subandi, Agit Yogi; Mirza, Isroni Muhammad Miraj
Hasanuddin Law Review VOLUME 10 ISSUE 2, AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20956/halrev.v10i2.5267

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technological achievement that simulates human intelligence through machines or computer programs. The integration of AI in military operations aims to minimize combatant casualties and enhance effectiveness in warfare. Despite the advantages and significance of this research, concerns arise regarding the ideal implementation of AI in armed conflicts due to potential security challenges. A significant issue lies in the legal perspective governing AI as a comprehensive defense tool. This paper employs a juridical normative research method based on a statutory approach to provide a descriptive analysis and examine the regulatory framework surrounding AI in armed conflict. The results indicate that the absence of comprehensive regulations complicates the accountability framework, making liability determination intricate, particularly when AI malfunctions due to substandard quality or improper use. In such cases, accountability may extend to both the creator and the user. The concept of liability for violations in armed conflict is explored according to international law, highlighting the implications and associated responsibilities of using AI within legal principles. This paper concludes that AI regulation must be crafted to ensure usage aligns with established procedures within the framework of international law.

TATA KELOLA BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (BUMDes) DESA BANDAR SAKTI Aida, Melly; Putri, Ria Wierma; Putri, Yunita Maya; Subandi, Agit Yogi; Asnawi, Sona
Jurnal Pengabdian UMKM Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): Juli
Publisher : Pusat Studi UMKM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36448/jpu.v3i2.70

Pentingnya dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi di wilayah operasional desa menjadikan Pemerintah Provinsi Lampung membentuk salah satu visi dan misi yakni Membangun kekuatan ekonomi masyarakat berbasis pertanian dan wilayah pedesaan yang seimbang dengan wilayah perkotaan. Untuk itu, diperlukannya kemandirian dari pihak desa itu sendiri bertujuan guna mendorong tata kelola baik itu segi pembangunan maupun pertumbuhan ekonomi pada desa terkhusus Desa Bandar Sakti. Tujuan dari kegiatan PKM Unggulan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat Desa Bandar Sakti terkait hak yang dimiliki masyarakat terhadap pendirian BUMDes sesuai tupoksi dan tugasnya berdasarkan regulasi hukum nasional, serta mengedukasi pemahaman tentang pengelolaan BUMDes kepada masyarakat. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini menghasilkan luaran yaitu Satu artikel yang dipublikasikan di jurnal pengabdian ber-ISSN, Satu artikel yang dipresentasikan dalam seminar hasil pengabdian yang diselenggarakan LPPM Unila.

Empowering ASEAN Regional Integration Through European Union Model Under International Law (South China Sea Case Study) Mirza, Isroni Muhammad Miraj; Subandi, Agit Yogi; Pratama, Andre Arya
Indonesian Perspective Vol 9, No 2 (2024): (Juli-Desember 2024)
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ip.v9i2.65262

Regional integration in ASEAN has been a delicate and ongoing issue over the years. Such goal is hard to achieved due to the ASEAN Way, including its “Non-Intervention Principle” which consequently has transformed ASEAN into a governmental driven regional institution, instead of supranational organization. The case of South China Sea is one prime example of how incompetent ASEAN is in dealing with regional security threat inflicting its member states. This conflict poses an even larger threat if it is not tackled seriously. This paper uses Juridical normative method by looking at international legal instruments in analyzing ASEAN’s empowerment for regional integration to tackle regional security matters. By looking at EU Model as a source of reference. This paper shows ASEAN-EU relations has grown significantly and many believe ASEAN has the capacity to transform like the EU in the future. There are a number of international legal instruments which under serious amendment, can transform ASEAN towards that goal, particularly in helping to deal with the never ending South China Sea conflict.

Empowering ASEAN Regional Integration Through European Union Model Under International Law (South China Sea Case Study) Mirza, Isroni Muhammad Miraj; Subandi, Agit Yogi; Pratama, Andre Arya
Indonesian Perspective Vol 9, No 2 (2024): (Juli-Desember 2024)
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ip.v9i2.65262

Regional integration in ASEAN has been a delicate and ongoing issue over the years. Such goal is hard to achieved due to the ASEAN Way, including its “Non-Intervention Principle” which consequently has transformed ASEAN into a governmental driven regional institution, instead of supranational organization. The case of South China Sea is one prime example of how incompetent ASEAN is in dealing with regional security threat inflicting its member states. This conflict poses an even larger threat if it is not tackled seriously. This paper uses Juridical normative method by looking at international legal instruments in analyzing ASEAN’s empowerment for regional integration to tackle regional security matters. By looking at EU Model as a source of reference. This paper shows ASEAN-EU relations has grown significantly and many believe ASEAN has the capacity to transform like the EU in the future. There are a number of international legal instruments which under serious amendment, can transform ASEAN towards that goal, particularly in helping to deal with the never ending South China Sea conflict.

Sosialisasi Aspek Hukum Pendirian Organisasi bagi Pelaku Seni di Komunitas Seni di Bandar Lampung Agit Yogi Subandi; Siti Azizah; Sona Asnawi; Melly Aida; Yunita Maya Putri; Abdul Muthalib Tahar
Jurnal Mitrawarga Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): JURNAL MITRAWARGA
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan ilmu Politik

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jmw.v2i2.38

Seni berkembang seiring dengan meningkatnya kreativitas manusia, memasuki era industri, era teknologi informasi atau era global, semua organisasi, termasuk organisasi seni pertunjukan, perlu berfungsi secara efektif. Organisasi seni harus mengoptimalkan sumber daya manusia dengan mendorong pertumbuhan pengetahuan dan keterampilan, serta menyusun rencana secara terpadu. Kegiatan sosialisasi ini merupakan kegiatan edukasi bagi Pelaku Seni khususnya di Bandar Lampung mengenai Pembentukan Organisasi Pelaku Seni agar dapat mengetahui lebih jauh tentang berbagai organisasi seperti yayasan dan ormas, cara mendirikannya, serta sebagai dasar hukum apa yang terkandung dalam organisasi-organisasi tersebut. Tujuan dari sosialisasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman para pelaku seni pertunjukan di Bandar Lampung mengenai pentingnya memahami dan memahami ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan pendirian organisasi, serta fungsi dan manfaatnya bagi keberlangsungan organisasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam sosialisasi ini adalah observasi dan pre-test dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perlu atau tidaknya kegiatan sosialisasi. Hasil dari kegiatan ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman dan kesadaran sejauh mana aspek hukum pendirian organisasi bagi para pelaku seni dapat ditingkatkan dapat meningkatkan kesadaran mereka dalam berorganisasi dan khususnya mengenai apa yang telah diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan.

ICJ’s Advisory Opinions: Legal Basis and Implication on Indonesia Subandi, Agit Yogi; Mirza, Isroni Muhammad Miraj; Asnawi, Sona
Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law Vol 6 No 1 (2025): Februari
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/up.v6i1.39359

This paper explores the legal basis and implications of Advisory Opinions rendered by the International Court of Justice with special emphasis on their relevance to Indonesia. Using a normative-analytical approach and international legal theory, this study examines the role of the International Court of Justice in issuing Advisory Opinions and their impact on states behavior and institutional actions. The paper found that while the advisory opinions were not binding, they effectively provide clarification on complex legal issues, including human rights issues, environmental law, and territorial disputes. Advisory Opinions assist Indonesia in overcoming maritime disputes within the framework of ASEAN, such as the case of the North Natuna Sea, and in implementing international agreements such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) at the national level. Therefore, Advisory Opinions provide legal certainty, establish international legal norms, and facilitate cooperation between countries. This paper recommends that Indonesia use the Advisory Opinions to strengthen its legal arguments in addressing international disputes to which Indonesia is a party, increasing Indonesia's confidence in its role in diplomacy at the regional level, and in addressing transnational challenges such as environmental protection and regional security.

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