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Optimization of the Proportion of Surfactant, Co-Surfactant, and Candlenut Oil for Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Secang Heartwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Methanolic Extract Anif Nur Artanti; Fea Prihapsara; Nugraha Mas'ud; Dian Eka Ermawati
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 17, No 1 (2021): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.17.1.39054.124-131

This study aimed to determine the optimum proportion of hazelnut oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants for SNEDDS of Secang Heartwood using the simplex lattice design (SLD) method using the Design-Expert software. The SNEDDS formula was prepared using Tween 80 and Croduret 50 ss as surfactants, propylene glycol as cosurfactant, and candlenut oil based on physical stability parameters: formula transmittance (%), separation phase, and emulsification time. The optimum SNEDDS formula was compared with the predictive value [p> 0.05] provided by the SLD; then extract the loading dose, accelerated stability test, analysis of particle size, and zeta potential. The optimum proportion of Tween 80-Croduret 50 ss, propylene glycol, and hazelnut oil, based on the SLD, was 62.43%; 22.57%; and 15.0%. The results showed that the transmittance was 93.2%; emulsification time was 74.67 seconds, and; separation phase was 0.89. The SLD's predictive values of the transmittance percentage, emulsification time, and separation phase were 94.98%, 78.97 seconds, 0.84, respectively. The results of the one-sample t-test statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the observative and predictive results. SNEDDS was found capable of loading 25.0 mg of secang heartwood methanolic extract in each system, with a particle size of 23.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.142, and zeta potential of +20.8 mV.

Hand Sanitizer Ekstrak Daun Pucuk Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum) sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli Putri, Megawati Ayu; Saputra, Marhan Ebit; Amanah, Ike Nur; Musiam, Siska; Fabiani, Verry Andre
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 16, No 2 (2020): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.16.2.32208.227-231

Daun pucuk idat merupakan tanaman lokal Bangka Belitung yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli.Sebagai upaya pemanfaatan potensi lokal maka dibuat suatu produk sediaan gel hand sanitizer yang praktis dan ekonomis. Ekstrak daun pucuk idat diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut aseton. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan diformulasikan dalam berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak daun pucuk idat (40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100%) dengan penambahan carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) 0,25 g, gliserin 1 mL, propilenglikol 0,5 mL serta akuades 10 mL. Setiap formulasi gel handsanitizer dilakukan pengujian stabilitas fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji daya sebar, uji pH, uji iritasi kulit serta uji aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa semua konsentrasi hand sanitizer berbentuk gel, berwarna kuning muda, berbau dan homogen. Uji pH dan daya sebar gel hand sanitizer telah memenuhi ketentuan SNI No. 06-2588. Pengujian iritasi kulit tidak menimbulkan kemerahan, gatal-gatal dan tidak mengakibatkan kulit menjadi kasar pada punggung tangan sukarelawan. Berdasarkan uji sifat fisik gel hand sanitizer yang dihasilkan memiliki sifat fisik yang serupa dengan gel hand sanitizer komersial. Hasil uji antibakteri hand sanitizer ekstrak daun pucuk idat terhadap E. coli dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun pucuk idat 40%, 60%, 80%, dan 100% diperoleh diameter zona hambat berturut-turut sebesar 11,5 mm, 17,4 mm, 19,3 mm dan 19,3 mm, sedangkan pada bakteri S. aureus diperoleh diameter zona hambat berturut-turut sebesar 17,1 mm, 24,2 mm, 27,4 mm, dan 18 mm. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa sediaan gel hand sanitizer ekstrak aseton daun pucuk idat memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus.Hand Sanitizer of Leaves Extract of Cratoxylum glaucum as Antibacterial of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Cratoxylum glaucum leaves is local plants of Bangka Belitung which have antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. As an effort to explore local potential, a practical and economical gel hand sanitizer product was prepared. Cratoxylum glaucum leaves extract was obtained by maceration method using acetone. The extract was formulated in various concentrations of Cratoxylum glaucum leaf extract (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) with the addition of 0.25 g carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na), 1 mL glycerin, 0.5 mL propylene glycol and 10 mL distilled water. Each concentration of the hand sanitizer gel was tested for physical stability including organoleptic, homogenity, spreadability, pH, skin irritation and antibacterial activity test. The organoleptic test results showed that all concentrations of hand sanitizers formed gel with light yellow color, smelly odor and homogeneous form. The analysis of pH and spreadability of hand sanitizer gel has fulfilled SNI No. 06-2588. The skin irritation testing does not cause redness, itching, and rough skin on the back of volunteer hands. Based on the physical properties test, the resulting hand sanitizer gel has physical properties similar to commercial hand sanitizer gel. The results of the antibacterial test of hand sanitizer against E. coli with Cratoxylum glaucum leaf extract concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% obtained the diameter inhibitory zones of 11.5 mm, 17.4 mm, 19.3 mm, and 19.3 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the results of the antibacterial test of hand sanitizer against S. aureus bacteria with concentration of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% shows that the inhibition zone diameters were 17.1 mm, 24.2 mm, 27.4 mm, and 18 mm, respectively. The antibacterial test results shows that the gel hand sanitizer prepared has antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Pemanfaatan Abu Sekam Padi sebagai Sumber Silika untuk Pembuatan Adsorben Ion Logam Cd(II) melalui Teknik Imprinted Ionic Sri Hastuti; Ilham Tri Utomo; Tri Martini; Pranoto Pranoto; Candra Purnawan; Abu Masykur; Atmanto Heru Wibowo
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 17, No 1 (2021): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.17.1.44241.113-123

Banyaknya pencemaran ion logam dalam perairan menjadi perhatian yang serius para peneliti, terutama untuk mengurangi keberadaan ion logam Cd yang terkandung dalam perairan dengan menggunakan adsorben. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat adsorben berbasis silika dengan kapasitas dan selektifitas tinggi terhadap ion Cd(II). Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis material imprinted ionic Cd(II) (SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp) telah berhasil dilakukan menggunakan prekursor natrium silikat dari abu sekam padi. Proses sintesis diawali dengan pembuatan natrium silikat. Selanjutnya, trimetoksisililpropildietilentriamin (TMPDT), ion logam Cd(II) dan HCl ditambahkan hingga terbentuk gel. Gel dielusi dengan etilenadiaminatetraasetat (EDTA) untuk membentuk cetakan (template). Hasil karakterisasi dengan FTIR menunjukkan TMPDT terikat pada silika ditandai dengan munculnya vibrasi ulur dari C-H alkana pada 2908 cm-1 dan vibrasi tekuk gugus N-H pada 1471 cm-1. Karakterisasi dengan Surface Area Analyzers (SAA) menunjukkan bahwa material tersebut memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 12,674 m2/g, volume pori total sebesar 0,017 cc/g, dan jari-jari pori rerata sebesar 18,783 Å. Karakterisasi dengan SEM-EDX memperlihatkan adanya unsur C dan N pada SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp. Kondisi optimum adsorpsi ion logam Cd(II) oleh SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp terjadi pada pH 6, waktu kontak 10 menit dan konsentrasi awal sebesar 10 ppm. Model kinetika adsorpsi ion logam Cd(II) pada SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp mengikuti pseudo orde 2. Proses adsorpsi SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp cenderung mengikuti isoterm Freundlich dengan nilai faktor heterogenitas (n) sebesar 1,617 dan konstanta Freundlich (KF) sebesar 2,768. Kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum untuk Langmuir (qm) sebesar 19,16 mg/g. Urutan selektifitas (K) ion logam Cd(II) terhadap ion logam lain pada SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp adalah Cd-Pb<Cd-Ni<Cd-Co.Utilization of Rice Husk Ash as a Silica Source for the Preparation of Cd (II) Metal Ion Adsorbents through Imprinted Ionic Technique. The amount of metal ion contamination in the waters is a serious concern for researchers, especially in reducing the presence of Cd metal ions contained in waters by using adsorbents. Therefore, this study aims to make a silica-based adsorbent with high capacity and selectivity to Cd (II) ions. In this research, the synthesis of imprinted ionic Cd (II) (SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp) was successfully carried out using sodium silicate precursor from rice husk ash. The synthesis process begins with the production of sodium silicate. Furthermore, trimethoxysylpropildethylentriamine (TMPDT), metal ion Cd(II) and HCl were added to form a gel. The gel was eluted with ethylenediaminatetraacetate (EDTA) to form a template. The FTIR analysis showed that the binding of TMPDT to silica was indicated by the appearance of stretching vibrations C-H alkanes at 2908 cm-1and bending vibrations of N-H groups at 1471 cm-1. The Surface Area Analyzers (SAA) data showed that the material had a surface area of 12.674 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.017 cc/g, and average pore radius of 18.783 Å. Further characterization using SEM-EDX showed the presence of elements of C and N in SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp. The optimum conditions for adsorption of Cd(II) metal ions by SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp occurred at pH 6, the contact time of 10 minutes, and the initial concentration of 10 ppm. The adsorption kinetics model of Cd(II) metal ion on SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp follows a pseudo second order. The adsorption process of SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp follows the Freundlich isotherm with a heterogeneity factor value (n) of 1.617 and a Freundlich constant (KF) of 2.768. The maximum adsorption capacity for Langmuir (qm) is 19.16 mg/g. The selectivity (K) metal ion Cd(II) to other metal ions in SiO2-TMPDT-Cd-Imp is Cd-Pb<Cd-Ni<Cd-Co.

Recovery Emas dalam Sistem Au Tunggal dan Sistem Multilogam (Au/Cu) Menggunakan Adsorben Asam Askorbat Termodifikasi Magnetit Rahmayanti, Maya
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 16, No 2 (2020): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.16.2.36129.179-189

Limbah elektronik mengandung banyak logam yang bernilai guna antara lain tembaga (Cu), besi (Fe), timah (Sn), timbal (Pb), seng (Zn), emas (Au) dan perak (Ag). Di antara logam tersebut, logam yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tertinggi dan banyak disimpan sebagai investasi kekayaan dalam jangka panjang adalah emas (Au), namun jumlah kandungan emas dalam elektronik lebih kecil dibandingkan logam yang lain. Penelitian ini merupakan studi pendahuluan recovery emas dari limbah elektronik. Studi diawali dengan mempreparasi asam askorbat termodifikasi magnetit (Fe3O4/AA) dan digunakan sebagai adsorben Au dalam sampel simulasi. Sampel simulasi terdiri dari sistem Au tunggal (larutan HAuCl4-) dan sistem multilogam (Au/Cu). Pengaruh pH larutan HAuCl4- terhadap kemampuan adsorpsi [AuCl4]-, kinetika dan isoterm adsorpsidipelajari pada sistem Au tunggal. Sementara itu, pengaruh keberadaan ion logam Cu terhadap kemampuan Fe3O4/AA untuk recovery emas dipelajari dalam sistem multilogam (Au/Cu). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode batch. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adsorpsi [AuCl4]- pada Fe3O4/AA optimum pada pH 4 dan kesetimbangan adsorpsi tercapai pada jam ke-30. Model kinetika adsorpsi mengikuti model kinetika pseudo orde dua Ho dan model isoterm adsorpsi mengikuti model isoterm Langmuir dengan kapasitas adsorpsi sebesar 0,09900 mol/g. Keberadaan ion logam Cu berpengaruh terhadap kemampuan Fe3O4/AA dalam mengadsorpsi [AuCl4]- dalam sistem multilogam (Au/Cu). Gold Recovery in a Single Au and Multi-metal (Au/Cu) Systems Using Ascorbic Acid-Modified Magnetite Adsorbent. Electronic waste contains many valuable metals, including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), gold (Au), and silver (Ag). Among these metals, the metal that has the highest economic value and can be stored for a long-term wealth investment is gold (Au), but the amount of gold content in electronic devices is smaller than other metals. This research was a preliminary study of gold recovery from electronic waste. The study began by preparing magnetite-modified ascorbic acid (Fe3O4/AA) and was used as an adsorbent agent of gold in a simulated sample. The simulation sample consisted of a single Au system (HAuCl4- solution) and a multi-metal system (Au/Cu). The effect of pH of the HAuCl4- solution on the ability of [AuCl4]- adsorption, kinetic and isotherm adsorptions were studied in a single Au system. Meanwhile, the effect of the Cu metal ions content on Fe3O4/AA capacity for gold recovery was studied in a multi-metal system. The method used in this research was the batch method. The results showed that optimum adsorption of [AuCl4]- onto Fe3O4/AA at pH 4 and adsorption equilibrium was reached at 30 hours. The adsorption kinetics model followed the second-order pseudo-Ho kinetics model, and the adsorption isotherm model followed the Langmuir isotherm model with an adsorption capacity of 0.09900 mol/g. The presence of Cu metal ions affected the capacity of Fe3O4/AA in the [AuCl4]-adsorption in a multi-metal system (Au/Cu).

Teknik Differential Pulse Voltammetry Menggunakan Elektroda Pasta Karbon Termodifikasi Fe2O3 untuk Penentuan Kadar Fe(III) dalam Air Laut di Pelabuhan Benoa Bali Irdhawati, Irdhawati; Dewi, Ni Putu Antari; Widihati, Ida Ayu Gede
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 17, No 1 (2021): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.17.1.41568.54-62

Pelabuhan Benoa merupakan salah satu pelabuhan di Provinsi Bali tempat berlabuhnya kapal/perahu nelayan, kapal penumpang, dan kapal untuk pariwisata. Aktivitas masyarakat di sekitar pelabuhan dapat menjadi sumber pencemar logam berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil optimasi dan validasi elektroda pasta karbon tanpa modifikasi (EPK) dan EPK termodifikasi Fe2O3 (EPK Fe2O3) dengan teknik differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) untuk pengukuran Fe(III) dalam sampel air laut di Pelabuhan Benoa. Parameter yang dioptimasi yaitu laju pindai dan komposisi Fe2O3 dalam pasta karbon. Selanjutnya dilakukan validasi pengukuran, meliputi rentang konsentrasi linier, limit deteksi, limit kuantisasi, keberulangan, dan persen perolehan kembali. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu laju pindai optimum 15 mV/s menggunakan EPK, menjadi lebih cepat yaitu 20 mV/s menggunakan EPK Fe2O3. Komposisi modifier terbaik dalam pasta karbon sebesar 0,5%. Rentang konsentrasi linier pengukuran menggunakan EPK yaitu 5 ~ 100 mg/L menjadi 5 ~ 2000 mg/L pada EPK Fe2O3. Limit deteksi dan limit kuantisasi menggunakan EPK Fe2O3 masing-masing 0,5490 mg/L dan 0,5497 mg/L, lebih rendah daripada menggunakan EPK yaitu 1,0667 mg/L dan 1,0688 mg/L. Keberulangan pengukuran menghasilkan rasio Horwitz yang lebih kecil dari dua. Nilai persen perolehan kembali pengukuran larutan standar dengan matriks larutan sampel yang diambil pada tiga lokasi yang berbeda, yaitu pada Dermaga Barat 97,51±9,92% ; Dermaga Selatan 101,18±10,60%; dan Dermaga Timur 95,50±1,23%. Hasil pengukuran Fe(III) dalam sampel diperoleh 129,98±13,65 mg/L; 114,85±13,75 mg/L; dan 127,77±4,01 mg/L, masing-masing pada Dermaga Barat, Selatan, dan Timur.Differential Pulse Voltammetry Technique Using Fe2O3 Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Determination of Fe(III) Levels in Seawater at Benoa Harbor Bali. Benoa Port is one of the ports in the Province of Bali where fishing boats, passenger ships, and ships for tourism are anchored. Activities around the port can be a source of heavy metal pollutants. This study aims to optimize and validates carbon paste electrodes without modification (EPK) and modified by Fe2O3 (EPK Fe2O3) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques for Fe (III) measurements in seawater at Benoa Harbor. The optimized parameters were scan rate and the Fe2O3 composition in carbon paste. Meanwhile, the validation was performed, including the range of linear concentration, detection limit, quantitation limit, repeatability, and percent of the recovery. The research found that the optimum scan rate was 15 mV/s using EPK, become faster to 20 mV/s using EPK Fe2O3. The optimum modifier composition in carbon paste was 0.5%. The linear concentration range of measurement using EPK was 5 ~ 100 mg/L to 5 ~ 2000 mg/L at EPK Fe2O3. The detection limit and the quantitation limit using EPK Fe2O3 were 0.5490 mg/L and 0.5497 mg/L, respectively. Those are lower than the detection limit quantitation by EPK i.e., 1.0667 mg/L and 1.0688 mg/L, respectively. Repeated measurements produce a Horwitz ratio which is less than two. The percent of recovery value of the measurement of the standard solution with the sample solution matrix taken from the three different locations are 97.51±9.92% for the West Pier region; 101.18±10.60% for the South Pier region; and 95.50±1.23% for the East Pier region. The Fe(III) measurements to the different samples from the West Pier, South Pier, and East Pier regions were 129.98±13.65 mg/L; 114.85±13.75 mg/L; and 127.77±4.01 mg/L, respectively.

Senyawa Golongan Limonoid dari Tanaman Genus Chisocheton dan Aktivitas Antikankernya Ghina Uli Felicia Tambunan; Nurlelasari Nurlelasari; Shabarni Gaffar
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 17, No 1 (2021): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.17.1.41279.10-26

Indonesia merupakan negara yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati. Terdapat banyak tanaman yang mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang memiliki aktivitas biologi sehingga berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai obat, salah satunya adalah genus Chisocheton. Tanaman genus Chisocheton sudah banyak dilaporkan mengandung senyawa triterpenoid, seskuiterpenoid, limonoid, steroid, dan fenol. Limonoid merupakan turunan triterpenoid yang paling banyak ditemukan pada tanaman genus Chisocheton. Lebih dari tiga puluh senyawa golongan limonoid telah diuji aktivitas antikankernya terhadap beberapa jenis sel kanker manusia, seperti sel kanker payudara, mulut, paru-paru, leukimia, serviks, dan hati. Beberapa senyawa limonid tersebut diketahui memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik yang tinggi dengan kisaran nilai IC50 1,67 − 50,27 µg/mL. Review ini memaparkan beberapa senyawa limonoid yang diisolasi dari genus Chisocheton, aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap sel-sel kanker manusia, serta hubungan struktur dan aktifitas biologisnya (SAR = Structure Activity Relationship). Selain itu beberapa penelitian juga sudah melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut seperti pengujian induksi apoptosis dan penentuan tingkat ekspresi gen-gen yang berhubungan dengan apoptosis. Penelitian-penelitian yang dilakukan ini mengarah pada pencarian senyawa baru yang dapat digunakan sebagai lead compound untuk mendapatkan obat antikanker yang efektif.Limonoid Compounds from Genus Chisocheton Plant and Its Anticancer Activity. Indonesia is a country with a large biodiversity. There are many plants contain secondary metabolite compounds with biological activity, such as Chisocheton genus. The Chisocheton is reported as plant with triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, limonoids, steroids and phenols content. Limonoids arethe derivative of triterpenoid which mostly found in Chisocheton genus. More than thirty limonoids have been studied for their anticancer activity against several types of human cancer cells, such as breast, mouth, lung, leukemia, cervical, and liver cancer cells. Some of these limonoids are known to have high cytotoxic activity with the IC50 values of 1.67 − 50.27 µg/mL. This review discuss many kind of limonoid compounds isolated from Chisocheton, their cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells, and their structural activity relationship (SAR) study. This review also discusses some research result for further studies of Chisocheton wether in the mechanism of apoptosis induction and also the determination genes level expression or proteins associated with the apoptosis. This review reveals the important of the study to find a new compounds for an effective anticancer drug.

Decolorization of Methylene Blue Dye Using ZnO/ZSM-5 Photocatalyst under UV-LED Irradiation Lely Dwi Astuti; Yuly Kusumawati; Didik Prasetyoko; Wahyu Bambang Widayatno; Abdul Hamid
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 16, No 2 (2020): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.16.2.42985.232-239

The present research studied about decolorization of methylene blue dye using photocatalyst ZnO/ZSM-5 under UV-LED lamp. ZnO/ZSM-5 was synthesized using the impregnation method by adding two grams ZSM-5 to Zn solution 0.3 M 10 mL. Photocatalyst was characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-Ray (FESEM-EDX), and surface area analyzer (SAA). Analysis using XRD show addition characteristic peaks of ZnO at 2θ 31.60°, 34.21°, 36.08°, 47.35°, 56.50°, 62.73°, 67.83°, that indicates a successful impregnation process. The photocatalysis activity test was done on methylene blue dye 100 mg L-1. ZSM-5 and ZnO activities were tested under UV-LED irradiation and dark conditions. Data showed that percent removal of dye occurred on ZnO/ZSM-5 under 15 minutes irradiation is 78.32%.

Pengaruh Pemurnian terhadap Kualitas dan Kandungan Skualen Minyak Biji Kemangi Hutan (Ocimum gratissimum L.) Hartati Soetjipto; Yoga Andika Putra; A. Ign Kristijanto
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 16, No 2 (2020): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.16.2.41110.190-198

Ocimum gratissimum L. atau kemangi hutan merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman yang banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang pengobatan tradisional. Biji dari tanaman kemangi hutan diduga mengandung senyawa aktif antioksidan berupa skualena yang banyak digunakan dalam industri farmasi. Sumber utama senyawa skualena adalah minyak hati ikan hiu, kenyataan ini memperkuat alasan perburuan ikan hiu semakin marak. Skualen nabati yang bisa ditemukan pada beberapa jenis tumbuhan menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk mengurangi penggunaan skualena dari minyak hati ikan hiu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan hasil rendemen, sifat fisiko-kimia serta menganalisa komponen penyusun minyak biji kemangi hutan dengan metode Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Tahapan penelitian meliputi ekstraksi minyak biji kemangi hutan menggunakan alat soxhlet dengan pelarut heksana dilanjutkan dengan proses pemurnian yang meliputi degumming dan netralisasi. Tahap terakhir berupa analisa GCMS minyak hasil ekstraksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen minyak biji kemangi hutan setelah pemurnian diperoleh sebesar 5,106 ± 0,10%, berwarna kuning pucat berbau khas kemangi hutan, kadar air minyak 0,06%; massa jenis minyak 0,84 g/ml; bilangan asam 0,416 ± 0 mg KOH/g minyak; bilangan peroksida 0,028 ± 0 meq O2/g minyak; dan bilangan penyabunan 219,648 ± 2,608 mg KOH/g. Sifat fisikokimia tersebut telah memenuhi kriteria SNI. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa minyak biji kemangi hutan didominasi oleh empat komponen utama yaitu skualena (58,85%), asam propanedioat (16,69%), asam palmitat (14,91%), dan metil heksanoat (9,55%). Pemurnian minyak biji kemangi hutan meningkatkan kandungan skualena dari 1,07% menjadi 58,85%. The Effect of Purification on The Quality and Content of Forest Basil Seed Oil (Ocimum gratissimum L.). O. gratissimum L. or forest basil is a plant that is widely used in traditional medicine. Forest basil’ seeds suspected contain active antioxidant compounds that have the shape of squalene, and it is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. The main source of the squalene compound is shark liver oil; this fact reinforces the reason for shark hunting increasingly widespread. Plant Squalene, which can be found in many plant species, is one of an alternative to reduce the use of squalene from shark liver oil. The aims of this work are to determine the yield, physicochemical properties and to analyze the components of forest basil’seed oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The stages of this work included extraction of forest basil seeds using Soxhlet extractor in hexane solvent, followed by a refining process includes degumming and neutralization. The final step is analyzed forest’ basil seed oil obtained using GC-MS. The results showed that the yield of forest basil seed oil obtained in the amount of 5.106 ± 0.10 %, a pale yellow color, with a specific aroma of basil forests, the water content of 0.06% oil; oil density 0.84 g / ml; an acid number of 0.416 ± 0 mg KOH / g of oil; peroxide number of 0.028 ± 0 meq O2 / g of oil; and a saponification number of 219.648 ± 2.608 mg KOH / g of oil. The physicochemical properties have fulfilled SNI criteria. GC-MS analysis resulted that forest basil’ seeds oil are dominated by four main components, namely squalene (58.85%), propanedioic acid (16.69%), palmitic acid (14.91%), and methyl hexanoate (9.55%). Purification forest basil seed oil increases squalene of 1.07% to 58.85%.

Membran Alginat Padina sp. - Polietilen Glikol (AP-PEG): Preparasi, Karakterisasi dan Aplikasinya sebagai Enkapsulan Herlina Herlina; Aswin Falahudin; Irfan Gustian; Agus Martono H. Putranto; Morina Adfa; Salprima Yudha S
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 17, No 1 (2021): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.17.1.41713.63-73

Pengembangan penelitian tentang material berbasiskan sumber daya alam lokal dan dapat diperbaharui terus dikembangkan akhir-akhir ini. Hal tersebut didasari adanya kebutuhan material baru dengan karakteristik yang lebih menguntungkan dan dapat digunakan pada aplikasi yang spesifik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari preparasi membran alginat-polietilen glikol (AP-PEG) dan aplikasinya sebagai enkapsulan. Alginat yang digunakan adalah hasil ekstraksi dari rumput laut cokelat Padina sp. Dengan metode maserasi jalur asam alginat. Preparasi membrane alginat Padina sp.-polietilen glikol (AP-PEG) dilakukan dengan perbandingan PEG-AP = 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 0:1 (b/b). Analisis gugus fungsi terhadap seluruh membran yang dihasilkan, menunjukkan bahwa membran AP-PEG yang dihasilkan diprediksi sebagai hasil blending secara fisika karena tidak ada gugus fungsi baru yang terbentuk. Membran dengan perbandingan berat PEG-AP=1:15 memiliki karakteristik terbaik dengan persentase swelling sebesar 1465,5%, stress sebesar 14,588 MPa, strain 0,07 dan Modulus Young sebesar 193,13 MPa. Hasil analisis morfologi menunjukkan bahwa banyak rongga ditemukan pada membrane tersebut. Hasil uji disolusi terhadap membrane tersebut menunjukkan bahwa, pada pH 1,2 membran tersebut dapat melepaskan vitamin C sebesar 78,12% selama 60 menit dan tidak mengalami cracking. Di sisi lain, pada pH 7,2 membran tersebut dapat melepaskan vitamin C sebesar 83,54% dan cracking terjadi dalam waktu 12 menit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komposit AP-PEG dapat dibuat dari rumput laut coklat dan memiliki kemampuan sebagai enkapsulan. Alginate Padina sp.-Polyethylene Glycol (AP-PEG) Membranes: Preparation, Characterization and Their Application as Encapsulant. The development of research on materials based on local and renewable natural resources has been continuously being developed recently. This is based on the need for new materials with more favorable characteristics and can be used in specific applications. This research aims to study the synthesis of alginate-polyethylene glycol (AP-PEG) membranes and their application as an encapsulant. The alginate was extracted from the brown seaweed Padina sp. by maceration method using alginic acid pathway. Alginate Padina sp.-polyethylene glycol (AP-PEG) alginate membrane was prepared with a ratio of PEG:AP = 1: 5, 1:10, 1:15 and 0:1 (w/w). The functional group analysis showed that the resulting AP-PEG membranes were predicted as a result of physical blending due to no new functional groups are formed. The membrane with a weight ratio of PEG:AP = 1:15 had the best characteristics, with a percentage of swelling of 1465.5%, stress of 14.588 MPa, 0.07 strain, and Young Modulus of 193.13 MPa. Morphological analysis showed that the membrane obtained had many cavities. The dissolution test showed that the AP-PEG membrane was able to release vitamin C of 78.12% for 60 minutes at pH 1.2 and no cracking was observed, while at pH 7.2 the membrane was able to distribute vitamin C by 83.54% and cracking occurs within 12 minutes. The results of this study indicate that AP-PEG composites can be made from brown seaweed and have good encapsulant capabilities.

Identifikasi Mekanisme Molekuler Senyawa Ftalosianina sebagai Kandidat Photosensitizer pada Terapi Fotodinamika secara In Silico Taufik Muhammad Fakih; Anggi Arumsari; Mentari Luthfika Dewi; Nurfadillah Hazar; Tanisa Maghfira Syarza
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 17, No 1 (2021): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.17.1.41184.37-42

Bakteri patogen seperti Pseudomonas aeruginosa membutuhkan zat besi untuk dapat mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya. HasAp merupakan suatu protein yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri patogen sebagai sumber zat besi tersebut. Protein HasAp selanjutnya akan berikatan dengan protein membran luar yaitu HasR untuk dapat meneruskan sinyal pada sel bakteri. Penyerapan zat besi pada bakteri patogen ini dapat menjadi strategi pengembangan metode terapi dalam mengendalikan dan mencegah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan ftalosianina sebagai photosensitizer pada terapi fotodinamika. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi, dan mengeksplorasi mekanisme aksi senyawa ftalosianina terhadap protein HasAp, serta pengaruhnya pada bagian sisi aktif HasR dengan menggunakan studi in silico. Studi ligan-protein docking dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak MGLTools 1.5.6 yang dilengkapi dengan AutoDock 4.2 untuk mengamati afinitas dan interaksi molekuler antara molekul senyawa Fe-ftalosianina (Fe-Pc) dan Ga-ftalosianina (Ga-Pc) terhadap makromolekul protein HasAp. Selanjutnya, studi protein-protein docking dilakukan terhadap sistem kompleks ligan-protein untuk mengamati pengaruhnya terhadap area pengikatan dari makromolekul protein HasR dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak PatchDock. Berdasarkan hasil ligan-protein docking, senyawa Fe-ftalosianina (Fe-Pc) memiliki afinitas paling baik terhadap kedua protein HasAp, yaitu dengan nilai masing-masing -68,45 kJ/mol dan -69,16 kJ/mol. Kemudian, hasil studi protein-protein docking antara kompleks senyawa Fe-ftalosianina (Fe-Pc) dan protein HasAp terhadap protein HasR memiliki nilai Atomic Contact Energy (ACE) positif, yaitu 556,56 kJ/mol. Perbedaan struktur molekul senyawa ftalosianina terbukti mampu mempengaruhi mekanisme aksi terhadap protein target, sehingga hasil studi ini dapat menjadi acuan dalam mendesain struktur senyawa ftalosianina sebagai kandidat photosensitizer dalam terapi fotodinamika.Identification of the Molecular Mechanism of Phthalocyanine Compounds as Photosensitizer Candidates in Photodynamic Therapy by In Silico. Pathogenic bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa need iron elements to be able to maintain their survival. HasAp is a protein produced by pathogenic bacteria as a source of iron. The HasAp protein will then bind to the outer membrane protein, namely HasR, to be able to forward signals in bacterial cells. Absorption of iron in these pathogenic bacteria can be a strategy for developing therapeutic methods in controlling and preventing infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of which is by using phthalocyanine as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy. This study aims to identify, evaluate, and explore the mechanism of action of phthalocyanine compounds against HasAp proteins, and their effects on the active site of HasR through in silico studies. Ligand-protein docking studies were performed using MGLTools 1.5.6 with AutoDock 4.2 to observe the affinity and molecular interactions between molecules of Fe-phthalocyanine (Fe-Pc) and Ga-phthalocyanine (Ga-Pc) against HasAp protein macromolecules. Furthermore, a protein-protein docking study of the ligand-protein complexes system was simulated to observe its effect on the binding area of the HasR protein macromolecules using PatchDock. Based on the ligand-protein docking results, Fe-phthalocyanine (Fe-Pc) compounds have the best affinity for both HasAp proteins, with a binding energy value of -68.45 kJ/mol and -69.16 kJ/mol, respectively. The protein-protein docking study results between the complex compound Fe-phthalocyanine (Fe-Pc) and HasAp protein against HasR protein have a positive Atomic Contact Energy (ACE) value, with an ACE value of 556.56 kJ/mol. Differences in the molecular structure of phthalocyanine compounds are proven to be able to influence the mechanism of action against the target protein. Therefore, the results of this study can be a reference in designing the structure of phthalocyanine compounds as photosensitizer candidates in photodynamic therapy.

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Abstract

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Abstract

Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name M. Widyo Wartono

Contact Email widyo@mipa.uns.ac.id

Phone -

Journal Mail Official alchemymipauns@gmail.com

Editorial Address -

Location Kota surakarta, Jawa tengah INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
M. Widyo Wartono

Contact Email
widyo@mipa.uns.ac.id

Phone
-

Journal Mail Official
alchemymipauns@gmail.com

Editorial Address
-

Location
Kota surakarta,

Jawa tengah

INDONESIA