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Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 25490273     EISSN : 25490273     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Public Health
Background: Increased blood pressure for a long time can increase the risk of kidney failure, co­ronary heart disease, brain damage, and other di­seases. In 2019, it is estimated that hyper­tens­ion is experienced by 1.13 billion people in the world with most (two thirds) living in low and mid­­dle income countries. Other study also shows that the police and military are at risk of develop­ing hypertension due to a number of factors such as low know­led­ge about healthy and nutritious food, co-workers who are smokers, and consum­ing alco­hol. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hypertension in the police and military in the world using meta analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-ana­lysis and systematic review. The articles used we­re obtained from Google Scholar, Springer Link, Pro­­Quest, and Science Direct databases. Selected arti­cles published from 2000 to 2020. Keywords to search for articles are as follows: hypertension po­lice personnel and military, or hypertension po­lice personnel and military. The articles studi­ed are 3 full text articles with cross sectional stu­dy designs and 1 full text articles with case cont­rol study design. Articles are col­lect­ed using PRI­S­­­MA diagrams, and analy­zed us­ing the Re­vi­ew Ma­nager application 5.3. Results: Overweight (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.00; p= 0.04), alcohol consumption (aOR­=­ 1.­55; 95% CI= 1.12 to 2.12; p= 0.007), ciga­rette con­­­­sumption (aOR= 1.45 ; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.97; p= 0.020) is a risk factor for hyper­­­tension in the po­­­lice and military. Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consump­tion, and cigarette consump­tion, are risk fac­tors for hypertension in po­lice and military personnel.
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Articles 12 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 5, No 1 (2020)" : 12 Documents clear
Path Analysis on the Biopsychosocial Factors Affecting the Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer Dewi, Rizka Amalia; Mudigdo, Ambar; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the most com­mon cancer among women, affecting 2.1 mil­lion women every year. Assessment of quality of life is con­sidered the most important and strong in­dicator for breast cancer outcomes. The purpose of this study was to analyze biopsychosocial factors that affect the quality of life of breast cancer patients.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the breast cancer community in Su­ra­karta, Central Java from December 2019 to January 2020. A sample of 200 breast cancer patients was selected by simple random sam­pling. The dependent variable was the quality of life of breast cancer patients. The independent var­i­ables were stadium, chemotherapy, length of diag­nosis, age, depression, coping strategies, social net­­­­works, level of knowledge, education level, income level, employment status, and marital sta­­­tus. Quality of life was measured by WHO-QOL-BREF. Other data were collected by question­naire. Data were analyzed by path ana­lysis using the Stata 13 application.Results: The quality of life of breast cancer pa­tients was directly increased by high family income (b=­ 3.27; 95% CI= 1.67 to 4.87; p<0.001), strong social network (b= 2.61; 95%CI= 0.96 to 4.26; p= 0.002), length of diagnosis ≥24 months (b= 2.68; 95% CI= 0.98 to 4.39; p= 0.002), good coping strategy (b= 1.65; 95% CI= 0.12 to 3.19; p= 0.034), and finish­ed chemotherapy (b=1.32; 95% CI = -0. 22 to 2.87; p= 0.093). The quality of life of breast can­­cer patients was directly decre­ased by depression (b= -2.78; 95% CI=-4.41 to -1.15; p= 0.001) and ad­van­ced stage (b=-2.43; 95% CI= -4.04 to 0.83; p=­ 0.­003). Quality of life was in­directly affected by cop­­ing strategy, marital status, chemotherapy, know­ledge, length of diag­nosis, age, employment, and education.Conclusion: The quality of life of breast cancer pa­tients is directly increased by high family in­come, strong social network, length of diagnosis ≥24 months, good coping strategy, and finish­ed chemotherapy. The quality of life of breast can­­cer patients is directly decre­ased by depression and ad­van­ced stage. Quality of life is in­directly affect­ed by cop­­ing strategy, marital status, chemothe­rapy, know­ledge, length of diag­nosis, age, employment, and education.Keywords: quality of life, breast cancer, path analysisCorrespondence: Rizka Amalia Dewi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. E­mail: drizkaez@gmail.com.  Mobile: +62823­13­12­1768.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(01): 119-131https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.12
Determinants of Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five in Simalingkar, Medan, North Sumatera Maria, Lasma; Simanjuntak, Maestro; Silangit, Thomas; Siahaan, Jekson Martiar
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is still one of the health problems in developed and developing countries including Indonesia. ARI is the most common disease in outpatients in North Sumatra, especially in Medan. This study aims to find out about the factors that influence ARI in toddlers in Sima­ling­kar Health Center Me­dan, including nutri­tional status, birth weight, history of im­muni­zation, exclusive breastfeeding, and parental smoking status.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sec­tional study. The sample used was all toddlers who came to the Simalingkar health center, amoun­ting to 100 people. Data collec­tion was carried out using interviews and ana­ly­sis was carried out using bivariate and mul­tivariate with multiple logistic regression.Results: The results showed that there was a significant influence between nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding and parental smoking status with the incidence of ARI in infants.Conclusion: The results showed that there was a significant influence between nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding and parental smoking status with the incidence of ARI in infants.Keywords: acute respiratory infection, child­ren under fiveCorrespondence: Lasma Maria. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan Email: lasmamaria12­@gmail.comJournal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 5(1): 26-30https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.03
Risk Factors and Prognosis of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection in a High Prevalence of Tuberculosis Setting Saptawati, Leli; Mashuri, Yusuf Ari; Suryawati, Betty; Harsono, Harsono; Pradiptakirana, Riska
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The prevalence and incidence of Non­tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) infections in the world in general have continued to in­cre­ase in the last two to three decades. Until now i­den­tification and testing of NTM sensitivity in Indonesia is still very difficult to do in daily health services. Thus, NTM infection is still a ne­glected case and misdiagnosis often occurs. In these conditions, one of the things that is very im­portant to help clinicians in the management of NTM infections is information about patient characteristics and how the relationship of risk factors for NTM infection with prognosis.Subjects and Method: The study was con­duc­ted retrospectively using data on the medical re­cords of patients with positive culture of NTM at the Surakarta Center for Community Lung Health (BBKPM) for 3 years (2016-2018). A total of 134 samples were selected for this study with total sampling. The dependent variable is the prognosis of infection. The independent variables were gender, age, occupation, history of inhaled corticosteroid use, antibiotic therapy, and under­lying disease. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.Results: The number of samples is 143 medical records. Most of the patients in this study were male (62.90%) and aged less than 60 years (79.70%). The majority of patients work not as far­mers (80.40%). Most patients had no history of inhaled corticosteroid use (89.50%). The­ra­pe­utic factors indicate that the majority of patients receive combined antibiotic therapy (68.5%). As many as 42% of patients with NTM infection have an underlying disease. Underlying disease in patients is mostly in the form of diabetes me­l­litus (DM) in 13.3% and in the former tuber­cu­losis in 4.9%. Based on the Chi-Square test, a sig­nificant relationship was found between the­ra­peutic factors, history of inhaled corti­cos­teroid use, and type of work, and the patient's prog­no­sis. Based on mult­ivariable testing, the factor of antibiotic therapy is the most influential variable on a pa­tient's prognosis.Conclusion: Risk factors related to the patient's prog­nosis are occupation, use of inhaled cor­tico­steroids and antibiotic therapy.Keywords: Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, risk factors, prognosis, Center for Community Lung HealthCorrespondence: Leli Saptawati. Department of Microbiology, Fa­culty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, In­do­nesia. Jl. Ir. Soetami no. 36A Kentingan Su­ra­karta, Indonesia. Email: llsapt_md@yahoo.­co.­id. Mobile: (0271) 632489.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 5(1): 79-87https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.08
The Ecological Effect of Village and Biopsychosocial Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of Elderly in Surakarta, Central Java Kumalasari, Dwi Tour; Murti, Bhisma; Widyaningsih, Vitri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Along with the increasing number of the elderly, there are many problems expe­ri­enced by the elderly including not educated, do not get access to health, do not have old age insurance, and do not have social support from family or friends to care for them. Elderly people had high vulnerable risk to experience various psychological and physical problems. This study aimed to analyze the influence of biopsychosocial and contextual village social capital in the elderly.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sec­ti­o­nal study conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, in December 2019. A sample of 200 elderly was sel­ected by simple random sampling at the individual level and stratified simple random sampling at the village level. The dependent vari­able was quality of life. The independent vari­ables were education, income, marital status, BMI, physical activity, locus of control, family sup­­port, social support, and social capital. The data was collected by ques­tion­naire. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13Results: Quality of life improved by education ≥elementary school (b= 2.72; 95% CI= 0.17 to 5.26; p= 0.036), income ≥Rp 1,800,000 (b= 2.90; 95% CI= 0.71 to 5.10; p= 0.010), married (b= 2.37; 95% CI= 0.13 to 4.62; p= 0.038), BMI (b= 4.01; 95% CI= 1.50 to 6.53; p= 0.002), good physical activity (b= 2.26; 95 % CI= 0.33 to 4.20; p= 0.022), internal locus of control (b= 2.69; 95% CI= 0.41 to 4.98; p= 0.021), strong family support (b= 2.88; 95% CI= 0.48 to 5.28; p= 0.018), strong social support (b= 2.28; 95% CI= 0.02 to 4.55; p= 0.048), and good social capital (b= 2.30; 95% CI= 0.11 to 4.51; p= 0.040). Village had a contextual effect on the quality of life of el­derly with intra-class correlation (ICC)= 40.52%.Conclusion: Quality of life improves by educa­tion ≥elementary school, high income, married, BMI, good physical activity, internal locus of control, strong family support, strong social sup­port, and good social capital. Village has a con­textual effect on the quality of life of elderly.Keywords: quality of life, biopsychosocial, elderly, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Dwi Tour Kumalasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: ku­ma­lasari.az­zah­ra@­gmail.com. Mobile: +6281­216­417536.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health 5(1): 31-44https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.04
Overweight, Alcohol, and Tobacco Consumption Are Associated with Hypertension among Police and Military Personnel: A Meta-Analysis Pardosi, Firman; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Increased blood pressure for a long time can increase the risk of kidney failure, coronary heart disease, brain damage, and other diseases. In 2019, it is estimated that hypertension is experienced by 1.13 billion people in the world with most (two thirds) living in low and middle income countries. Other study also shows that the police and military are at risk of developing hypertension due to a number of factors such as low know-ledge about healthy and nutritious food, co-workers who are smokers, and consuming alcohol. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hypertension in the police and military in the world using meta analysis.Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and systematic review. The articles used were obtained from Google Scholar, Springer Link, ProQuest, and Science Direct databases. Selected articles published from 2000 to 2020. Keywords to search for articles are as follows: hypertension police personnel and military, or hypertension police personnel and military. The articles studied are 3 full text articles with cross sectional study designs and 1 full text articles with case control study design. Articles are collected using PRISMA diagrams, and analyzed using the Review Manager application 5.3.Results: Overweight (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.00; p= 0.04), alcohol consumption (aOR= 1.55; 95% CI= 1.12 to 2.12; p= 0.007), cigarette consumption (aOR= 1.45 ; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.97; p= 0.020) is a risk factor for hypertension in the police and military.Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consumption, and cigarette consumption, are risk factors for hypertension in police and military personnel.Keywords: overweight, alcohol, smoking, hypertension, meta analysisCorrespondence: Firman Pardosi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: pardosi.fp@gmail.com.Mobile: +6285261423865.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(01): 88-96https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.09. 
Physical Activity, Obesity, Family History, and Their Associations with Hypertension among the Elderly in Aceh Singkil, Aceh Amra, Ricca Nophia; Siregar, Fazidah Aguslina; Mutiara, Erna
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Hypertension is an important global health challenge due to its high prevalence and resulting cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to examine the associations of physical activity, obesity, family history, with hypertension among the elderly in Aceh Singkil, Aceh.Subjects and Method: This was a case control study carried out in Aceh Singkil, Aceh, Indo­ne­sia. A sample of 132 elderly was selected for this study, consis­t­ing 66 elderly with hyper­tension and 66 elderly without hypertension. The depen­dent variable was hypertension. The independent variables were physical activity, obesity, and fa­mily history. Hypertension data was measured by sphygmo­ma­nometer. The other data were collected by qu­e­s­tionnaire. The data were analy­zed by a multiple logistic regression model.Results: Hypertension was associated with phy­sical inactivity (OR= 5.12; 95% CI=2.41 to 10.86; p<0.001), obesity (OR= 3.30; 95% CI= 1.61 to 6.74; p<0.001), and family history (OR=7.73; 95% CI=3.56 to 16.78; p<0.001).Conclusion: Physical activity, obesity, and fa­mily history, are associated with an increased risk of hypertension.Keywords: physical activity, obesity, family history, hypertensionCorrespondence: Ricca Nophia Amra. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera. Email: ricca.ubudiyah­@­gmail.­com. Mobile: 085260686305Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 5(1): 45-51https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.05
Risk Factors of Prenatal and Postnatal Depression Kartini, Monica; Kusumadewi, Berlian Nurtyashesti
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The postpartum period is the time when many women or mothers ex­­pe­rience vulnerability to various psychological pro­­b­lems that can cause significant distress for them, especially postpartum depression (PPD). The­re­fore, it is important to do depression screen­­­ing and assessment of risk factors for post­partum depression in pregnant women and new mot­­hers. This study aimed to determine the inci­dence and biopsychosocial risk factors for post­partum depression.Subjects and Method: This was a prospective cohort study conducted at Bulu, Kranggan, and Kedu health centers, in Temanggung, Central Java. A sample of 100 preg­nant women with 32-42 weeks gestation aged was selected for this study. The dependent variable was post­­partum depression (PPD). The inde­pen­dent vari­ables were marital satisfaction, sympt­oms of premens­trual syndrome, social support, gene­ral health status, and parenting self-efficacy/PSE. PPD was measured by the Edinburgh Post­­natal Depression Scale. Parenting self-efficacy (PSE) was measured by the Karitane parenting confidence scale. The data were ana­lyz­ed by Chi square.Results: 5% of subjects have a severe risk of experiencing PPD. PSE was positively correlated with PPD (OR = 10.29; 95% CI = 1.20 to 88.07; p= 0.008), while marital satisfaction, social sup­port, premenstrual syndrome symptoms and ge­ne­­ral health status were not statistically sig­ni­ficant with PPD incidence.Conclusion: PSE increased the risk of PPD.Keywords: post partum depression, parenting self-efficacyCorrespondence: Monica Kartini. Nursing Academy of Ngesti Wa­lu­yo. Email: monica.kartini@gmail.com. Mo­bi­le: 081392445771.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(01): 97-105https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.10
Biopsychosocial Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Post-stroke Patients: A Path Analysis Evidence from Surakarta Hospital, Central Java Zamzam, Maki; Tamtomo, Didik Gunawan; Widyaningsih, Vitri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Basic health research shows that the prevalence of non-communicable diseases has in­creased, including cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The impact of these changes can cause one of them to decrease the quality of life of patients. Stroke in individuals can cause several changes including physical, social and psychological changes that will affect the quality of life. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of the quality of life of pa­tients post stroke.Subjects and Method: This study was a cross sectional study conducted at Surakarta City Hos­pital, from September to October 2019. The sample used was 200 patients post stroke. The sam­pling technique used purposive sampling. The dependent variable was the quality of life of patients post stroke. The independent variables were age, gender, employment status, patient income, fa­mi­ly income, attack status, post-stroke comorbidity, duration of illness, marital status, family sup­port, level of functional disorders, and depression status. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis with the Stata 13 program.Result: The quality of life of post-stroke patients increased directly in patients with married status (b=1.79; 95% CI=0.24 to 3.35; p=0.024), have a job (b=1.93; 95% CI=0.13 to 3.72; p=0.035), good fa­mily support (b=2.17; 95% CI=0.46 to 3.88; p=0.013), and mild functional disorders (b=1.68; 95% CI=0.11 to 3.25; p=0.036). Quality of life decreased directly in patients aged ≥60 years old (b=-1.99; 95% CI=-3.80 to -0.17; p=0.032), female gender (b=-1.74; 95% CI=-3.28 to -0.19; p= 0.027), stro­­kes more than 1 time (b=-1.87; 95% CI=-3.59 to -0.15; p=0.033), sick ≥6 months (b=-2.12 ; 95% CI=-3.87 to -0.36; p=0.018), have comorbidities (b=-1.96; 95% CI=-3.67 to -0.24; p= 0.025), and de­pression (b=-1.40; 95% CI=-2.97 to 0.16; p=0.078). Quality of life was indirectly affected by age, ill­ness, marital status, family support, family income, and employment status.Conclusions: The quality of life of post-stroke patients increased directly affected by marital sta­tus, employment status, family support, and functional disorders. Quality of life was directly affec­ted by age, gender, attack status, duration of illness, comorbidity and depression.Keywords: stroke, quality of life, path analysis.Correspondence:Maki Zamzam. Master Program of Public Health Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: makizz477@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281251543935.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 5(1): 1-14https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.01
The Effect of Social Capital, Social Support, Self-Compassion, and Hope Factors Affecting Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Path Analysis Evidence from Surakarta, Central Java Jannah, Eka Miftakhul; Tamtomo, Didik Gunawan; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. The study aims to analyze the effect of social capital, social sup­port, hope, and self-compassion toward the quality of life of breast cancer survivors.Subjects and Method: It was a cross sectio­nal study conducted from December 2019 – January 2020. The sample used was 200 breast cancer survivors aged ≥18 years old and were selected by using simple random sampling in Lovely Pink Community Solo. The dependent variable was the symptom and functional aspects of quality of life of breast cancer sur­vi­vors. The independent variables were socio­demography factor, social capital, social sup­port, hope, and self compas­sion. Data collection were conducted by using questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted by using path analysis with Stata 13.Results: Good quality of life among breast cancer survivors increased and was directly affect­ed by symptom aspect with strong social support (b= 6.63; CI 95%= 2.52 up to 10.76; p= 0.002), high social capital (b= 3.73; CI 95%= 1.17 up to 6.30; p= 0.004), high self-compas­sion (b= 3.17; CI 95%= 0.57 up to 5.77; p= 0.017), education ≥high school (b= 4.19; CI 95%= 1.41 up to 6.97; p= 0.003), age ≥50 years (b= 1.78; CI 95%= 0.05 up to 3.51; p= 0.044), and high hope (b= 4.80; CI 95%= 1.85 up to 7.75; p= 0.001). Good quality of life among breast cancer survi­vors in­creased and was direct­ly affected by functional aspects with strong social support (b= 3.13; CI 95%= 1.61 up to 4.64; p< 0.001), high social capital (b= 1.74; CI 95%= 0.31 up to 3.17; p= 0.017), high self-compassion (b= 1.60; CI 95%= 0.24 up to 2.94; p= 0.021), education ≥high school (b= 2.41; CI 95%= 0.95 up to 3.86; p= 0.001), age ≥50 years (b= 1.38; CI 95%= 0.11 up to 2.66; p= 0.034), and high hope (b= 2.42; CI 95%= 0.98 up to 3.86; p= 0.001).Conclusion: Good quality of life among breast cancer survivors in symptom and functional aspects is affected by strong social support, high social capital, high hope, high self-compassion, high education (≥high school), and age ≥50 years old.Keywords: social support, social capital, hope, self-compassion, quality of lifeCorrespondence: Eka Miftakhul Jannah, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jalan Ir.Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java, Indo­ne­sia. Email:ekamiftakhulj@gmail.com. Mo­bi­le­­: 08­­5­­6­49665213.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 5(1): 52-64https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.06
Multilevel Analysis: Villages do not have Ecological Effect on the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Surakarta, Central Java Gita, Anggi Putri Aria; Qadrijati, Isna; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 5, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Diabetes Melitus (DM) as The Silent Killer has an increasing number of cases. Type 2 diabetes and its complications are a major publ­ic health problem worldwide. Type 2 dia­be­tes is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to analyze the contextual effect of village on the risk of type 2 DM.Subjects and Method: This was a case-con­trol stu­dy conducted in Surakarta, from Novem­ber 20­­19 to January 2020. A sample of 200 patients type 2 DM and non-DM was selected by fixed disease sampling. The depen­dent variable was type 2 DM. The inde­pen­dent variables were family his­tory of DM, diet, phy­sical activity, Body Mass Index (BMI), central obe­­sity, stress, his­tory of hypertension, and smo­k­ing habit. The da­ta were collected by ques­tion­naire and ana­ly­­zed by a multilevel multiple lo­gi­­stic regression run on Stata 13.Results: The risk of type 2 DM was positively asso­ci­ated with family history of dia­betes (b= 2.37; 95% CI= 1.51 to 3.23; p<0.001), poor diet (b= 1.­0­9; 95% CI= 0.71 to 1.86; p= 0.034), low phy­si­cal acti­vity (b= 1.07; 95% CI= 0.12 to 2.02; p= 0.027), cen­­tral obesity (b= 1.01; 95% CI= 0.75 to 1.95; p= 0.034), stress (b= 1.07; 95% CI= 0.15 to 1.98; p= 0.022), history of hyper­­tension (b= 1.08; 95% CI= 0.19 to 1.96; p= 0.016), and smo­k­ing habit (b= 1.31; 95% CI= 0.22 to 2.39; p= 0.018). Village did not have a contextual effect on the risk of type 2 DM with ICC= 0.01%.Conclusion: The risk of type 2 DM is positively associated with family history of DM, diet, low phy­­­si­cal activity, central obesity, stress, history of hy­pertension, and smoking habit. Village do not have a con­tex­tual effect on the risk of type 2 DM.Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, biopsycho­social, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Anggi Putri Aria Gita. Masters Program in Pub­lic Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Su­tami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia. Email: ang­gi­pag­@­gmail.com. Mobile: +628975406464Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2020), 05(01): 106-118https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2020.05.01.11

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