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Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia

pji
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Published by Universitas Brawijaya

ISSN : 2461114X EISSN : 2461114X DOI : https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji

Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia (PJI) is an online journal which is published twice a year by Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University. The articles published in PJI cover the themes of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Technology, and Natural Product Pharmacy/Chemistry.

Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)

Articles 10 Documents

Search results for , issue "Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)" : 10 Documents clear

The Knowledge and Practice in the Self-Medication Use of Topical Benzoyl Peroxide and Clindamycin Anjarwati, Riska Auliah; Hariadini, Ayuk Lawuningtyas; Ebtavanny, Tamara Gusti
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Acne vulgaris or acne is a condition of chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit. Topical clindamycin and topical benzoyl peroxide (BP) are therapy with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. The pharmacist's role during self-medication services and the knowledge possessed by the patient are needed to produce the correct drug use. This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge and accuracy of using topical benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin self-medication either alone or in combination with students of Brawijaya University with Acne vulgaris. This research was conducted online which is observational analytic with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used was a purposive sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and 105 respondents were obtained. Student knowledge was measured using a Guttman scale questionnaire with right and wrong answer choices. The accuracy of student use was measured using semi-open questions with multiple-choice answers and essays. The results showed that the respondents had good knowledge (79.05%), sufficient (20.95%), and less (0.00%). Meanwhile, the results of the accuracy of the use of therapy showed that students were correct (60.00%) and not correct (40.00%). The results of the Spearman correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between knowledge and the accuracy of using self-medicated topical benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin therapy (p = 0.012; r = 0.245). Based on the study results, it is concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between knowledge and the accuracy of using self-medicated topical benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin therapy in Brawijaya University students with Acne vulgaris. Keyword: Acne vulgaris, knowledge, practice, benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin

Safety Profile of Oral Anticoagulants in Elderly Atrial Fibrillation Patients: A Review Focused on Bleeding Risk in Secondary Stroke Prevention Viviandhari, Daniek; Wiyati, Tuti
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

The elderly population has the highest risks of bleeding due to oral anticoagulant use to prevent secondary stroke since causes higher levels of anticoagulant status fluctuation. However, the detailed information on safety issues regarding bleeding effect of oral anticoagulant from elderly population perspective with atrial fibrillation is still lacking. This narrative review was conducted to summarize the study findings from the present literature. This review was conducted using PubMed and Scopus database. Data were retrieved from 2017 until 2023. Articles were considered for inclusion if they discussed the safety of oral anticoagulant for secondary stroke prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (AF) patients. A total of 9 articles were extracted. The design of the studies, participant characteristics, and the risk of bleeding events were all assessed. The Hazard Ratio (HR) ranged from 2.82 to 0.58 across 5 trials. There were three occurrences of significant hemorrhage with delayed Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) and seven cases with early NOACs. When comparing acute reperfusion to no reperfusion, the Odd Ratio (OR) of 1 study was 0.74. One study found that the incidence of significant bleeding was 2.1% in the case of standard warfarin use and 0% in the case of early apixaban use. Research comparing warfarin and rivaroxaban in patients with mild AF found a Relative Risk (RR) of 0.91. NOACs/Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) are relatively safe to use, while International Normalized Ratio (INR)-guided Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) should be use with cautions in the elderly with AF for secondary stroke prevention concerning bleeding events, regardless of independence status (patient’s level of functional independence), presence of acute reperfusion treatment, Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS), Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO), and decreased renal function.

An Overview of knowledge level of adolescent girls about anemia disease and prevention in Badung area, Bali Sari, Gusti Ayu Putu Laksmi Puspa; Wibowo, Yosi Irawati; Yana, I Gusti Agung Ari Kusuma; Megawati, Fitria
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Introduction: Adolescent anemia in Indonesia is still a high health problem, despite the implementation of government programs related to adolescent anemia prevention. Knowledge is one of the factors and influences the success of anemia prevention programs in adolescents. Objective: To provide an overview of knowledge related to blood supplement tablets and anemia in adolescent girls in Badung area. Methods: A survey study using a questionnaire was conducted on 193 adolescent girls enrolled in one of the junior high schools in Badung. There were twenty knowledge questions related to blood supplement tablets and anemia. Data were analyzed descriptively based on the variables measured. Results: The knowledge level of adolescent girls mostly had sufficient knowledge (74.6%), good knowledge (11.9%) and poor knowledge (13.5%). Conclusion: In this study, there were still adolescent girls who had insufficient knowledge. Educational efforts need to be made in various approaches to improve the knowledge of adolescent girls.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content of Waru Leaves Metanol and Ethyl Acetate Extract (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) Astrid Kusuma Putri, astrid90
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Hibiscus tiliaceus L., also known as the waru plant, is a valuable source of traditional medicine due to its phenolic compounds, which have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. The study investigates the presence of phenolic compounds in the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of waru leaf, which were obtained through maceration with methanol and ethyl acetate solvents, highlighting the significant impact of extraction solvent choice on the extract's active compounds. The total phenolic content in the leaf extract of waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) is determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method, in which the addition of 7% sodium carbonate creates an alkaline atmosphere that produces phenolic ions. Furthermore, it will reduce Folin to form a blue complex. The results showed that the total phenolic content of waru leaf extract (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) was 15.348 mg GAE/g and 10.060 GAE/g of methanol and ethyl acetate extract, respectively, at a maximum wavelength of 765 nm. The repeatability precision was 1.7 x 10-14% RSD, with the gallic acid standards curve showing good linearity (R2 > 0.999).

Profile of Antituberculosis Therapy in Tuberculosis Patient with Diabetes Mellitus Paramita, hilda ema; samirah
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.). People with weak immune conditions such as people with diabetes mellitus (DM) are more susceptible to TB infection. The aim of this research was to review the profile of antituberculosis therapy in pulmonary TB patients with DM. It was a descriptive observational study using retrospective data during period January 1, 2019, to January 31, 2020, which was conducted at Poli TB of Airlangga University Hospital. The samples used were medical records of adult patients over 18 years diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus who received antituberculosis therapy and obtained as many as 32 medical records of patients. The results showed that the most widely used antituberculosis was Fixed- dose combination (FDC) asa many as 30 patients (93,8%) and 2 patients in special combination (6,4%). Special combination are given to patients with special conditions such as hypersensitivity to antituberculosis. The dose regimentation of antituberculosis given to the patient with controlled and uncontrolled diabetes during the intensive phase and continuation phase was 2 – 5 tablets of FDC. The patient’s diabetes control was measured by the value of glucose levels during treatment. Antidiabetic treatment given to pulmonary TB patients with DM was insulin in 20 patients (62,5%) and oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) in 12 patients (37,5%). After obtaining the regimen therapy, most TB patients with controlled diabetes completed the treatment in 6 patients (26,1%) with duration of treatment of 6 months in 4 patients (17.4%) while patients with uncontrolled diabetes completed the treatment in 8 patients (34,8%) with duration of treatment more than 6 months in 9 patients (39,1%). Potential Drug- Related problems (DRP) identified in this research are 18 drug interactions (56,2%) and 14 suspected side effects (43,6%). Based on the results of research treatment and dosage regimens used in pulmonary TB patients with DM in Poli TB of Airlangga University Hospital have been following national TB guidelines

Association of Antiplatelet Type on Length of Stay and Neurological Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Aprillia Wardhani, Firdha
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Antiplatelet therapy plays an important role in preventing the progression of ischemic stroke. However, the effectiveness of different types of antiplatelet agents in improving clinical outcomes still requires further investigation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the type of antiplatelet used and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized ischemic stroke patients, based on changes in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and length of stay (LoS). This research was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study involving 92 hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke. Patients were grouped based on the antiplatelet therapy received: Clopidogrel (CPG) (n=58), Aspirin (n=17), and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with Clopidogrel + Aspirin (n=17). Of the total patients, 43 (46.7%) showed improvement in NIHSS score, while 49 (53.2%) did not. The mean LoS was 7.033 days. The proportion of patients with NIHSS improvement by treatment group showed that the CPG group had the highest percentage of improvement, with 30 out of 58 patients (51.72%), compared to Aspirin 7/17 (41.2%) and DAPT 6/17 (35.3%). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant association between the type of antiplatelet and NIHSS improvement (p = 0.431). In addition, Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed no significant association between LoS and antiplatelet type (p = 0.429). These findings suggest that other factors may play a more substantial role in determining the clinical outcomes of ischemic stroke patients. Keywords: antiplatelet, clinical outcome, NIHSS, ischemic stroke, LoS

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Antibiotic Ampicillin and Cefuroxime for Bronchopneumonia Patients Toddlers at Secondary Hospital in Surabaya Wardhani, Dewanti; Firdaus, Favian Rafif; Yunita, Nita; Abdul, Rahem
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2025.010.02.1

Bronchopneumonia is an infectious disease in toddlers that produces high mortality, morbidity, and costs. The research aims to investigate the cost-effectiveness of ampicillin and cefuroxime for treating bronchopneumonia in toddlers. Data was collected retrospectively from medical records and hospital information systems between March 2023 and August 2023. The hospital-based trial was completed in October 2023. Stratified random sampling was employed to gather samples from those who met the inclusion criteria, which included using ampicillin or cefuroxime and having bronchopneumonia symptoms. Therapeutic success was determined by achieving a normal breathing rate within < 3 days, taking into account total direct medical expenses. The study discovered that the average direct medical cost for ampicillin patients is Rp. 2,792,875 ± 454.704, and for cefuroxime patients, Rp. 2.931.682 ± 908.964 per inpatient. The effectiveness of antibiotics showed that ampicillin (98%) surpassed cefuroxime (96%). Ampicillin's average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) is Rp. 28,499, which is less than cefuroxime's Rp. 30,538. The findings of calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of ampicillin and cefuroxime are Rp. -69,404. Ampicillin has lower direct medical costs and higher effectiveness than cefuroxime, making it a more cost-effective therapy for bronchopneumonia in toddlers. Cost-effectiveness pharmacoeconomic studies are necessary to analyze therapy options

Pharmacist-Led Pediatric Diarrhea Management: A Systematic Review of Knowledge and Recommendation Appropriateness Ebtavanny, Tamara Gusti; Fitri, Salsabilah Aida; Suhartono, Suhartono; Hariadini, Ayuk Lawuningtyas
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Diarrhea remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation. Community pharmacists often serve as the first point of care, making their role crucial in ensuring appropriate, guideline-based management of pediatric diarrhea. This systematic review aimed to evaluate pharmacists’ knowledge and the appropriateness of their recommendations for treating pediatric diarrhea. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol. Searches were performed via Harzing’s Publish or Perish on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Crossref using keywords: "diarrhea" AND "pediatric" OR "children" AND "treatment" AND "pharmacist" AND "knowledge". Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Among five studies assessing knowledge, three reported generally good pharmacist knowledge, while two showed significant improvements post-intervention (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01). Pharmacists demonstrated good understanding of ORS use, treatment options, and non-pharmacological advice. However, they showed limited ability to identify signs of dehydration. In terms of treatment recommendations, six of nine studies reported inappropriate use of antibiotics, with few pharmacists recommending WHO-recommended therapies (ORS and zinc). In contrast, five studies found that non-pharmacological advice was the primary approach. Three factors significantly influenced knowledge and appropriateness: patient assessment (P = 0.006), self-medication training (P < 0.0005), and year of graduation (P = 0.004). Pharmacists generally possess good knowledge in certain aspects of pediatric diarrhea management, but often make inappropriate treatment recommendations. Structured education and training are needed to improve clinical decision-making and adherence to treatment guidelines.

Physical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook f.) Essential Oil Nanoemulgel as a Natural Cosmetic Widyowati, Retno; Sari, Trisiyana Sholika; Munandar, Tristiana Erawati
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Background : Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major contributor to skin damage. Illicium verum (star anise) essential oil is rich in trans-anethole, a compound reported as the dominant component (over 88%) in previous GC-MS studies. Trans-anethole possesses potent antioxidant properties; however, its lipophilic nature limits its solubility and topical bioavailability. Objective : This study aimed to develop and characterize a nanoemulgel formulation Illicium verum essential oil and to evaluate its antioxidant activity for potential application as a natural antioxidant. Methods : Essential oil (1% w/v) was extracted by steam distillation and formulated into a nanoemulgel using a self-nanoemulsifying technique, which involves the spontaneous formation of nano-sized droplets upon mixing the oil phase with surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80 in a 6:1 ratio) under agitation. The resulting nanoemulsion was incorporated into a hydrogel base using 1% Carbopol 940, a hydrophilic polymer that forms a three-dimensional network capable of retaining water, creating a gel-like texture suitable for topical application. The formulation was evaluated for pH, viscosity, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and stability. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay, with ascorbic acid as the positive control then analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results : The nanoemulgel showed pH 6.03 ± 0.28, viscosity 13164 ± 2.65 cP, droplet size 188.5 ± 0.49 nm, PDI 0.1638 ± 0.15, and zeta potential -41.09 ± 1.59 mV indicating good physical stability and homogeneity. It passed centrifugation and spreadability tests and exhibited a semi-transparent appearance with a smooth texture and pleasant aroma. According to established criteria (Itam et al., 2021), the IC₅₀ value of the nanoemulgel (85.03 ± 0.75 µg/mL) demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, while the essential oil alone exhibited strong activity (IC₅₀ = 50.89 ± 0.55 µg/mL), and ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, showed very strong activity (IC₅₀ = 2.59 ± 0.28 µg/mL). Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The nanoemulgel formulation demonstrated favorable physical properties, including skin-compatible pH, suitable viscosity, nano-sized droplets, low polydispersity, and high colloidal stability. It retained moderate antioxidant activity, supporting its potential application as a natural antioxidant cosmetic. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical efficacy.

Pharmacological Activity From Various Parts of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): A Review Widyowati, Retno; Putri, Anisa Yustikka; Sukardiman
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Background: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. belongs to Arecaceae family. This plant originates from West Africa and is spread across Asia such as Indonesia. Various parts have been used traditionally and proven by scientific experiments derived for various medicinal purposes for the treatment many disease because contains many phytonutrients. Objective: This study was to explore the pharmacological activities of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from various parts and the potential compound content. Methods: The method was a literature review by searching research data about Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from 2010 to 2024 was derived from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, NCBI and Google Scholar with the keywords of Elaeis guineensis Jacq, palm oil, in vivo, in vitro, in silico and pharmacologycal activity. Results: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has composition of bioactive constituents including vitamin E, fatty acid, fenolic, flavonoids, phenolics and karotenoid. With sample parts of leaves, fruits, seeds, and roots. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has the ability as an pharmacology activity with the approach of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. The plant parts showed significant potential in various biological activities, including high antioxidant activity, significant antimicrobial effects against bacteria, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacology, decreased blood glucose and insulin resistance, relatively safe toxicity tests at certain concentrations and protection against liver damage. The findings indicate the potential application in alternative medicine and nutraceutical development. Conclusion: Overall, this journal evaluated the pharmacological activities of various parts of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. through in silico, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological approaches showing that this species is a rich source of compounds. Further research is needed to develop therapeutic products based on Elaeis guineensis Jacq. including clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy in humans.

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Efta Triastuti

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Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University Jalan Veteran (Kampus Sumbersari) Malang 65145 Tel. (0341) 569117ext 156, 173 ; Fax. (0341) 564755 Website : http://www.pji.ub.ac.id Email :pji@ub.ac.id

Location
Kota malang,

Jawa timur

INDONESIA

Abstract

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Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Efta Triastuti

Contact Email efta.triastuti@ub.ac.id

Phone +62341-569117

Journal Mail Official pji@ub.ac.id

Editorial Address Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University Jalan Veteran (Kampus Sumbersari) Malang 65145 Tel. (0341) 569117ext 156, 173 ; Fax. (0341) 564755 Website : http://www.pji.ub.ac.id Email :pji@ub.ac.id

Location Kota malang, Jawa timur INDONESIA

Abstract

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Abstract

Contact Name
Efta Triastuti

Contact Email
efta.triastuti@ub.ac.id

Phone
+62341-569117

Journal Mail Official
pji@ub.ac.id

Editorial Address
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University Jalan Veteran (Kampus Sumbersari) Malang 65145 Tel. (0341) 569117ext 156, 173 ; Fax. (0341) 564755 Website : http://www.pji.ub.ac.id Email :pji@ub.ac.id

Location
Kota malang,

Jawa timur

INDONESIA