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Efta Triastuti
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Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University Jalan Veteran (Kampus Sumbersari) Malang 65145 Tel. (0341) 569117ext 156, 173 ; Fax. (0341) 564755 Website : http://www.pji.ub.ac.id Email :pji@ub.ac.id
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INDONESIA
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 2461114X     EISSN : 2461114X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia (PJI) is an online journal which is published twice a year by Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University. The articles published in PJI cover the themes of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Technology, and Natural Product Pharmacy/Chemistry.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 155 Documents
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Association of Antiplatelet Type on Length of Stay and Neurological Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Aprillia Wardhani, Firdha
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Antiplatelet therapy plays an important role in preventing the progression of ischemic stroke. However, the effectiveness of different types of antiplatelet agents in improving clinical outcomes still requires further investigation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the type of antiplatelet used and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized ischemic stroke patients, based on changes in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and length of stay (LoS). This research was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study involving 92 hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke. Patients were grouped based on the antiplatelet therapy received: Clopidogrel (CPG) (n=58), Aspirin (n=17), and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with Clopidogrel + Aspirin (n=17). Of the total patients, 43 (46.7%) showed improvement in NIHSS score, while 49 (53.2%) did not. The mean LoS was 7.033 days. The proportion of patients with NIHSS improvement by treatment group showed that the CPG group had the highest percentage of improvement, with 30 out of 58 patients (51.72%), compared to Aspirin 7/17 (41.2%) and DAPT 6/17 (35.3%). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant association between the type of antiplatelet and NIHSS improvement (p = 0.431). In addition, Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed no significant association between LoS and antiplatelet type (p = 0.429). These findings suggest that other factors may play a more substantial role in determining the clinical outcomes of ischemic stroke patients. Keywords: antiplatelet, clinical outcome, NIHSS, ischemic stroke, LoS
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Antibiotic Ampicillin and Cefuroxime for Bronchopneumonia Patients Toddlers at Secondary Hospital in Surabaya Wardhani, Dewanti; Firdaus, Favian Rafif; Yunita, Nita; Abdul, Rahem
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2025.010.02.1

Abstract

Bronchopneumonia is an infectious disease in toddlers that produces high mortality, morbidity, and costs. The research aims to investigate the cost-effectiveness of ampicillin and cefuroxime for treating bronchopneumonia in toddlers. Data was collected retrospectively from medical records and hospital information systems between March 2023 and August 2023. The hospital-based trial was completed in October 2023. Stratified random sampling was employed to gather samples from those who met the inclusion criteria, which included using ampicillin or cefuroxime and having bronchopneumonia symptoms. Therapeutic success was determined by achieving a normal breathing rate within < 3 days, taking into account total direct medical expenses. The study discovered that the average direct medical cost for ampicillin patients is Rp. 2,792,875 ± 454.704, and for cefuroxime patients, Rp. 2.931.682 ± 908.964 per inpatient. The effectiveness of antibiotics showed that ampicillin (98%) surpassed cefuroxime (96%). Ampicillin's average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) is Rp. 28,499, which is less than cefuroxime's Rp. 30,538. The findings of calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of ampicillin and cefuroxime are Rp. -69,404. Ampicillin has lower direct medical costs and higher effectiveness than cefuroxime, making it a more cost-effective therapy for bronchopneumonia in toddlers. Cost-effectiveness pharmacoeconomic studies are necessary to analyze therapy options
Pharmacist-Led Pediatric Diarrhea Management: A Systematic Review of Knowledge and Recommendation Appropriateness Ebtavanny, Tamara Gusti; Fitri, Salsabilah Aida; Suhartono, Suhartono; Hariadini, Ayuk Lawuningtyas
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Diarrhea remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation. Community pharmacists often serve as the first point of care, making their role crucial in ensuring appropriate, guideline-based management of pediatric diarrhea. This systematic review aimed to evaluate pharmacists’ knowledge and the appropriateness of their recommendations for treating pediatric diarrhea. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol. Searches were performed via Harzing’s Publish or Perish on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Crossref using keywords: "diarrhea" AND "pediatric" OR "children" AND "treatment" AND "pharmacist" AND "knowledge". Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Among five studies assessing knowledge, three reported generally good pharmacist knowledge, while two showed significant improvements post-intervention (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01). Pharmacists demonstrated good understanding of ORS use, treatment options, and non-pharmacological advice. However, they showed limited ability to identify signs of dehydration. In terms of treatment recommendations, six of nine studies reported inappropriate use of antibiotics, with few pharmacists recommending WHO-recommended therapies (ORS and zinc). In contrast, five studies found that non-pharmacological advice was the primary approach. Three factors significantly influenced knowledge and appropriateness: patient assessment (P = 0.006), self-medication training (P < 0.0005), and year of graduation (P = 0.004). Pharmacists generally possess good knowledge in certain aspects of pediatric diarrhea management, but often make inappropriate treatment recommendations. Structured education and training are needed to improve clinical decision-making and adherence to treatment guidelines.
Physical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook f.) Essential Oil Nanoemulgel as a Natural Cosmetic Widyowati, Retno; Sari, Trisiyana Sholika; Munandar, Tristiana Erawati
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Background : Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major contributor to skin damage. Illicium verum (star anise) essential oil is rich in trans-anethole, a compound reported as the dominant component (over 88%) in previous GC-MS studies. Trans-anethole possesses potent antioxidant properties; however, its lipophilic nature limits its solubility and topical bioavailability. Objective : This study aimed to develop and characterize a nanoemulgel formulation Illicium verum essential oil and to evaluate its antioxidant activity for potential application as a natural antioxidant. Methods : Essential oil (1% w/v) was extracted by steam distillation and formulated into a nanoemulgel using a self-nanoemulsifying technique, which involves the spontaneous formation of nano-sized droplets upon mixing the oil phase with surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80 in a 6:1 ratio) under agitation. The resulting nanoemulsion was incorporated into a hydrogel base using 1% Carbopol 940, a hydrophilic polymer that forms a three-dimensional network capable of retaining water, creating a gel-like texture suitable for topical application. The formulation was evaluated for pH, viscosity, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and stability. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay, with ascorbic acid as the positive control then analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results : The nanoemulgel showed pH 6.03 ± 0.28, viscosity 13164 ± 2.65 cP, droplet size 188.5 ± 0.49 nm, PDI 0.1638 ± 0.15, and zeta potential -41.09 ± 1.59 mV indicating good physical stability and homogeneity. It passed centrifugation and spreadability tests and exhibited a semi-transparent appearance with a smooth texture and pleasant aroma. According to established criteria (Itam et al., 2021), the IC₅₀ value of the nanoemulgel (85.03 ± 0.75 µg/mL) demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, while the essential oil alone exhibited strong activity (IC₅₀ = 50.89 ± 0.55 µg/mL), and ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, showed very strong activity (IC₅₀ = 2.59 ± 0.28 µg/mL). Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The nanoemulgel formulation demonstrated favorable physical properties, including skin-compatible pH, suitable viscosity, nano-sized droplets, low polydispersity, and high colloidal stability. It retained moderate antioxidant activity, supporting its potential application as a natural antioxidant cosmetic. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical efficacy.
Pharmacological Activity From Various Parts of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): A Review Widyowati, Retno; Putri, Anisa Yustikka; Sukardiman
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Background: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. belongs to Arecaceae family. This plant originates from West Africa and is spread across Asia such as Indonesia. Various parts have been used traditionally and proven by scientific experiments derived for various medicinal purposes for the treatment many disease because contains many phytonutrients. Objective: This study was to explore the pharmacological activities of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from various parts and the potential compound content. Methods: The method was a literature review by searching research data about Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from 2010 to 2024 was derived from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, NCBI and Google Scholar with the keywords of Elaeis guineensis Jacq, palm oil, in vivo, in vitro, in silico and pharmacologycal activity. Results: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has composition of bioactive constituents including vitamin E,  fatty acid, fenolic, flavonoids, phenolics and karotenoid. With sample parts of leaves, fruits, seeds, and roots. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has the ability as an pharmacology activity with the approach of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. The plant parts showed significant potential in various biological activities, including high antioxidant activity, significant antimicrobial effects against bacteria, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacology, decreased blood glucose and insulin resistance, relatively safe toxicity tests at certain concentrations and protection against liver damage. The findings indicate the potential application in alternative medicine and nutraceutical development. Conclusion: Overall, this journal evaluated the pharmacological activities of various parts of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. through in silico, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological approaches showing that this species is a rich source of compounds. Further research is needed to develop therapeutic products based  on Elaeis guineensis Jacq. including clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy in humans.

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