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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of International Relations
Published by Asosiasi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Indonesia
ISSN : 2657165X     EISSN : 25484109     DOI : -
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
IJIR is a scientific journal focuses on the issues of states relations both in the regional and international scope. Mostly on, but not limited to, Indonesia and the Southeast Asian region. IJIR is published by and served as the official journal of the International Relations National Association in Indonesia. It aims to publish high-quality articles as an academic contribution and foreign policy considerations through the dissemination of highly stimulated theoretical and empirical research with a clear methodology for international readers.
Arjuna Subject : Umum - Umum
Articles 139 Documents
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PERDAGANGAN SATWA LIAR ASIA TENGGARA DALAM RANTAI NILAI INDUSTRI OBAT TRADISIONAL TIONGKOK Sri Reski Amalia
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 8 No 2 (2024): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v8i2.572

Abstract

This paper aims to explain the relationship between wildlife trade in Southeast Asia and the production of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The conceptual framework includes value chain trade, economic asymmetry, and laundering. The research method is qualitative through a literature review of scientific sources, including books, journals, and online articles. The results show that the Golden Triangle in Laos is the main gateway for illegal wildlife trade to China, managed by Kings Romans International Ltd. The Illegal business operates under a legally registered casino business to avoid international and national pressures. Subsequently, animals smuggled to China are processed into TCM and distributed to domestic and overseas markets. To legitimize the illegal components of TCM, pharmaceutical companies exploit national and international legal loopholes that are insufficient in addressing the trade of rare wildlife and derivatives.
UNVEILING IRAN'S DETERRENCE BY DENIAL STRATEGY IN RETALIATORY STRIKE AGAINST ISRAEL Maulana, Muhammad Alfian
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 8 No 2 (2024): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v8i2.574

Abstract

against Israel in March 2024. Grounded in the ‘Deterrence by Denial’ theoretical framework, the research explores Iran’s strategic objectives and the key characteristics of this strategy, including the use of diverse military capabilities, the real-time nature of its threat actions, and the competitive dynamics of the deterrence process. Employing a qualitative approach that relies on a comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary sources, the study reveals that Iran’s primary aim was to persuade Israel that any prospective attack would be both costly and ultimately unsuccessful. The research findings highlight strategic implications and recommendations related to understanding regional conflict dynamics, adapting defence strategies, and the potential for escalation in the Middle East
DIGITAL DIPLOMACY OF INDONESIA IN REALIZING ITS VISION AS THE ASEAN DIGITAL ECONOMY HUB Santoso, Rizal Budi; Moenardy, Dwi Fauziansyah; Rizqi Muttaqin
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 8 No 2 (2024): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v8i2.575

Abstract

This research analyzes Indonesia's digital diplomacy to realize Indonesia's vision of strengthening its position as the center of ASEAN's digital economy and encouraging inclusive and sustainable economic growth in the region. Qualitative methods were used in this research by collecting data through a literature study which was then validated using data triangulation techniques. This research shows that developing digital diplomacy is essential in strengthening Indonesia's position as a digital economy leader in the ASEAN region, including building a solid digital infrastructure, increasing access and digital inclusion, and promoting regional collaboration through the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN). In achieving this goal, Indonesia can encourage digital inclusion, expand its market, and formulate regulations and policies that support the growth of the digital economy and startups.
SINGAPORE-AUSTRALIA DIGITAL ECONOMY AGREEMENT (SADEA) SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN PENINGKATAN KERJA SAMA EKONOMI DIGITAL SINGAPURA DAN AUSTRALIA TAHUN 2020 Usi Alfiani Nur; Alena Alenka; Jihan Nadra Liani; Dudy Heryadi; Deasy Silvya Sari
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 8 No 2 (2024): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v8i2.589

Abstract

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis alasan Australia menyepakati Singapore-Australia Digital Economy Agreement (SADEA) pada tahun 2020. Dengan menggunakan perspektif teori liberalisme, penelitian ini mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mendorong Australia untuk meningkatkan kerja sama ekonomi digital dengan Singapura. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui analisis mendalam terhadap studi pustaka yang relevan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Australia dan Singapura memiliki pertumbuhan ekonomi digital yang signifikan, didorong oleh berbagai sektor seperti e-commerce, fintech, dan layanan digital. SADEA merupakan langkah strategis untuk memperdalam kerja sama digital kedua negara, memperkuat integrasi ekonomi, serta meningkatkan daya saing di tingkat regional dan global. SADEA dapat menjadi instrumen penting bagi Australia dan Singapura dalam mengembangkan kerja sama ekonomi digital yang saling menguntungkan.
ASEAN'S PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE AGAINST HYBRID THREAT IN CYBERSPACE Gultom, Yosua Saut Marulitua
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 8 No 2 (2024): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v8i2.590

Abstract

This research examines ASEAN's readiness and response to threats in cyberspace. ASEAN is a region with growing internet users and a thriving economy. Unfortunately, ASEAN's cyber defense is considered low. This research uses the concept of hybrid threats by Hoffman which states that future conflicts/war create hybrid strategies, where conventional and non-conventional means are brought together to see the vulnerability. Using a descriptive study using primary and secondary data in the form of official documents, journal articles, news, and internet sources. This article found that China's rise in the cyber field, as well as the attack activities it has carried out both directly and indirectly, provide a strong threat perception for the ASEAN region. For this reason, this article concludes that ASEAN must intensify collaboration within the region and with global partners while also establishing a comprehensive cyber defense strategy, including a potential for a cyber army across the region.
MULTILEVEL HEDGING FOR MIDDLE-REGIONAL POWER: INDONESIA ASCENT TOWARD POWERHOOD THROUGH HEDGING Kusumadewi, Hemalia; Wiswayana, Wishnu Mahendra
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 8 No 2 (2024): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v8i2.591

Abstract

The aim of this research is to understand how a middle-regional power, such as Indonesia, uses hedging to serve its interests and to address the lack of literature on Indonesian power and hedging. This research applies the concepts of ‘multilevel hedging’ and ‘hedging behavior’, along with a literature review method, to comprehend Indonesia's status and its hedging strategy and motives. The findings of this research indicate that hedging is not only employed for insurance and risk mitigation, but also as a means to build power. It was observed that for Indonesia, hedging is a tool to both enhance and maintain power, aligning with one of the primary objectives of Indonesian foreign policy.
INDONESIA-NORWAY COOPERATION: EFFICACY IN REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION AND DEGRADATION (2010-2022) Bongso, Chairul
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 8 No 2 (2024): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v8i2.593

Abstract

This research aims to measure the effectiveness of the REDD+ program implementation. The methodology is descriptive with a qualitative approach, using Arild Underdal's regime effectiveness theory, which assesses the functions and problem-solving capabilities of a regime. The research shows that REDD+ is the first international program to help developing countries reduce forest emissions, making tropical forest protection a new focus in climate disaster mitigation. Forests contribute 25 percent of global emissions, worsening the current climate state. In Indonesia, REDD+ has been running for over a decade in collaboration with Norway but is not running smoothly. The program is sluggish and opaque. Different sentiments, understandings, and internal political conflicts in Indonesia add to the complexity of REDD+ implementation. Norwegian funding, meant to raise awareness of forest protection, went awry and created a new incentive-based logic for forest conservation.
SINGAPORE-US RELATIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY TRUONG, THI HUE
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 9 No 1 (2025): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v9i2.661

Abstract

In a rapidly changing global environment with shifting regional and international dynamics, the Singapore-US relationship has become crucial for both nations' foreign policies. Southeast Asia, where Singapore is strategically located, has experienced growing geopolitical tensions, notably in US-China relations and regional security concerns. These shifts have strengthened Singapore-US ties, with expanded military cooperation and trade agreements. Under Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, bilateral ties have advanced significantly, positioning Singapore as a key US partner in ensuring regional stability, managing security issues, and promoting economic growth. As the geopolitical landscape in the Asia-Pacific evolves, this partnership has played a vital role in stabilizing the region. Economically, free trade agreements and joint ventures have enhanced both countries' growth, while politically, their collaboration has influenced Southeast Asia’s broader dynamics, encouraging regional states to deepen their ties with the US. This paper examines how regional and global uncertainties have shaped Singapore-US relations and their implications for Southeast Asia's political and economic landscape. It highlights how these bilateral ties have impacted the region’s stability, emphasizing economic integration and political cooperation, offering valuable insights for Vietnam’s foreign policy with the US.
REZIM KEAMANAN MARITIM INDONESIA-FILIPINA DALAM PEMBERANTASAN PENYELUNDUPAN DI PERBATASAN LAUT SULAWESI Loing, Micha Angelia; Oktavian, Riskey; Damayanti, Angel
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 9 No 2 (2025): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v9i2.612

Abstract

This article seeks to examine Indonesia and the Philippines in tackling various blue crimes on Sulawesi Sea borderline. It was reviewed using the theory of international regimes by Stephen D. Krashner and then elaborated with the theory of interdependence complexity, which was aligned along with the concept of blue crime. The research method used in this research is qualitative based on case studies, with data sources obtained from the results of the interview combined with documentation which is then validated with deductive analysis techniques. The results of the research found that maritime pathology in the Sulawesi Sea has experienced an increase in smuggling and produced various smuggling network motives, thus showing the limitations of maritime security actors in thoroughly investigating smuggling in border areas which resulted in the Sulawesi Sea becoming an arena for the complexity of interdependence between the two sovereign countries, reflecting a rift in the maritime security regime that has not been effective enough to be implemented
STRATEGI MILITER ART OF WAR PADA PROSES INTERNASIONALISASI PT INDOFOOD CBP DI AFRIKA Fadchurrozi, Imam
Indonesian Journal of International Relations Vol 9 No 2 (2025): INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Publisher : Indonesian Association for International Relations

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32787/ijir.v9i2.654

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the application of Sun Tzu’s Art of War principles in PT Indofood CBP’s internationalization strategy in Africa. A qualitative approach with descriptive analysis is employed, utilizing the OLI Paradigm (Ownership, Location, Internalization) as an analytical framework to examine factors influencing Indofood’s expansion. Sun Tzu’s principles, such as knowing oneself and the competition, flexibility, and strategic alliances, are analyzed alongside Indofood’s ownership advantages in technology and production (O), the attractiveness of investment locations in Africa (L), and internalization strategies to maintain control over supply chains and distribution (I). The findings indicate that Indofood adapts its products to local preferences and establishes strategic partnerships, including social initiatives such as polio vaccination programs, to strengthen market penetration. This study concludes that integrating Sun Tzu’s military strategies with the OLI Paradigm offers valuable insights for companies navigating complex and competitive global markets.

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