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Asian Journal of Agriculture
Published by Universitas Mulawarman
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25804537     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Aims and Scope Asian Journal of Agriculture encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects to optimizing the quality and quantity of both plant and animal yield and final products, including agricultural economics and management, agricultural engineering and mechanization, agronomy and crop science, fish breeding, poultry breeding, plants and animals breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, genetic diversity and breeding, food science and technology, land resources, land use, and remote sensing, plant pathology and pest management, microbiology, virology and bacteriology, organic agriculture, ecology and ecophysiology, physiology and nutrition, post-harvest technology, soil sciences, soilless culture, tissue culture technology, phytoremediation, and water management.
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Articles 108 Documents
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Effect of fermented gambir (Uncaria gambir) leaves on broiler performance and blood lipids WIDJASTUTI, TUTI; FAADHILAH, ATHAYA; ADRIANI, LOVITA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090228

Abstract

Abstract. Widjastuti T, Faadhilah A, Adriani L. 2025. Effect of fermented gambir (Uncaria gambir) leaves on broiler performance and blood lipids. Asian J Agric 9: 615-622. Increasing broiler chicken productivity must be supported by proper management during rearing. Efforts to maintain production efficiency with potential alternatives to replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) include gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir). Fermented gambir leaves aim to improve performance and reduce blood lipid levels in broiler chickens, serving as an alternative ingredient to replace antibiotic growth promoters. The leaves are fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum at 1.5% and Rhizopus oligosporus at 1%. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replicates. R0: 100% basal diet; R1: 100% basal diet + 0.5% fermented gambir leaf product; R2: 100% basal diet + 1% gambir leaf fermentation product; R3: 100% basal diet + 1.5% fermented gambir leaf product; R4: 100% basal diet + 2% gambir leaf fermentation product. Parameters measured included performance, blood, and meat lipid levels. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments R1-R4 compared to R0, indicating increased body weight gain (R1=2393 g) and decreased cholesterol (R1=115 mg/dL), triglyceride (R1 = 49 mg/dL), and fat levels in blood and meat. Based on these findings, adding 1% fermented gambir leaves to the basal diet can improve broiler performance while reducing lipid content in blood plasma and meat. Using 0.5% to 1% gambir leaf fermentation in feed is recommended as a feed additive to replace AGP.
Optimization of biochar and drip irrigation to improve chili yield and soil properties WIDOWATI, WIDOWATI; BIRU, SIRILUS MARIO; AGASTYA, I MADE INDRA; CAHYA, UTIK TRI WULAN; WILUJENG, RETNO
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090211

Abstract

Abstract. Widowati, Biru SM, Agastya IMI, Cahya UTW, Wilujeng R. 2025. Optimization of biochar and drip irrigation to improve chili yield and soil properties. Asian J Agric 9: 442-453. Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) is an important horticultural crop in Indonesia; however, its yield remains below optimal despite rising demand. This study intends to (i) assess changes in soil bulk density, particle density, and porosity; (ii) evaluate the effects of irrigation techniques and the application of biochar on chili yields; and (iii) identify the best combination for optimizing resource usage and yield. Eight different treatment combinations, each repeated four times, were used in a nested randomized design study conducted in Tunggulwulung Village, Malang. As the primary factor, the treatments included two main irrigation techniques (conventional and drip), which were further subdivided with different rates of biochar application (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). There were 160 pots total, with five plants per treatment acting as experimental units. Rice husks that had been pyrolyzed for three to four hours at 600°C were the source of the biochar. According to the results, adding biochar to conventional irrigation increases fruit weight by 125% and yield by about 130%. Drip irrigation with 4% biochar, on the other hand, is the most successful technique and yields much larger improvements, increasing fruit weight by 764% and fruit yield by 324%. Drip irrigation is more effective and yields better results than conventional irrigation, especially when combined with rice husk biochar. Furthermore, soil porosity and water use efficiency are significantly increased when 4% and 6% doses of biochar are added to drip irrigation systems.
Forage grass management using treated cassava wastewater in Kalasin, Thailand CHINNABUTR, KHEMIKA; POUNGCHOMPU, SUPAPORN
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090232

Abstract

Abstract. Chinnabutr K, Poungchompu S. 2025. Forage grass management using treated cassava wastewater in Kalasin, Thailand. Asian J Agric 9: 645-652. At present, both small and large-scale farmers have been widely using forage grass production for animal feed, which can effectively reduce the cost of animal production and improve feed availability throughout the year. This study evaluates the economic benefits of using treated cassava wastewater for forage grass production in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Surveys were conducted during the 2021-2022 crop season with 90 farmers, including 50 users with treated wastewater and 40 farmers dependent on other water sources. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent t-test. The results showed that farmers using treated wastewater obtained higher yields (36,253.882 kg/ha) and lower production costs (578.352 US$/ha) compared with non-users (25,035.751 kg/ha; 731.244 US$/ha). Net returns were also significantly higher among users (1,089.327 US$/ha or 0.030 US$/kg) than non-users (470.472 US$/ha or 0.019 US$/kg). Statistical analysis showed that yield (t = 3.19, p<0.05), cost (t = 1.79, p<0.01), and profit (t = 4.29, p<0.01) had significant differences. In addition, treatment was found to reduce fertilizer costs for farmers using wastewater by 150.50 US$/ha and enable them to sustain pastures into the dry season. This result clearly indicates that wastewater reuse is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. This not only minimizes input costs and increases profitability, but also serves as a nature-based solution in support of year-round forage production in sustainable cassava-based farming systems.
Effects of brown algal fertilizers on tomato yield and fruit quality BAROUD, SAID; TAHROUCH, SAIDA; HATIMI, ABDELHAKIM
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090212

Abstract

Abstract. Baroud S, Tahrouch S, Hatimi A. 2025. Effects of brown algal fertilizers on tomato yield and fruit quality. Asian J Agric 9: 454-462. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biofertilizer potential of three brown algae: Fucus spiralis, Cystoseira gibraltarica, and Bifurcaria bifurcata. Over ninety days, the growth of the algae was monitored. The algae were applied in two different forms and at varying concentrations: aqueous extract (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) and amendment (C1, C2, and C3). For each algal treatment, ten pots were used, with one plant per pot (10 replicates per treatment). Each pot received 50 mL/week of the algal extract, corresponding to three concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). For the amendment, the treatments consisted of three increasing concentrations: C1 (2.5 g/pot), C2 (5 g/pot), and C3 (10 g/pot). The low concentration algal extracts significantly improved growth parameters—such as length of the aerial part, root length, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight—and yield indicators like the number of flowers, fruits, and the fresh weight of fruits, compared to the control. Fertilization with F. spiralis amendment C1 notably enhanced the length of the aerial part, root length, and overall plant height (115, 41, and 156 cm, respectively). Improvements in sugar content, Brix, and fruit diameter were observed in fruits treated with C. gibraltarica at 1% (4.95%, 4.33%, and 55.66 mm, respectively). Additionally, the algal extracts with low concentrations of B. bifurcata and F. spiralis exhibited the highest mineral content in tomato leaves. The aqueous extract of B. bifurcata at 0.5% showed the highest levels of organic matter and total nitrogen in leaves (84.68% and 2.1%, respectively). Overall, these three algae proved to be effective and suitable candidates for developing biostimulants aimed at enhancing tomato growth, yield, and fruit quality. This study provides valuable information regarding the identification and application of Moroccan algae resources in agriculture.
Enhancing hydroponic leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production through optimized nutrient formulations MUTTULANI, MARK AL-JAMIE J.
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090208

Abstract

Abstract. Muttulani MAJ. 2025. Enhancing hydroponic leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) production through optimized nutrient formulations. Asian J Agric 9: 415-422. In leaf lettuce production, optimizing nutrient formulations within a hydroponic production system is crucial for enhancing yield, reducing environmental impact, increasing water efficiency, and maintaining a balanced nutrient supply. Despite substantial research, ideal nutrient formulations for lettuce hydroponic production remain insufficiently explored. A well-formulated nutrient solution provides plants with the necessary macro and micro nutrients for healthy growth and development. Thus, this research investigated five nutrient formulations using calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, and water-soluble fertilizer on lettuce's growth and yield performance under a hydroponic production system, arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Results revealed that Formulation 3-110 g (NPK) + 70 g MgSO4/ 500 mL H20 (Solution 1) + 180 g Ca(NO3)2/500 mL H20 (Solution 2) significantly improved percentage survival (98%), leaf-sized in terms of its width (16.61 cm) and length (23.64 cm), number of leaves (4.14), heaviest weight of the crown (332.63 g), the longest length of roots (37.20 cm), and highest rooting percentage (98%). The study's findings highlight the significant influence of the aforementioned nutrient formulation on the hydroponic production of lettuce, affecting its quality and yielding an increase of about 60-80%. The study provides a comprehensive insight into optimizing nutrient formulations for loose leaf lettuce production, which can be adapted to other types of lettuce, empowering farmers to significantly increase crop yield, improve food security, increase profitability, and promote sustainable agriculture.
Rice response to cadmium bioremediation using sorghum and mycorrhiza HARSONO, PUJI; HASANAH, NUR AZIZAH USWATUN; PURWANTO, EDI; SAMANHUDI, SAMANHUDI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090219

Abstract

Abstract. Harsono P, Hasanah NAU, Purwanto E, Samanhudi. 2025. Rice response to cadmium bioremediation using sorghum and mycorrhiza. Asian J Agric 9: 522-532. Cadmium (Cd) contamination at 2.9 mg kg-¹ in paddy soils reduces rice productivity and threatens food safety. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) phytoremediation combined with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in improving rice growth under mild Cd contamination. A factorial randomized complete block design with two cropping systems (seed vs. ratoon, where the same crop is re-grown from the stubble or roots of the first crop) and seven remediation treatments (control; three sorghum varieties (Super 1, Samurai 1, Kawali) combine with/without 10 g AMF plot-¹) was applied in 42 plots (3×4 m). Rice cv. IR 64 was transplanted 30 days after remediation. Significant interactions (p<0.05) between cropping system and remediation treatment occurred for plant height and leaf area. The Kawali + AMF treatment produced the most significant gains relative to the control: plant height +7.7%, leaf area +207%, chlorophyll +236% and total dry biomass +152%, while extending the vegetative phase by 23%. Improvements were consistent across sorghum seed and sorghum ratoon systems, indicating that remediation benefits persist beyond the first harvest. Ratoon sorghum-maintained remediation benefits, with 7-10% taller plants and 8% greater leaf area than the control, despite slightly reduced canopy size compared with seed sorghum; all sorghum treatments delayed flowering by ~11 days, indicating reduced Cd stress. High-biomass sorghum, especially Kawali, combined with AMF, enhances rice growth and physiology while stabilizing Cd, providing a scalable remediation strategy for sustainable rice production in Cd-contaminated tropical agroecosystems.
Strategic management and mapping of corn farming for sustainable animal feed in Maros District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia MANAF, SULHAN; AZISAH, AZISAH; DEMMALLINO, EYMAL B.; SYAMSUDDIN, SURYANI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090221

Abstract

Abstract. Manaf S, Azisah A, Demmallino EB, Syamsuddin S. 2025. Strategic management and mapping of corn farming for sustainable animal feed in Maros District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 542-553. The purpose of this study was to analyze corn mapping and internal and external factors that influence corn farming development strategies for the sustainability of animal feed in Tanralili Sub-district, Maros District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study employed a range of data collection methods, including observation, social mapping, Focus Group Discussion, and interviews. The data analysis was ArcGIS and SWOT analysis, which was presented in qualitative descriptive form. The results of this study indicate that potential mapping based on the area of corn land in Tanralili Sub-district, Maros District, has a total area of 2,667.45 ha. The village with the most extensive corn land is Toddopulia Village, which has an area of 502.91 ha. Corn crop production in Tanralili Sub-district, Maros District, fluctuates every year, with a production value of 56.04 quintals/ha in 2021, 59 quintals/ha in 2022, and 53.17 quintals/ha in 2023. Internal and external factors of corn farming that have a significant influence are: (i) the existence of agricultural institutions (farmer groups), (ii) the use of agricultural technology is still lacking, (iii) government policy support, (iv) high market demand, (v) corn production centers, (vi) increasing feed needs and (vii) fluctuations in production prices. The corn farming business development strategy is in quadrant III, which is in a diversification position.
Landholding size, indebtedness, and crop insurance in India: A macro-level quantitative assessment KEERTHIKUMARA, S. M.; SAIKIA, BONDITA; HIREMATH, CHANNAVEERAYYA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090205

Abstract

Abstract. Keerthikumara SM, Saikia B, Hiremath C. 2025. Landholding size, indebtedness, and crop insurance in India: A macro-level quantitative assessment. Asian J Agric 9: 377-390. Indian farmers continue to face structural distress driven by low income, high indebtedness, and inadequate risk protection. This study investigates the interrelationship between landholding size, agricultural credit, indebtedness, and crop insurance uptake using state-level secondary data from 2016 to 2023, drawn from Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, PMFBY/RWBCIS dashboards, and NCRB reports. Using descriptive statistics, linear regression, and paired t-tests, we identify key macro-level trends across 20 major Indian states. Results show that marginal and small farmers (less than 2 hectares) account for over 62.7% of all indebted farm households, but receive only 38.5% of total institutional agricultural credit. A bivariate regression reveals that a ?1,000 increase in monthly farm income is associated with a reduction of 1,314 indebted households (?=-0.445, p=0.016). Despite substantial credit disbursal in high-debt states like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, farmer debt remains elevated, underscoring that credit alone does not reduce vulnerability. Crop insurance enrollment increased after the 2020 policy shift from mandatory to optional participation among loanee farmers, yet the change was not statistically significant (p=0.099). Actuarial analysis reveals that in several states, claim settlement ratios remain below 50%, with high premiums and delayed payouts fueling distrust. The study recommends fully subsidized premiums for marginal farmers, region-specific pricing, improved claim transparency, and financial literacy integration with agricultural extension. Effective risk mitigation in agriculture must go beyond insurance and integrate income and credit reforms to ensure equitable protection for India’s most vulnerable farmers.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on growth and biochemical composition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ABDULLAH, HANAN AMEER
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090217

Abstract

Abstract. Abdullah HA. 2025. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on growth and biochemical composition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Asian J Agric 9: 507-512. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an economically important horticultural crop whose growth and quality are strongly influenced by nutrient management. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients that regulate plant metabolism, yet their combined effects on tomato performance under arid greenhouse conditions remain insufficiently explored. This study evaluated the interactive influence of ammonium sulfate and triple superphosphate on vegetative growth and biochemical composition of tomato. A completely randomized factorial design was applied with 16 N×P treatment combinations and three replications using 4 kg of soil per pot. Fertilizers were supplied in two equal splits at 10 and 25 days after seedling emergence, and plant responses were assessed after 52 days. Measurements included plant height, root length, shoot and root dry weights, leaf area, and concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins. Statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test (p?0.05) showed significant main and interactive effects of N and P. The combined application of 0.250 kg/ha N and 0.150 kg/ha P produced the best performance, with plant height nearly doubling compared to controls and protein content increasing by about one third. The synergistic effects of N and P were linked to enhanced photosynthetic capacity, stronger root development, and more efficient nutrient assimilation. These findings suggest that balanced fertilization strategies can improve both growth and nutritional quality of tomato while providing guidance for sustainable crop production in arid agroecosystems such as Iraq.
Eco-friendly control of Trichodinid infestation in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using Psidium guajava leaf extract SULISTIAWATI, ANDI; LAMATA, GUNARTO; SRIWULAN, SRIWULAN
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090216

Abstract

Abstract. Sulistiawati A, Lamata G, Sriwulan. 2025. Eco-friendly control of Trichodinid infestation in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using Psidium guajava leaf extract. Asian J Agric 9: 498-506. Trichodinid ectoparasites are among the most detrimental pathogens in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) aquaculture, causing tissue damage, growth suppression, and high mortality, particularly in small-scale systems. Chemical treatments such as formalin remain common but raise concerns regarding toxicity, environmental contamination, and pathogen resistance. Developing eco-friendly, plant-based alternatives is therefore crucial for sustainable aquaculture. This study evaluated the antiparasitic efficacy, safety, and histopathological impacts of ethanol extract of guava (Psidium guajava) leaves against Trichodinid infections in Nile tilapia. Juvenile tilapia (n=120) were naturally infected through cohabitation and randomly assigned to four treatments (0, 10, 20, and 30 ppm extract; three replicates each). Acute toxicity tests determined a 24 h LC50 value of 43.65 ppm. Extract efficacy was assessed through prevalence, infection intensity, survival rate, water quality, and histopathology, analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test (?=0.05). The 30 ppm treatment significantly reduced Trichodinid prevalence from 70.0% to 43.3% and infection intensity from 5.4 to 3.2 parasites per fish, representing 38.1% and 41.3% reductions, respectively (p<0.05). The highest survival rate occurred at 10 ppm (93.3%), compared to 86.7% at 20 ppm, 80.0% at 30 ppm, and 66.7% in the control. Water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH) remained within optimal culture ranges. Histopathological observations confirmed milder epithelial erosion, necrosis, and gill lamella fusion in treated groups relative to controls. These findings demonstrate that guava leaf ethanol extract, particularly at 10-30 ppm, is an effective, safe, and environmentally friendly antiparasitic agent. Its integration into aquaculture health management could reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, promote fish welfare, and support the sustainability of tilapia farming systems.

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