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Asian Journal of Agriculture
Published by Universitas Mulawarman
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25804537     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Aims and Scope Asian Journal of Agriculture encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects to optimizing the quality and quantity of both plant and animal yield and final products, including agricultural economics and management, agricultural engineering and mechanization, agronomy and crop science, fish breeding, poultry breeding, plants and animals breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, genetic diversity and breeding, food science and technology, land resources, land use, and remote sensing, plant pathology and pest management, microbiology, virology and bacteriology, organic agriculture, ecology and ecophysiology, physiology and nutrition, post-harvest technology, soil sciences, soilless culture, tissue culture technology, phytoremediation, and water management.
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Articles 150 Documents
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Social drivers of colony collapse disorder in Benin’s beekeeping, West Africa AMAKPE, FELICIEN; SINSIN, BRICE
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090206

Abstract

Abstract. Amakpe F, Sinsin B. 2025. Social drivers of colony collapse disorder in Benin’s beekeeping, West Africa. Asian J Agric 9: 391-401. The colony collapse disorder is a worldwide factor of the honeybee population decline. In the tropical African regions, recurrent bushfires, uncontrolled agricultural pesticide, unproper beekeeping system, pests, and diseases are contributing factors that worsen the colony collapse disorder in contrary to western beekeeping, where the phenomenon is better controlled. In addition to these environmental and managerial drivers, the beekeeping potential in Benin is handicapped by the countrywide massive destruction of honeybee colonies by unknown individuals. We assessed the impacts of this phenomenon, termed in this study the social colony collapse disorder, through surveys and group discussions on 96 apiaries, distributed in the entire country from January 2023 to January 2024. The investigations targeted apiaries bearing at least five honeybee colonies, and the respondents were the apiary owners. 31.4% of the country's honeybee colonies and 72.9% of apiaries were impacted. 7.3±7.1 colonies were lost per apiary from January 2023 to January 2024.  99% of the impacts occurred during the honey season (October to May), and the honeybee colony thieves mainly operated at night. The departments of Zou (78.4% of its colonies), Collines (60.3%), and Donga (40.8%) were the most impacted, and experimental apiaries were not spared. It is a neglected key factor that discourages beekeepers and hinders beekeeping mainstreaming for poverty alleviation in Benin, where no operational mitigation approach is effective to date. Reinforcing the local mitigation attempts and improving the beekeeping legal framework will help reduce the attacks. This will require deeper investigations for elaborating the case-by-case eradication approaches per beekeeping region in Benin and for elaborating a regional synergetic mitigation action plan in the entire West Africa.
Seed priming and foliar application of Moringa oleifera leaf nano-extract enhance growth and chlorophyll in canola (Brassica napus) DHAHIR, SANAA NAWAR; SHAHEEN, MAHMOOD ALI SHAHER AL
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090210

Abstract

Abstract. Dhahir SN, Shaheen MASA. 2025. Seed priming and foliar application of Moringa oleifera leaf nano-extract enhance growth and chlorophyll in canola (Brassica napus). Asian J Agric 9: 433-441. Improving seed germination and physiological traits in crops like canola (Brassica napus) is crucial for enhancing yield and stress tolerance. Nanotechnology, particularly plant-based nano-extracts, offers eco-friendly alternatives for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of seed priming and foliar spraying with varying concentrations of Moringa oleifera leaf nano-extract on germination and physiological performance of canola. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three nano-extract concentrations (5%, 10%, and 20%) and a distilled water control. The extract, synthesized via silver nitrate, was characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (peak at 435 nm), XRD, and SEM, confirming spherical nanoparticles (29-42 nm). Germination and physiological parameters were analyzed using ANOVA (p<0.05). Seed priming with 20% nano-extract significantly increased germination percentage by 53.3% (92% vs. 60%) and reduced mean germination time by 25% (122.4 vs. 163.2 hours). Root and shoot lengths increased by 60.0% (4.0 vs. 2.5 cm) and 57.9% (3.0 vs. 1.9 cm), respectively. Foliar spraying with 20% extract improved leaf area by 57.8% (82.6 vs. 52.3 cm²), root dry weight by 65.6% (1.62 vs. 0.98 g), and chlorophyll content by 54.6% (52.7 vs. 34.1 mg/g). Under greenhouse conditions, Moringa nano-extract—particularly at 20%—significantly enhanced germination and physiological traits in canola; however, field-based studies are required to validate these findings for broader agricultural applications. Although the findings demonstrate significant improvements under controlled greenhouse conditions, the absence of field trials and bulk control treatments is a limitation, and further field-based research is necessary to confirm broader agricultural applicability.
Effect of organic fertilizer types and dosage on yield and nutrient uptake of red ginger in an Alfisol SETYANINGRUM, DESY; SUHITA, CAHYANINGTYAS PUTRI; PARYANTO, EDI; NINGSIH, HARDIAN; ARIFIN, ZAINAL; SURYADI, DIDIK; SUPRIHATIN, DEWI NAWANG; NURHIDAYATI, FEBRY; PRADANA, ANDITYA GILANG RIZKY; HANTARI, DIMAR
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090231

Abstract

Abstract. Setyaningrum D, Suhita CP, Paryanto E, Ningsih H, Arifin Z, Suryadi D, Suprihatin DN, Nurhidayati F, Pradana AGR, Hantari D. 2025. Effect of organic fertilizer types and dosage on yield and nutrient uptake of red ginger in an Alfisol. Asian J Agric 9: 636-644. Declining red ginger production in Indonesia, partly due to reduced optimal land availability, has prompted the use of suboptimal soils, such as Alfisols are known to be fertile soils with relatively high concentrations of essential nutrients. This study evaluated the effects of animal manure type (cow, goat, and chicken) and application dosage (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons.ha-¹) on yield performance and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) in Alfisol. A randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement was applied. Results showed that both manure type and dosage significantly influenced yield and nutrient uptake. Goat manure at 30 tons.ha?¹ produced the highest fresh weight, biomass, rhizome weight, and N and P uptake. Rhizome weight and volume were positively correlated with N and P uptake, indicating that improved nutrient absorption efficiency contributed to yield enhancement. Increasing manure dosage consistently elevated biomass, rhizome volume, and K uptake, with optimal results at 30 tons.ha-¹. These findings demonstrate that organic fertilization, particularly with goat manure at 30 tons.ha-¹, is an effective strategy to boost red ginger productivity and nutrient use efficiency on marginal Alfisol soil. The approach supports sustainable cultivation and could help meet increasing market demand, although long-term impacts on soil health require further investigation.
System dynamics scenarios for sustainable oil palm management toward Indonesia’s 2060 net zero target HERNAWAN, ENDANG; ROSMIATI, MIA; LASTINI, TIEN; MUSTARI, ERI; KANDAR, MAMAT
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090207

Abstract

Abstract. Hernawan E, Rosmiati M, Lastini T, Mustari E, Kandar M. 2025. System dynamics scenarios for sustainable oil palm management toward Indonesia’s 2060 net zero target. Asian J Agric 9: 402-414. Indonesia’s palm oil sector plays a crucial role in national economic growth. However, it faces complex and interconnected challenges, including maintaining its significant contribution to GDP, supporting the expansion of biodiesel production, complying with the European Union’s deforestation regulations, and fulfilling commitments under the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) by 2030, as well as the national target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2060. This study aims to identify an ambitious yet realistic pathway for sustainable palm oil plantation management through the development and application of a system dynamics model. The research uses secondary data sources, including national palm oil production statistics, demographic trends, economic indicators, and policy documents related to palm oil governance and climate change mitigation. The Indonesia Sustainability of Oil Palm Plantations Management (ISOPPM) model was designed to simulate the impacts of policy interventions focused on promoting the use of organic fertilizers, distributing superior oil palm seedlings, and expanding B40 biodiesel production. The model’s accuracy and reliability were tested by comparing simulated results with historical data from national statistics. The results indicate that under the ambitious scenario, crude palm oil production could increase by 81.3% compared to the business-as-usual scenario. In comparison, plantation area expansion could be limited to 6.27%, enabling the sector to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions as early as 2048. Furthermore, this scenario demonstrates the potential to mitigate forest biodiversity loss through more efficient land use and improved agricultural practices. Overall, the validated ISOPPM model indicates that with appropriate policy support and technological improvements, Indonesia’s palm oil sector can significantly enhance productivity, minimise deforestation risks and biodiversity loss, and contribute meaningfully to national climate goals, ensuring a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and long-term sustainability.
Assessment of agronomic practices among natural rubber farmers in Sintang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia SUPRIYANTO, SUPRIYANTO; RULIYANSYAH, AGUS; ARIFIN, NUR; PRAMULYA, MUHAMMAD; SULISTYOWATI, HENNY
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090242

Abstract

Abstract. Supriyanto, Ruliyansyah A, Arifin N, Pramulya M, Sulistyowati H. 2025. Assessment of agronomic practices among natural rubber farmers in Sintang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 754-765. Smallholder rubber farmers play a crucial role in maintaining the sustainability of the rubber sector in Indonesia; however, their productivity and management practices remain suboptimal. This study assessed the agronomic practices of 470 smallholder rubber farmers in Sintang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, using a descriptive-quantitative approach. Data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation to examine relationships among human resource capacity, socio-economic conditions, and agronomic performance. The results indicate that the majority of farmers are in the productive age group, have low to moderate education, and rely on rubber farming as their primary livelihood. However, farmers tend to prioritize routine operational tasks, such as tapping and latex collection, while key agronomic practices that require more technical knowledge and capital—such as fertilization, the use of certified planting materials, and pest and disease control—remain under-implemented. Correlations indicate that education and access to extension services are positively correlated with the adoption of better agronomic practices, including the use of certified seeds, recommended plant spacing, and proper fertilization. Social roles and group participation also show significant relationships with collective agronomic behavior. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening farmer capacity and institutional support to promote productive and sustainable rubber cultivation among smallholder farmers in Sintang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Constraints in garlic farming in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines, with emphasis on production challenges and market inefficiencies DECLARO-RUEDAS, MARY YOLE APPLE; RUEDAS, EMMANUEL G.
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090233

Abstract

Abstract. Declaro-Ruedas MYA, Ruedas EG. 2025. Constraints in garlic farming in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines, with emphasis on production challenges and market inefficiencies. Asian J Agric 9: 653-662. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a high-value crop that provides important livelihood opportunities for smallholder farmers in the Philippines, yet local production remains insufficient to meet national demand, forcing the country to import over 90% of its supply, mainly from China. This study analyzed the major challenges affecting garlic farmers in Occidental Mindoro—one of the country’s key production areas in Philippines—using a descriptive-survey approach. Sixty-four respondents were purposively selected, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SWOT analysis. Results showed that garlic farming remains profitable, with an average net income of PhP 185,445 per hectare and an average yield of three tons, but production is hampered by limited access to quality planting materials, climate variability, pest and disease infestations, and high input costs. Marketing inefficiencies further constrain profitability, as most farmers rely on wholesalers and middlemen, leading to low and unstable farmgate prices, while strong competition from cheap imports significantly undermines the market for native garlic. These findings underscore the need for greater institutional support, including the provision of certified seeds, affordable inputs, and targeted training in climate-resilient and pest management practices, alongside the establishment of structured marketing systems, cooperatives, and farm-to-market linkages. Addressing these gaps is critical to improving farmer livelihoods, reducing import dependence, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of garlic production in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines.
Antibiotic residues in poultry and food safety risks in North Cotabato, Philippines HADJI IBRAHIM, AYESHA B.; JUMAO-AS, CROMWEL M.; TAMPUS, ANNIELYN D.; TABUGO, SHARON ROSE M.; ADAMAT, LIZA A.; JOSE, MARK ANTHONY I.; TANABE, MARIA ELENA N.; AMPARADO, OLIVE A.
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090213

Abstract

Abstract. Hadji Ibrahim AB, Jumao-As CM, Tampus AD, Tabugo SRM, Adamat LA, Jose MAI, Tanabe MEN, Amparado OA. 2025. Antibiotic residues in poultry and food safety risks in North Cotabato, Philippines. Asian J Agric 9: 463-471. Poultry production in North Cotabato, Philippines, remains a key agricultural sector, yet the extent of antimicrobial residue contamination in retail chicken meat is poorly documented. This study aimed to detect and quantify antibiotic residues in organic and non-organic chicken meat sold in public wet markets using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Thirty-six whole dressed chickens (18 organic and 18 non-organic) were purchased across six municipalities, yielding 72 tissue samples (wings and legs). Six antibiotics namely doxycycline, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, tilmicosin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were targeted. Doxycycline was the most frequently detected compound, present in 100% of non-organic and 50% of organic samples. Fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin/norfloxacin) and tilmicosin (macrolide) were detected exclusively in non-organic leg tissues at frequencies of 66.7% and 50%, respectively. Residue concentrations ranged from <1.5 ?g/kg to 37.2 ?g/kg, with all values below Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). No samples contained amoxicillin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. While a two-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences in mean residue concentrations by chicken part or production type (p>0.05), Chi-square tests revealed significant differences in detection frequency by production type (p<0.001) and by municipality (p=0.029). Non-organic samples consistently exhibited higher detection rates, with Pikit and Pigkawayan identified as geographic hotspots. These findings expose gaps in residue withdrawal compliance, certification credibility, and traceability in informal retail markets. The detection of residues in uncertified “organic” chicken underscores the urgent need for strengthened organic certification enforcement, farmer education, and municipality-level surveillance to align with the Philippine AMR Action Plan and ASEAN regional goals.
Biocontrol and growth-promoting potential of endophytic Bacillus subtilis NPA6 against shallot pathogens under sub-optimal land conditions PRIHATININGSIH, NUR; LESTARI, PUJI; ILHAMI, ZIYADAH MA’RIFATUL; DJATMIKO, HERU ADI; IRWANDHI, IRWANDHI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090227

Abstract

Abstract. Prihatiningsih N, Lestari P, Ilhami ZM, Djatmiko HA, Irwandhi. 2025. Biocontrol and growth-promoting potential of endophytic Bacillus subtilis NPA6 against shallot pathogens under sub-optimal land conditions. Asian J Agric 9: 607-614. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis NPA6, isolated from rice roots on suboptimal land, has potential as an eco-friendly biocontrol agent for shallot diseases. This study developed liquid biopesticide formulations using coconut water and rice washing water as local carriers, characterized their chemical composition, and tested their effects on shallot disease resistance and growth. A randomized block design with four treatments (control, coconut water formula with NPA6, rice washing water formula with NPA6, and Propineb fungicide) and six replications was used. The coconut water formula contained higher N (0.68%) and Zn (0.36 mg L-1), while the rice washing water formula had higher P (0.74%), K (0.52%), and Cu (0.10 mg L-1). Both formulations reduced disease intensity by 34-36%, comparable to chemical fungicides, although growth and yield parameters were not significantly improved. Correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between disease intensity and plant height, indicating that disease suppression indirectly contributes to growth maintenance. The novelty of this study lies in utilizing locally available carriers to enhance the performance of B. subtilis NPA6, demonstrating its potential for sustainable shallot cultivation on suboptimal land. Further research should optimize carrier combinations to strengthen both biocontrol and growth-promoting functions.
Effects of nutrient solution and substrate on Limnocharis flava performance in hydroponic systems SESANTI, RIZKA NOVI; PURWANTO, EDI; SAMANHUDI, SAMANHUDI; SUDADI, SUDADI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090225

Abstract

Abstract. Sesanti RN, Purwanto E, Samanhudi, Sudadi. 2025. Effects of nutrient solution and substrate on Limnocharis flava performance in hydroponic systems. Asian J Agric 9: 590-597. Limnocharis flava is a promising aquatic vegetable for substrate-based hydroponic cultivation. However, the optimal combination of nutrient concentrations and substrate types to maximize growth under hydroponic conditions remains unclear. This study evaluated five nutrient solution concentrations (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 dS m-¹) and three substrate types (volcanic sand, rice husk charcoal, and a 1:1 mixture) in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Nutrient concentrations of 0.8 and 1.6 dS m-¹ produced the highest plant height (28.48 cm and 28.20 cm), number of leaves (11.31 and 11.03), shoot dry weight (4.61 g and 4.74 g), root fresh weight (13.20 g and 12.43 g), and root dry weight (0.76 g and 0.74 g). Both lower and higher concentrations inhibited growth, indicating optimal thresholds for nutrient uptake. Chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents were similar across the 0.8-3.2 dS m-¹ range, but consistently higher than the control. The leaf greenness index showed a significant interaction between nutrient concentration and substrate type, with the highest value at 2.4 dS m-¹ in the mixed substrate. A nutrient concentration of 1.6 dS m-¹ produced the best overall performance. Based on these results, a combination of 1.6 dS m-¹ nutrient solution and a 1:1 mixture of volcanic sand and rice husk charcoal is recommended for the cultivation of L. flava. These findings establish baseline guidelines for hydroponic cultivation of L. flava and highlight its potential to advance precision hydroponics for indigenous vegetables, thereby contributing to food security and sustainable agriculture.
Assessment of soil quality changes following land reclamation at the Martabe Gold Mine, South Tapanuli, Indonesia ANWAR, SYAIFUL; MANSOR, ASYRAF BIN; HARIS, HAZEEMAN; DHARSONO, MAHYU; LUBIS, ABDILLAH; WAHYUDI, RIZKY; FATHIYA, NIR
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g090229

Abstract

Abstract. Anwar S, Mansor AB, Haris H, Dharsono M, Lubis A, Wahyudi R, Fathiya N. 2025. Assessment of soil quality changes following land reclamation at the Martabe Gold Mine, South Tapanuli, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 623-628. Mining at Martabe Gold Mine, South Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia, caused severe soil degradation, requiring effective reclamation. This study evaluated the recovery of soil chemical properties in reclamation sites aged 3, 6, and 10 years compared with adjacent natural forest. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, available phosphorus (P), exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na), and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Results showed age-dependent recovery. The 10 year sites had pH (5.03) closest to forest (4.96), while younger sites remained more acidic (4.80-4.88). Organic C (7.68%) and total N (0.15%) increased with age but were still below forest levels (16.99% and 0.37%). The C/N ratio distinguished recovery stages: 3-6 year sites showed rapid turnover (C/N=5.00-7.33), whereas 10 year sites resembled forest (53.67). Available P peaked at 6 years (21.38 mg/kg) before declining, and exchangeable cations showed variable patterns. CEC peaked in 10 year sites (86.30 cmol/100 g), exceeding forest (49.87 cmol/100 g), indicating improved nutrient retention. Correlation with forest soils was strong (R²=0.87). These results demonstrate substantial recovery of soil chemical properties within a decade, though long-term organic matter accumulation and balanced nutrient management remain essential for full ecosystem restoration.

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