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Rachmat Hidayat
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INDONESIA
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research
Published by Universitas Sriwijaya
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25980580     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
BioScientia Medicina is an open access international scholarly journal in the field of biomedicine and translational research aimed to publish a high-quality scientific paper including original research papers, reviews, short communication, and technical notes. This journal welcomes the submission of articles that offering a sensible transfer of basic research to applied clinical medicine. BioScientia Medicina covers the latest developments in various fields of biomedicine with special attention to medical sciences, Traditional Herb, genetics, immunology, environmental health, toxicology, bioinformatics and biotechnology as well as multidisciplinary studies. The views of experts on current advances in nanotechnology and molecular/cell biology will be also considered for publication as long as they have a direct clinical impact on human health.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Anatomi
Articles 1,258 Documents
Beyond Revascularization: Impact of Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation on Functional Capacity in ACS Complicated by Heart Failure – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Leoni; Ni Putu Ika Regina Maharani; Stefanus Leonardo Handoko; Ragil Nur Rosyadi
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1558

Abstract

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) complicated by heart failure (HF) represents a distinct, high-risk phenotype. Even after successful revascularization via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), these patients remain vulnerable to maladaptive ventricular remodeling and functional decline. The role of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in this specific "double-hit" population remains underutilized and inconsistently applied. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise-based CR on functional capacity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with ACS complicated by HF following revascularization. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and high-quality cohort studies published between 2019 and 2025. Seven pivotal studies involving 23,663 participants were analyzed. The primary outcome was functional capacity, measured by the 6-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) or peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Secondary outcomes included LVEF and MACCE. Data were pooled using random-effects models. Results: Implementation of CR was associated with a statistically significant improvement in functional capacity (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] 1.66; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.11–3.22; p=0.04). Cardiac function analysis revealed a clinically meaningful increase in LVEF (Mean Difference +2.58%; 95% CI -0.29 to 5.46; p=0.08) in the CR group. Furthermore, participation in CR was associated with a reduction in the risk of MACCE (Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.80; 95% CI 0.62–1.03; p=0.09), with long-term survival benefits observed in large cohort subsets. Conclusion: Exercise-based CR provides critical physiological benefits beyond those achieved by revascularization alone. The significant restoration of functional capacity and favorable effects on cardiac remodeling underscore CR as an essential, non-negotiable pillar of care for patients with ACS complicated by heart failure.
Axial Length as the Primary Determinant of Refractive Severity in High Myopia: A Swept-Source OCT Analysis Hafiz Shatari; Rinda Wati
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1559

Abstract

Background: The escalating prevalence of high myopia represents a critical global health crisis, particularly in Southeast Asia. This pathological refractive status is driven by complex structural changes, primarily axial elongation, which predisposes the eye to sight-threatening complications. While the dominance of axial length in myopia is established, the compensatory role of the anterior segment—specifically whether the cornea or anterior chamber undergoes adaptive morphological changes to counteract elongation—remains a subject of debate. This study utilized high-resolution Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SS-OCT) to precisely quantify the relationship between Spherical Equivalent (SE) and ocular biometric parameters, isolating the specific contributions of posterior segment elongation versus anterior segment adaptation. Methods: This observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted at the Ophthalmology Clinic of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. The study recruited patients aged 18–40 years diagnosed with high myopia (SE defined as -6.00 Diopters or worse). Strict exclusion criteria were applied to eliminate confounding anterior segment pathologies. Ocular biometry was performed using the IOLMaster 700, which employs Swept-Source OCT technology for full-eye length tomography. We analyzed Axial Length (AL), Mean Keratometry (K), Central Corneal Thickness (CCT), and Anterior Chamber Depth (ACD). Statistical analysis utilized Pearson and Spearman correlation tests and linear regression modelling. Results: A total of 32 eyes from 32 high myopia patients were analyzed. The mean SE was -8.14 plus or minus 2.09 D, and the mean AL was 26.93 plus or minus 1.92 mm. We found a robust, statistically significant negative correlation between SE and AL (r = -0.86; p less than 0.001), confirming AL as the primary determinant of refractive severity. Notably, a moderate negative correlation was observed between AL and K (r = -0.41; p = 0.02), indicating a paradoxical corneal flattening in longer eyes. No significant correlations were found between SE and CCT or ACD. Conclusion: Axial elongation is the predominant structural mechanism driving high myopia in this cohort. The study identified a distinct compensatory response where the cornea flattens as the eye elongates; however, this emmetropization mechanism is insufficient to neutralize the profound refractive shift caused by posterior segment expansion. These findings suggest that high myopia is a disease of focal posterior scleral remodelling rather than global ocular expansion.
Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis Mimicking Varicella: A Diagnostic Challenge in an Adolescent Patient Farisa Mutahallia; Oktavriana, Triasari; Novan Adi Setyawan; Aizawanda Rizqi Eiffellia; Arista Kautsar Rahman
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1560

Abstract

Background: Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF), or Ofuji disease, is a rare non-infectious inflammatory dermatosis typically affecting middle-aged adults. Its clinical resemblance to infectious exanthems often leads to significant diagnostic delays, particularly in atypical age groups. Case presentation: A 15-year-old male presented with a one-month history of progressive erythematous papules, pustules, and crusted erosions distributed across the face, trunk, and extremities. The patient was initially misdiagnosed with varicella and treated with acyclovir without clinical response. Physical examination and Gram staining ruled out primary bacterial infections. Laboratory investigations revealed significant peripheral eosinophilia (12.3%). A 5-mm punch biopsy confirmed the diagnosis, showing dense eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltration of the hair follicles and peri-adnexal structures. Management with systemic and topical corticosteroids led to rapid resolution of lesions and normalization of eosinophil levels. Conclusion: This case underscores the necessity of considering EPF in the differential diagnosis of persistent papulopustular eruptions in adolescents. Early histopathological intervention is critical to prevent unnecessary antimicrobial therapy and ensure targeted anti-inflammatory treatment.
Comparative Long-Term Durability and Repeatability of Selective versus Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty in Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Ida Ayu Prama Yanthi; I Made Agus Kusumadjaja; I Gusti Ayu Ratna Suryaningrum; Cokorda Istri Winny Prabasari
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1561

Abstract

Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) represents a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy necessitating sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction to prevent irreversible visual field loss. For decades, argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) served as the standard laser intervention, yet its utility was circumscribed by thermal coagulative damage to the trabecular meshwork, rendering repeat treatments ineffective. Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), utilizing selective photothermolysis, offers a theoretical advantage in tissue preservation. This study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the comparative long-term durability and repeatability of SLT versus ALT to determine the superior modality for chronic glaucoma management. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines using data from nine essential manuscripts encompassing randomized controlled trials and comparative cohort studies published between 1999 and 2025. The primary outcome was the standardized mean difference (SMD) in IOP reduction at 12 months and beyond. Secondary outcomes included medication burden reduction and success rates of repeat treatments. Statistical analysis utilized a random-effects model to calculate pooled SMD and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The analysis comprised data from over 800 eyes across diverse demographic cohorts. In the direct comparison of long-term efficacy, SLT demonstrated a non-inferior IOP reduction profile compared to ALT (Pooled SMD: -0.12; 95% CI: -0.28 to 0.05). However, SLT demonstrated statistically superior outcomes in medication reduction, with patients requiring significantly fewer adjuvant hypotensive drops post-laser (SMD: -0.45; 95% CI: -0.68 to -0.22). Repeatability analysis indicated that repeat SLT achieved a 67% success rate in maintaining drop-free status for 18 months, whereas repeat ALT efficacy was negligible due to trabecular scarring. Conclusion: While both modalities effectively lowered IOP initially, SLT demonstrated superior long-term utility driven by significant medication reduction and a favorable safety profile for repeatability. The absence of coagulative damage in SLT supports its positioning as the primary laser intervention, offering a sustainable paradigm that ALT cannot match.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Resection Following Stent-Bridge to Surgery for Obstructive Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes Aflis; Made Mulyawan; Made Agus Dwianthara Sueta
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1562

Abstract

Background: Obstructive colorectal cancer (OCRC) constitutes a surgical emergency historically managed by immediate open resection, a procedure fraught with elevated morbidity and mortality rates due to the physiological derangement of the patient. The paradigm of bridge to surgery (BTS) utilizing self-expanding metal Stents (SEMS) successfully transformed this emergency clinical scenario into an elective one, allowing for physiological optimization. However, the subsequent surgical approach—Laparoscopic (LAP) versus Open (OPEN) resection—remains a subject of intense debate. While laparoscopy offers minimally invasive benefits, concerns persist regarding technical difficulty due to stent-induced inflammation and potential oncologic compromise. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted utilizing ten pivotal cohort studies derived from high-impact surgical databases. The study population consisted of patients with malignant large bowel obstruction who underwent successful SEMS decompression followed by curative resection. The intervention group comprised patients undergoing laparoscopic resection, while the control group underwent open resection. Primary endpoints included operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and length of hospital stay. Secondary endpoints encompassed oncologic lymph node harvest and postoperative complications including surgical site infection (SSI), anastomotic leakage, and postoperative ileus. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model to calculate Mean Differences (MD) and Risk Ratios (RR). Results: The analysis synthesized data from 1,023 patients across ten studies. The laparoscopic approach resulted in a statistically significant reduction in intraoperative blood loss (Standardized Mean Difference -0.84; p < 0.001) and a shorter length of hospital stay (Mean Difference -3.12 days; p < 0.001). Conversely, the operative duration was significantly prolonged in the laparoscopic group (Mean Difference +24.50 minutes; p = 0.002). In terms of morbidity, laparoscopy demonstrated a protective effect, significantly reducing the risk of surgical site infection (Risk Ratio 0.42; p = 0.003) and postoperative ileus (Risk Ratio 0.58; p = 0.04). Oncologic safety, measured by lymph node yield, showed no significant disparity between the two approaches (p = 0.76). Conclusion: Laparoscopic resection following stent placement served as a superior surgical strategy compared to open resection in the elective setting for obstructive colorectal cancer. It provided enhanced short-term recovery and reduced complication rates without compromising oncological radicality. The observed increase in operative time reflected the technical complexity of the post-stent anatomy but did not negate the perioperative benefits.
Beyond Serum Creatinine: Urinary KIM-1 as a Predictive Biomarker for Subclinical Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Puti Anggun Sari; Drajad Priyono
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1563

Abstract

Background: The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is escalating, requiring earlier and more precise diagnostic modalities. Traditional reliance on serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) creates a significant blind spot regarding structural tubular integrity. A dangerous diagnostic window known as subclinical acute kidney injury (AKI) exists when tubular damage progresses despite preserved filtration function. This study aims to systematically analyze the diagnostic accuracy of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1) in detecting subclinical injury and quantify its predictive value for CKD progression in populations where serum creatinine fails to provide an early warning. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of five pivotal studies were conducted, encompassing experimental models of ischemia-reperfusion and human cohorts involving Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), Diabetic Nephropathy, and Contrast-Induced AKI. Data were synthesized using random-effects models to calculate Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) and pooled Hazard Ratios (HR) to assess the prognostic value of uKIM-1 for long-term renal decline. Results: The analysis demonstrated that uKIM-1 levels remained significantly elevated during apparent functional recovery where serum creatinine had returned to baseline. In experimental models, persistent uKIM-1 elevation correlated strongly with histological evidence of interstitial fibrosis (r > 0.70). Clinical cohorts revealed that elevated KIM-1 is a robust independent predictor of progression to ESRD, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.34 to 3.30. Pooled analysis showed a Risk Ratio of 2.45 (95% CI: 1.55 – 3.88; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Urinary KIM-1 serves as a sensitive and specific biomarker for subclinical tubular injury, identifying the at-risk"phenotype missed by creatinine. Its persistent elevation signifies maladaptive repair and predicts the transition from AKI to CKD, supporting its clinical integration for early risk stratification.
Vascular Architecture Alterations Independent of Lipid Profiles: The Paradoxical Dissociation between Dyslipidemia and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Obese Adolescents Yenny Astari; Didik Hariyanto; Eka Agustia Rini; Eva Chundrayetti; Nice Rachmawati Masnadi; Anggia Perdana Harmen; Rinang Mariko
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1564

Abstract

Background: Adolescent obesity is a global epidemic that initiates subclinical atherosclerosis. While lipid profiles are traditional markers, their correlation with structural vascular changes in the pediatric population remains a subject of intense academic debate. This study evaluates the relationship between traditional lipid parameters and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in obese high school students. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2025 and January 2026 involving 45 obese adolescents aged 15 to 18 years in Padang, Indonesia. Nutritional status was determined using the CDC 2000 growth charts, specifically targeting those with a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile. CIMT was measured via high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL, were analyzed through laboratory testing. Statistical analysis utilized Fisher’s exact test through SPSS version 22. Results: The subjects, of whom 68.9 percent were female, had a median BMI of 29.34 ± 2.03 kg/m². Remarkably, 68.9 percent exhibited CIMT thickening above the 75th percentile. Bivariate analysis revealed no significant association between CIMT and total cholesterol (p=0.402), triglycerides (p=0.696), HDL (p=0.563), or LDL (p=1.000). Conclusion: Vascular remodeling in obese adolescents occurs independently of circulating lipid levels, suggesting that chronic inflammation may drive early atherosclerosis before clinical dislipidemia manifests.
The Large-Mass Phenotype of Uterine Smooth Muscle Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (STUMP): A Clinicopathological Analysis of 37 Cases in Indonesia Using WHO 2021 and Modified Stanford Criteria Yuliza Ariani; Henny Mulyani; Noza Hilbertina; Yenita; Aswiyanti Asri; Tofrizal; Loli Devianti; Hera Novianti
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1565

Abstract

Background: Uterine smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) presents a diagnostic dilemma, especially in Southeast Asian populations, where delayed presentation often leads to advanced tumor burden. This study aimed to characterize the clinicopathological profile of STUMP in Indonesia using the 2021 WHO Classification and modified Stanford parameters. Methods: A descriptive study analyzed 37 STUMP cases diagnosed between 2023 and 2025 at a tertiary referral center in West Sumatra. A panel of pathologists re-evaluated archival slides for atypia, mitotic activity, necrosis, and growth patterns, establishing inter-observer reliability. Fisher’s Exact Test was employed to correlate tumor size with morphological markers of aggression. Results: The cohort demonstrated a distinct large-mass phenotype, with 54.1% of tumors exceeding 10 cm and a median diameter of 14.5 cm. Pathological review classified 56.8% of cases into WHO Group 4 (atypia with ambiguous mitosis). A statistically significant correlation was identified between tumor size >10 cm and the presence of infiltrative growth margins (81.1%; p=0.034). Conclusion: Indonesian STUMP cases are distinctively characterized by massive size and high rates of infiltrative growth, likely driven by prolonged natural history. The prevalence of ambiguous mitotic figures underscores the utility of the WHO Group 4 category in resource-limited settings. These findings advocate for aggressive surgical management and wider resection margins in large-mass variants to mitigate local recurrence risk.
Precision Recovery in Interventional Pulmonology: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion versus Sevoflurane Inhalation on Emergence Kinetics and Hemodynamic Stability Putra Setiawan; Dino Irawan; Tengku Addi Saputra
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1566

Abstract

Background: Achieving a rapid and high-quality recovery is a cornerstone of modern procedural sedation, particularly in high-turnover ambulatory bronchoscopy suites. Patients presenting for bronchoscopy often exhibit significant pulmonary pathology, including ventilation-perfusion mismatch, which may theoretically impede the alveolar washout of volatile anesthetics. This study aimed to compare the recovery kinetics, hemodynamic stability, and adverse event profiles of Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion (TCI) utilizing the Schnider model versus standard Sevoflurane inhalational anesthesia. Methods: In this single-blind, prospective, randomized controlled trial, 36 adult patients (ASA I–III) undergoing elective flexible bronchoscopy were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either Propofol TCI (Group P; Schnider model, target effect-site concentration 4–6 micrograms/mL) or Sevoflurane (Group S; 2 volume percent). The depth of anesthesia was strictly titrated using Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring to maintain a range between 40 and 60. The primary outcome was recovery time, defined as the duration from anesthetic discontinuation to eye-opening upon verbal command. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative hemodynamic stability (Mean Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate), BIS values at the moment of emergence, and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Results: The Propofol TCI group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in recovery time (9.72 ± 1.52 minutes) compared to the Sevoflurane group (12.11 ± 1.49 minutes; p < 0.001). Procedural duration was comparable between groups (p = 0.412), eliminating surgical time as a confounding variable. Group P exhibited superior hemodynamic stability, with significantly less deviation from baseline Mean Arterial Pressure at 10 and 15 minutes into the procedure (p < 0.05). Furthermore, BIS values at the moment of eye-opening were significantly higher in Group P (88.4 ± 4.2) compared to Group S (82.1 ± 5.1; p = 0.021), suggesting a distinct emergence neurophysiology. The incidence of PONV was notably lower in the Propofol group (5.5 percent) compared to the Sevoflurane group (22.2 percent). Conclusion: Propofol target-controlled infusion facilitates significantly faster emergence and greater hemodynamic stability than Sevoflurane in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. The pharmacokinetic independence of Propofol from pulmonary gas exchange offers a distinct physiological advantage in this specific patient population. These findings support the adoption of TIVA-TCI as the standard of care for optimizing throughput in interventional pulmonology.
Periosteal Stripping Induces Comparable Early Callus Formation but Late-Phase Regression: A Histomorphometric and Machine-Learning Analysis in a Rat Femoral Fracture Model Chandra Budi Hartono; Udi Herunefi Hancoro; Ida Bagus Budhi Surya Adnyana
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol. 10 No. 4 (2026): Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine & Translational Research
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Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/bsm.v10i4.1567

Abstract

Background: The periosteum is critical for fracture healing, serving as a reservoir for osteoprogenitor cells and vascular supply. A clinical paradox exists where periosteal stripping is considered detrimental yet is historically associated with hypertrophic overgrowth. This study investigates the temporal paradox of periosteal stripping, testing the hypothesis that it induces a biphasic response characterized by early inflammatory compensation followed by late-phase regenerative failure. Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n=6/group): Intact Periosteum (PI) and Periosteal Stripping (PS), evaluated at 14 and 28 days post-fracture. Mid-diaphyseal femoral fractures were stabilized with 1.0 mm K-wires. Healing was quantified using a validated Modified Allen-Huo Histological Score (0-10) and Trainable Weka Segmentation (TWS) for tissue classification. Osteoclast activity was assessed via Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Results: At Day 14, the PS group exhibited healing comparable to the PI group (Median Score: 8.0 [IQR 8.0–9.0] vs. 8.0 [IQR 7.0–8.0]; p = 0.176), driven by hypertrophic soft callus formation rather than true osteogenesis. However, by Day 28, the PS group demonstrated significant regression (Median Score: 3.5 [IQR 3.0–4.8]) compared to the PI group (Median Score: 8.0 [IQR 8.0–8.0]; p = 0.006). Quantitative histomorphometry revealed significantly higher osteoclast density in the PS-28 group (TRAP+ cells: 18.5 ± 2.1/field) compared to PI-28 (4.2 ± 1.1/field; p < 0.001), indicating active resorption of the unstable callus. Conclusion: Periosteal stripping does not accelerate early healing but induces a volume-matched inflammatory callus that fails to consolidate. The significant late-phase regression underscores the vital role of the cambium layer in definitive remodeling. Surgical preservation of the periosteum is mandated to prevent atrophic non-union.

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