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Contact Name
Fejrian Yazdajird Iwanebel
Contact Email
iwanebel@uinsby.ac.id
Phone
+6282242667568
Journal Mail Official
mutawatir@uinsby.ac.id
Editorial Address
Jurusan Al-Qur’an Hadis Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel JL. A. Yani 117, Surabaya Jawa Timur, Indonesia 60237,
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Kota surabaya,
Jawa timur
INDONESIA
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith
ISSN : 20887523     EISSN : 25026321     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15642/mutawatir
The Mutawatir: Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith is published twice a year by the Department of Al-Quran and Hadith, Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University (UIN) Surabaya Indonesia. The journal aims at publishing an original academic research on the main topic of the Quran and Hadith studies. The subject covers all related issues on the Quran and Hadith such as the classical inquiry of the Quran, tafsir and Hadith, methodological examination of the classical and contemporary scholars to the Quran and Hadith, contemporary approaches to the Quran and Hadith, the oriental studies of the Quran and Hadith, the living phenomena which is so called as living Quran and Hadith, and all related issues to the interdisciplinary studies of the Quran and Hadith.
Articles 234 Documents
Al-Ijmā' fī al-Tafsīr dalam Perspektif Mufasir Modern: Telaah Surah al-Kahf [18]: 60 dan al-Layl [92]: 17 Khobirul Amru; Abd. Kholid; Fejrian Yazdajird Iwanebel
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 1 (2021): JUNI
Publisher : Jurusan Tafsir Hadis Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.1.74-98

Abstract

The existence of al-Ijmā‘ fī al-Tafsīr  as a new discourse which officially incorporates to the study of Uṣūl al-Tafsīr has evoked various questions. The problem seems to lie within the episteme of the discourse which eventually conflicted to the reform spirit of modern Qur’anic exegetes. This study aims at trailing a constituted concept of al-Ijmā‘ fī al-Tafsīr through the eyes of six modern Qur’anic exegeses written by Bint al-Shāṭi’, Sayyid Quṭb, Abū Zahrah, Muḥammad al-Ghazālī, ‘Ābid al-Jābirī and ‘Izzat Darwazah. It begins with analyzing the Qs. al-Kahf [18]: 60 and Qs. al-Layl [92]: 92, as the interpretation of these two verses is stated as a definitive interpretation, which is agreed upon by some commentators (mujma‘ ‘alayh). This paper proves that the discourse of al-Ijmā‘ fī al-Tafsīr has not received enough acceptance or serious attention by most modern commentators. The six modern exegetes also stand on different outlook for the consensus of Qur’anic interpretation: some exegetes quote and admit it; some of them do not cite for certain reasons; and one of them rejects and doubts it.
Tafsir Marāḥ Labīd dalam Diskursus Tajdīd Abad ke-19 Muhammad Hasani Mubarok; Ahmad Fauzi
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 1 (2021): JUNI
Publisher : Jurusan Tafsir Hadis Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.1.53-73

Abstract

This paper attempts to elaborate the Marāḥ Labīd of Nawawī al-Bantānī in the context of Islamic reform of the 19th century. The study examines the context behind the emergence of Marāḥ Labīd and its intersection with the narrative of renewal which evolved in Egypt, where Nawawī’s exegesis was firstly published. It then tries to carry out a historical reconstruction by paying attention to how the interpretation is structured, the background and purpose of the exegete in alluding the term of tajdīd in the opening section of exegesis. In addition, the method and approach of interpretation are also analyzed, as both were the strategies to engage with the discourse of tajdīd. This study argues that one of the hallmarks of Marāḥ Labīd lies on its ability to associate the modern traits of interpretation, while at the same time leaning on the episteme of classical interpretation with a concise, solid and clear explanation. It would not be an exaggeration if this interpretation is a brief blend of two currents of interpretation, namely ra’yī and naqlī. It was from this point that Nawawi’s efforts to get involved in the discourse of tajdīd could be understood.
Revisiting Methodology of Qur’anic Interpretation: A Thematic Contextual Approach to the Qur’an Kusroni Kusroni; Mukhammad Zamzami
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 1 (2021): JUNI
Publisher : Jurusan Tafsir Hadis Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.1.177-202

Abstract

Abstract: This article is aimed to propose a methodological interpretation of the Qur’an with reference to the thematic method. The concept is derived from combining the contextual approach with the thematic method of Qur’anic interpretation. Here, I argue that the contextual approach is relevant to develop the existing thematic tafsir methods that are vastly adopted, mostly among the works of college students in Indonesian Islamic universities. Besides, the approach becomes important in its ability to come up with fresh researches in the tafsir studies, as well as to address challenges and socio-religious problems in contemporary society. Therefore, this article attempts to elaborate one of the contemporary approaches introduced by Abdullah Saeed, which he called the contextual approach. By adopting this approach, thematic tafsir will be more comprehensive, as the object of analysis is not limited to text, of the Qur’anic verses and its commentaries, but also the socio-historical context of the studied verses. Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menawarkan kajian metodologis dalam diskursus tafsir al-Qur’an, yaitu metode tematik. Tawaran tersebut berasal dari penggabungan pendekatan kontekstual dengan metode tafsir tematik. Di sini, penulis berpendapat bahwa pendekatan kontekstual sangat relevan untuk mengembangkan metode tafsir tematik yang telah ada dan banyak diadopsi dalam karya-karya akademik di perguruan tinggi keislaman Indonesia. Selain itu, pendekatan ini menjadi penting dalam kemampuannya untuk menghasilkan penelitian-penelitian baru dalam studi tafsir, serta untuk menjawab tantangan dan masalah sosial-keagamaan dalam masyarakat kontemporer. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini mencoba mengelaborasi salah satu pendekatan kontemporer yang diperkenalkan oleh Abdullah Saeed, yang disebutnya sebagai pendekatan kontekstual. Dengan mengadopsi pendekatan ini, tafsir tematik akan lebih komprehensif, karena objek analisisnya tidak terbatas pada teks, yaitu ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dan tafsirnya, tetapi juga konteks sosio-historis dari ayat-ayat yang dikaji.
Perempuan dalam Nalar Tafsir Indonesia: Telaah Tafsir Al-Ahkam Karya Abdul Halim Hasan Muhammad Muammar Alwi
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 1 (2021): JUNI
Publisher : Jurusan Tafsir Hadis Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.1.153-176

Abstract

Abstract: This paper attempts to look at the interpretation of legal verses on women that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century of Indonesia. The focus of study is the Qur’anic exegesis of Al-Ahkam written by Abdul Halim Hasan. Methodologically, this paper employs textual and contextual framework in the analysis. This article argues that the character of Abdul Halim Hasan’s interpretation of legal verses on women tends to use textual logic. However, the inclusiveness of interpretation is obviously apparent, and this can be seen from the absence of a tendency to defend one school of thought in concluding a legal product. Further, the interpretation tends to gather various opinions from diverse schools of thought. Abstrak: Tulisan ini berupaya untuk melihat nalar tafsir ayat hukum tentang perempuan di Indonesia yang muncul pada awal abad ke-20. Fokus kajiannya adalah kitab tafsir Al-Ahkam karya Abdul Halim Hasan. Secara metodologis, tulisan ini menggunakan kerangka tekstual dan kontekstual dalam analisanya. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa karakter penafsiran Abdul Halim Hasan terhadap ayat-ayat hukum cenderung menggunakan nalar tekstual. Meski demikian, inklusivitas penafsiran sangat kental terlihat dalam penafsirannya. Hal itu nampak dari tiadanya kecenderungan dalam membela satu mazhab ketika menyimpulkan sebuah produk hukum. Lebih jauh, tafsir ini berupaya untuk menghimpun semua pendapat dari berbagai macam mazhab.
Posting Hadis dan Kesalehan Digital: Mengurai Fenomena Keberagamaan Generasi Milenial Miski, Miski; Hamdan, Ali
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021): DESEMBER
Publisher : Department of Qur'an dan Hadith Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.2.283-306

Abstract

The research departs from the widespread phenomenon of ḥadīth posting on WhatsApp on the reading Qs. al-Kahf every Friday (narrated by al-Nasā’i, al-Dārimī, al-Bayhaqī, and others). This posting activity regularly runs every Thursday night. Two primary questions addressed are: first, on the validity of the ḥadīth; and second, on how does the posting activity explain a phenomenon of digital piety. By using a multidisciplinary approach of ḥadīth, virtual ethnography and hermeneutics, this study argues that there is no agreement among scholars regarding the ḥadīth validity, whether it is the saying of prophet or the companions (mawqūf), and whether reading the Qs. al-Kahf is recommended or not. The phenomenon of ḥadīth posting also describes a contemporary religious formation and social media development, especially among the millennial generation of Malang. The activity of posting the ḥadīth on their WhatsApp status becomes concrete evidence on how religiosity experiences the process of virtualization. This phenomenon signifies a new bonding space for digital piety, which is used to be found in offline sphere.   Penelitian ini berangkat dari sebuah fenomena maraknya aktivitas posting status hadis di media sosial WhatsApp tentang keutamaan membaca Qs. al-Kahf pada setiap Jumat (hadis riwayat al-Nasā’i, al-Dārimī, al-Bayhaqī dan lain-lain). Aktivitas posting ini, berjalan secara rutin setiap menjelang malam Jumat. Terdapat dua persoalan utama yang dikaji dalam tulisan ini, pertama: tentang keabsahan dan autentisitas hadis tersebut; kedua, tentang bagaimana aktivitas posting hadis tersebut menjelaskan fenomena kesalehan digital. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan multidisiplin, yaitu ilmu hadis, etnografi virtual dan hermeneutika, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pada dasarnya tidak ada kata sepakat di kalangan ulama terkait hadis tersebut, baik terkait statusnya apakah sampai kepada Nabi atau hanya pendapat sahabat (mawqūf), termasuk pula dalam memahami kesunahannya. Selain itu, fenomena posting hadis dalam tema ini pada dasarnya menggambarkan pola keberagamaan kontemporer yang beriringan dengan perkembangan media sosial, terutama di kalangan generasi milenial kota Malang. Aktivitas posting status hadis ini pada akun WhatsApp menjadi bukti konkrit bagaimana religiusitas mulai mengalami fase virtualisasi. Implikasi dari fenomena ini adalah terciptanya ruang ikatan baru kesalehan digital seperti biasa dijumpai pada ruang offline.
Pembuktian Empiris dan Validasi Alternatif dalam Kajian Hadis Kontemporer Akmaluddin, Muhammad
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021): DESEMBER
Publisher : Department of Qur'an dan Hadith Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.2.231-252

Abstract

The discovery of various manuscripts, the offer of new theories, the paradigm shifts, the popularity of studies and so on have highlighted the journey of hadith studies from time to time. The study of hadith should continue to develop, by not detaching itself from the previous legacy (waṣl) and by not neglecting contextualization and dialogue with the development of other sciences (faṣl). By using a qualitative approach, literature review and content analysis, this paper examines the dialectic of thesis and antithesis of hadith studies with empirical research related to isnād and matn. In addition, this paper also gives an offer to use alternative validation to authenticate hadith. Archaeological studies, external evidence from non-Islamic sources, historical reports from non-Muslims and cons have also highlighted the studies carried out by revisionist and traditionalist schools. Alternative validation of hadith can be traced through alternative proof of isnād with i‘tibar al-asānīd on hadith that are considered as week, or through abstraction of hadith and living hadith which reflects the phenomena of texts which made concise and lived in society.   Penemuan berbagai manuskrip, tawaran teori baru, pergeseran paradigma, popularitas kajian dan lain sebagainya ikut mewarnai perjalanan kajian hadis dari waktu ke waktu. Kajian hadis harus tetap berkembang, dengan tidak melepaskan dirinya dari pijakan warisan terdahulu (waṣl) dan tidak mengabaikan kontekstualisasi dan dialog dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan lain (faṣl). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, kajian literatur dan analisis konten, makalah ini akan mengkaji tentang dialektika tesis dan antitesis kajian hadis dengan penelitian empiris yang berkaitan dengan isnād dan matn. Di samping itu, tulisan ini juga memberikan tawaran untuk menggunakan validasi alternatif terhadap otentikasi suatu hadis. Kajian arkeologis, pembuktian eksternal dari sumber-sumber non-Islam, laporan historis dari non-Muslim dan kontra ikut mewarnai kajian yang dilakukan aliran revisionis dan tradisionalis. Validasi alternatif hadis dapat melalui pembuktian alternatif isnād dengan i‘tibar al-asānīd atas hadis-hadis yang dianggap daif, serta abstraksi hadis dan living hadis yang merupakan fenomena teks yang dibuat ringkas dan hidup di dalam masyarakat.
From Contextual to Actual Approach: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Interpreting the Qur’an Muttaqin, Ahmad
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021): DESEMBER
Publisher : Department of Qur'an dan Hadith Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.2.203-230

Abstract

This article examines the paradigm shift in the interpretation of the Qur'an. The main thesis in writing is that there is a paradigm shift in the approach to interpretation of contextualist figures and the need for a new paradigm to actualize interpretations. Therefore, this paper presents an explanation of how the construction and paradigm shift in the interpretation of contextualist figures; why the paradigm shift of contextual interpretation occurs, and what are the implications of this shift in the principles of the new paradigm of interpretation. This study is a literature review. As a sample of the data, there are five contextualist thinkers studied, namely Fazlur Rahman (Pakistan-America), Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (Egypt-Netherlands), Farid Esack (South Africa), Abdullah Saeed (Maldives-Australia), and Sahiron Syamsuddin (Indonesia). Data were analyzed using comparative-relational analysis. This study concludes that the paradigm shift in interpretation cannot be separated from the influence of the sociopolitical and cultural context of each country. The paradigm of interpretation has shifted from a contextual approach to an actual-context approach. The latter approach emphasizes more on actual issues and solutions to national and state issues. This study also proposes a thesis that, different from the contextual paradigm that emphasizes the context of the Qur'an as a medium for understanding the text of the Qur'an, the actual-context approach emphasizes the text of the Qur'an as a medium for understanding the context of the Qur'an. It is because the text is actually a cultural representation of the reality of the time of revelation.   Artikel ini mengkaji pergeseran paradigma (paradigm shift) dalam penafsiran al-Qur’an. Tesis utamanya adalah ada pergeseran paradigma dalam pendekatan penafsiran tokoh kontekstualis dan perlunya paradigma baru untuk mengaktualkan panafsiran. Untuk itu, tulisan ini menghadirkan penjelasan bagaimana konstruksi dan pergeseran paradigma penafsiran tokoh kontekstualis; mengapa pergeseran paradigma penafsiran kontekstual terjadi, serta apa implikasi pergeseran tersebut dalam prinsip paradigma penafsiran yang baru. Studi ini merupakan kajian kepustakaan. Sebagai sampel data, ada lima pemikir kontekstualis yang dikaji, yaitu Fazlur Rahman (Pakistan-Amerika), Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (Mesir-Belanda), Farid Esack (Afrika Selatan), Abdullah Saeed (Maladewa-Australia), dan Sahiron Syamsuddin (Indonesia). Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis komparatif-relasional. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pergeseran paradigma penafsiran tidak terlepas dari pengaruh konteks sosiopolitik dan kultural negara masing-masing. Paradigma penafsiran mengalami pergeseran dari pendekatan kontekstual ke pendekatan aktual. Pendekatan yang terakhir lebih menekankan pada isu aktual dan solusi atas persoalan kebangsaan dan kenegaraan. Penelitian ini juga mengajukan tesis bahwa jika dalam paradigma kontekstual lebih menekankan konteks al-Qur’an sebagai media untuk memahami teks al-Qur’an, pendekatan aktual lebih menekankan teks al-Qur’an sebagai media untuk memahami konteks al-Qur’an, karena teks sejatinya merupakan representasi kultural atas realitas masa pewahyuan.
Unsur Lokal Nusantara dalam Syarah Hadis: Studi Kitab Tarjamah Bulughul Maram Karya Ahmad Hassan Bisri, Kasan; Soebahar, Moh. Erfan; Ulama’i, A. Hassan Asy’ari
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021): DESEMBER
Publisher : Department of Qur'an dan Hadith Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.2.253-282

Abstract

Hadith commentary (sharḥ) is the result of dynamic ijtihad which has a dialectical relation with the socio-historical conditions of the commentator (shāriḥ). This paper aims to examine the existence of social dialectics and the interrelated subjectivity of authorship in hadith commentary, namely Tarjamah Bulughul Maram Ibnu Hajar al-Asqalani Terjemahan Beserta Keterangannya written by Ahmad Hassan. It discusses two issues: 1) on the motivation of Ahmad Hassan’s authorship in writing the book Tarjamah Bulughul Maram; 2) on the local values ​​which are manifested in the book. By using descriptive-analytical method and interpretive approach, this paper argues two conclusions. First, the background of the authorship of the hadith commentary is inseparable from Hassan’s response to social conditions that require explanations of the Bulūgh al-Marām. In addition, he also interested in disseminating the notion of Islamic renewal through his work. Second, local elements of the archipelago which are manifested in his commentary book, including: local language, appreciation of local treasures, response to local traditions, and legal provisions.   Syarah hadis merupakan hasil ijtihad yang dinamis dan selalu memiliki hubungan dialektis dengan kondisi sosio-historis penulisnya (shāriḥ). Tulisan ini hendak menunjukan eksistensi dialektika sosial dan subjektivitas kepengarangan yang saling bertautan. Dengan menjadikan Tarjamah Bulughul Maram Ibnu Hajar al-Asqalani Terjemahan Beserta Keterangannya yang ditulis oleh Ahmad Hassan sebagai objek kajian, artikel ini hendak mendiskusikan dua hal, yaitu: 1) tentang motivasi kepengarangan Ahmad Hassan dalam menulis kitab Tarjamah Bulughul Maram? 2) tentang nilai-nilai lokal yang termanifestasikan dalam kitab syarah tersebut. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitis dan pendekatan interpretatif, tulisan ini menemukan dua kesimpulan. Pertama, latar kepengarangan syarah hadis tersebut tidak terlepas dari respon Hassan terhadap kondisi sosial yang membutuhkan penjelasan atas kitab Bulūgh al-Marām. Selain itu, Hassan juga memiliki kepentingan untuk mendiseminasikan paham pembaharuan Islam melalui karyanya tersebut. Kedua, unsur lokal Nusantara yang termanifestasikan dalam kitab syarah tersebut, di antaranya: bahasa lokal, apresiasi khazanah lokal, respon terhadap tradisi lokal, dan ketentuan hukum.
The Network of Environment Hadith Narrators in Sahih al-Bukhari: A Social Network Analysis Alamsyah, Alamsyah; Dyah, Hapsari Ekonugraheni; Zailani Surya, Marpaung; Abdul, Ghafur; Rudi, Kurniawan
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021): DESEMBER
Publisher : Department of Qur'an dan Hadith Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.2.307-330

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the social network of ḥadīth narrators and matn ḥadīth which contain environmental messages in the Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. This article is the result of an empirical research using a mixed approach (qualitative content analysis and social network analysis). The population of this study is all ḥadīth in the Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. The researchers choose 40 environmental ḥadīth purposively as the research samples. The source of research data comes from the Encyclopedia 9 Ḥadīth™ application published by Lidwa Pustaka. The results of the study indicate that the message in environmental ḥadīth could be categorized into several themes such as management of natural resources, both in the livestock, agriculture, mining and forestry sectors, management of water resources, ethics towards the animal, environmental health; personal health; and resource utilization. We identify 40 environmental ḥadīths which narrated by 122 narrators (119 male narrators and three female narrators) who had passed away between 36 H - 252 H, domiciled in 14 cities, from generations of ṣaḥābat, tābi‘īn, and tābi‘ al-tābi‘īn, and having 53 kunyah. The network of environmental ḥadīth narrator has 301 ties with density levels reaching 0.997 and six sub-groups. In this network, the dominant actor was Muhammad b. Muslim b. ‘Ubaydillāh b. ‘Abdullāh b. Shihāb and Mālik b. Anas b. Mālik b. Abī Amir. After Medina, many environmental traditions were narrated by narrators domiciled in Basrah City and Kufah City in Iraq. The researcher discusses the practical and theoretical implications of this finding for ḥadīth research in Indonesia.
Konsistensi Penerapan Metode Mawdu‘i dalam Skripsi Program Studi Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir Tahun 2019-2021 Azizy, Jauhar; Dasrizal; Sihabussalam
Mutawatir : Jurnal Keilmuan Tafsir Hadith Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021): DESEMBER
Publisher : Department of Qur'an dan Hadith Faculty of Ushuluddin and Philosophy UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/mutawatir.2021.11.2.331-354

Abstract

Al-Farmāwī’s thematic interpretation scheme (mawḍū‘ī) has inspired the development of Qur’anic studies in Indonesian Islamic higher education. The State Islamic Universities (PTKIN) in Indonesia as an Islamic scholarship locomotive have a significant role in the development of the methodology of Qur’anic interpretation. This article analyzes the consistency of the application of thematic interpretation method in the final project of the Qur’an and Tafsir students. This article employs the content analysis method and uses the concepts of al-Farmāwī’s thematic interpretation as a theoretical framework. This study concludes that the majority of undergraduate theses are inconsistent in applying the al-Farmāwī’s thematic interpretation method. The inconsistency lies in the accuracy in the selection of keywords that are used as the basis for collecting and determining the verses of the Qur’an, the organization of the verses of the Qur’an that are not based on the order of revelation (tartīb al-nuzūlī), the lack of citation of the hadith, the failure synchronization between the problem and the conclusion.