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Atika Marzaman
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Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin. Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Tamalanrea, Makassar
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Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs
Published by Universitas Hasanuddin
ISSN : 27753336     EISSN : 27747328     DOI : https://doi.org/10.31947/hjirs.v1i2
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs, is a peer-reviewed journal published twice a year in February and August by Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University. Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs welcomes academics as well as practitioners to contribute their thoughts on International Relations. Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs with registered number ISSN 2774-7328 (Print), ISSN 2775-3336 (Online), is published in English or Bahasa Indonesia. Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs discusses both theoretical and empirical findings. The main theory and concepts should refer to studies of International Relations, International Security, International Political Economy, or International and Transnational Studies.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Politik dan Hubungan Internasional
Articles 71 Documents
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Symbolic Ratification and Cultural Resistance: South Korea’s Dilemma in Implementing CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) MM, Imaniar Insy Savety Habibah
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i1.46276

Abstract

This article aims to examine the implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in South Korea, with particular attention to the influence of the country’s patriarchal cultural structure. It focuses on analyzing how and why patriarchal norms influence the implementation of CEDAW in South Korea. This article employs Cultural Theory as the analytical framework to explore how cultural values can affect the enforcement of global norms. It argues that the embedded norms and values within a state, in this case, South Korea, significantly hinder the effective implementation of international norms. Although South Korea has formally committed to implementing CEDAW and promoting women's rights and gender equality, the realization of these goals remains challenging due to the deeply entrenched patriarchal culture, which often marginalizes women’s roles in society. This article finds that the implementation of CEDAW is obstructed by the South Korean government’s reluctance to trigger domestic instability by imposing global norms that contradict prevailing cultural values. At the same time, the government faces international pressure to maintain its image as a committed actor for gender equality on the global stage.
The Pacific Exposition: Indonesia's Hybrid Diplomacy Arena in State Rationality and Bureaucratic Politics in the Southwest Pacific Hastira, Muhammad Fajhriyadi
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of Indonesia's foreign policy decision-making by implementing the Pacific Exposition as an instrument of hybrid diplomacy, namely economic and political diplomacy in the Pacific region. This phenomenon is important because, in addition to opening access to non-traditional export markets, the expo defuses the Papua issue and strengthens Indonesia's nation branding. Using a qualitative approach and case study design, this study examines the 2019 and 2021 expos as units of analysis. Data were obtained from official government documents, diplomatic speeches, academic publications, international organization reports, and interviews with key actors from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Trade. The analysis used process tracing techniques to trace the cause-and-effect relationships in the policy formulation process. The results show that the decision to hold the expo was born out of the state's rational calculation to restore the post-pandemic economy as well as a political strategy to address the Papua issue, but the tug-of-war between bureaucratic interests and the role of informal networks influenced its implementation. These findings expand the application of Foreign Policy Analysis in the Indonesian context by combining the Rational Actor Model and the Bureaucratic Politics Model, and provide practical implications for strengthening bureaucratic coordination in economic diplomacy. This study recommends the institutionalization of expos as a regular agenda and further study on the role of informal politics in Indonesian diplomacy.
The Role of OECD in the Issuance of Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Law: A Norm Localization Approach -, Wulandari
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i1.47921

Abstract

With the increase in digital technologies adoption, governments are expected to balance the dual objectives of securing national interests and upholding citizens' rights to personal data protection. In Indonesia, data governance has traditionally followed a state-centric model, as portrayed in the Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT) Law in 2008. However, a notable shift occurred in 2022 with the enactment of the Personal Data Protection Law, signalling Indonesia’s transition toward a more people-centric approach to data governance. It raises a question, why Indonesia changes its perspective from state centric to people centric approach in data governance? The author argues that OECD has taken a big role in this changing perspective. This research aims to examine the influence of OECD as a multilateral organization by great powers in shaping perspectives on data governance in Indonesia. Norm localization theory by Acharya (2009) suggests that success in this localization process depends on credible local actors and institutional compatibility. In Indonesia’s case, Airlangga Hartarto and the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs fulfilled that role, negotiating national legitimacy and local constraints while translating the OECD’s liberal and open data governance agenda into tangible legal reform. Also, Indonesia’s Presidency in G20 as well as data breach and cyber-incident during IMEI registration procedure since 2020 help accelerate the issuance of Personal Data Protection Law. By combining OECD normative influence with a domestic elite predisposed to liberalization, the adoption of the Personal Data Protection Law is more than mere policy transfer. It represents norm localization, where imported norms are reinterpreted, adapted, and entrenched into Indonesia's legal system.
Singapore as A Norm Entrepreneur in Strengthening Regional Cybersecurity through the Development of ASEAN CERT Ismail Anshari, Muhammad
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i1.48092

Abstract

This article examines the development of ASEAN Computer Emergency Response Team (ASEAN CERT), which has experienced significant progress influenced by Singapore’s role as both an initiator and a technical norm entrepreneur in regional cybersecurity. Singapore’s active role is closely tied to its domestic interests in cybersecurity and its relevance to the progress of digital transformation, which remains vulnerable to cyber threats. Although ASEAN CERT has been adopted by consensus among all ASEAN member states, its implementation faces challenges due to differing understandings of the importance of CERT, as well as gaps in cybersecurity capacity and capability among ASEAN countries, which may hinder its implementation. This study aims to explore Singapore’s strategic position in utilizing its resources to bridge the technical CERT gap through the ASEAN cooperation framework, as well as to explore the potential of ASEAN CERT in supporting the development of ASEAN countries’ technical capacity and contributing to existing international norms.
Law as Strategy: The Weaponization of Trade Dispute Mechanisms in Sino-Western Relations Rafiqi, Fathan; Maksum, Ali
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i1.48372

Abstract

This article investigates the transformation of international trade law into a strategic instrument of geopolitical contestation, focusing on the legal rivalry between China and Western countries. Employing Lawfare Theory and Legal Realism, the study adopts an interdisciplinary method combining legal doctrine, international relations theories, and empirical case studies from WTO and ISDS mechanisms. The findings reveal that legal platforms originally designed for neutral dispute resolution have been repurposed as tools of statecraft. China’s increased legal engagement post-2018 signals a shift toward strategic legalism, where litigation serves as foreign policy. Meanwhile, the United States exercises unilateral legal strategies, undermining multilateral institutions. These actions reflect a broader erosion of legal neutrality, leading to procedural asymmetries that disadvantage Global South countries. The article concludes that without institutional reform and renewed global commitment to procedural justice, international legal mechanisms risk becoming arenas of symbolic dominance rather than fair adjudication. This trend challenges the foundational purpose of international law as a stabilizing force and invites critical reevaluation of legal norms amid a multipolar world order.
Legal Realism Perspective on the International Court of Justice Judges in the 2023–2024 Israeli Occupation of Palestine Ramadhani Salsabila, Nasywa; Aswar, Hasbi; Munzilin, Khairul
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i1.48473

Abstract

The research analyzes how legal and political factors, as well as personal considerations, influence judges' decisions at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the 2023-2024 South Africa v. Israel case. From a legal realist perspective, this paper analyzes the work of 15 judges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The study explores the potential impact of national ties, political contexts, and external interest groups on the court's temporary orders. The present study posits that extraneous power relations, interest groups, and interest-based partnerships, alongside political alliances, can influence the judicial system's administration of justice. The article's conclusion posits that, despite the ostensible autonomy of International Court of Justice (ICJ) judges, their jurisprudence in political cases often aligns with the foreign policies of their respective nations. This observation calls into question the prevailing concept of legal fairness within the framework of international law. The findings show that judges vote in line with their states’ geopolitical interests in which political alignments steer judicial reasoning.
China–Afghanistan Geoeconomic Cooperation and Regional Economic Integration During the Taliban Period (2021–2025) Setiawan, Muhammad Hanif
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i2.48504

Abstract

China’s engagement with Afghanistan entered a new phase after the Taliban returned to power in 2021, prompting Beijing to recalibrate its westward geoeconomic strategy. This article examines how China seeks to advance regional economic integration during the Taliban period (2021–2025) through a combination of geoeconomic instruments, security–development logic, and corridor-based connectivity. Using qualitative analysis supported by secondary data, the study evaluates China’s post-2021 diplomatic initiatives, including trilateral mechanisms with Pakistan, exploratory infrastructure cooperation, and renewed interest in extending the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and assessing the feasibility of the Wakhan Corridor. Findings show that the Taliban’s diplomatic shift from isolation in the 1990s to pragmatic engagement today, creates new opportunities for China’s integration agenda, particularly as the group publicly supports regional connectivity and foreign investment. However, significant structural constraints persist, including fragmented governance, militant threats, contractual instability such as the collapse of the CAPEIC oil deal, and competing regional interests. The article concludes that while China views Afghanistan as a strategic land bridge linking South and Central Asia, the realisation of corridor-based integration remains limited by Afghanistan’s institutional and security environment.
Norm Localization and Security Communities: Amitav Acharya’s Framework Applied To The Thailand-Cambodia Preah Vihear Border Dispute Mohd Radzi, Shamsul Azri; Jaafar, Faridah
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i2.49234

Abstract

The paper draws on Amitav Acharya’s theoretical frameworks of norm localization and security communities to examine the Thailand-Cambodia conflict over the Preah Vihear Temple, one of the most enduring international relations cases in Southeast Asia. The research will fill an important gap in the scientific literature by discussing how the constructivist ideas of Acharya shed light on the process of regional norm adaptation, identity formation, and the complications that arise when the (ASEAN) is forced to deal with an intra-mural territorial conflict as a fledgling security community. The study was based on using a qualitative case study approach with a secondary source analysis of the International Court of Justice proceedings, diplomatic archives, scholarly literature, and media archives to prove that local actors in both Thailand and Cambodia actively localized international norms of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful dispute settlement in a manner that both facilitated and hindered resolving conflicts. As the results demonstrate, the Preah Vihear conflict revealed underlying tensions within the ASEAN normative structure, especially between the principle of non-interference and the organization’s goal of becoming a mature security community. The article also examines the significant roles of the ASEAN chairmanship of Malaysia under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim and of United States President Donald Trump in mediating the crisis in 2025, focusing on the Kuala Lumpur Peace Accord, its failure, and the future of peaceful relations. The article leads to the study of International Relations by showing how Acharya’s framework can provide analytical resources for understanding norm-conflict in the Global South, while also criticizing Eurocentric approaches to norm diffusion and elucidating the role of peripheral actors in the formation of regional order.
The Projection of Digital Activism: The Dynamics of Digital Resistance Against Digital Authoritarian Repression In Indonesia Muh. Asy'ari; Wan Nur Ain; Harni Indira
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i2.49302

Abstract

The shift of digital space from freedom to political control signals a new form of digital authoritarianism in Indonesia. The state uses online surveillance, information restrictions, disinformation, and activist criminalization to strengthen its power, coinciding with the decline of digital democracy in Southeast Asia. In contrast, hashtag-based resistance such as #ReformasiDikorupsi, #TolakOmnibusLaw, #IndonesiaGelap, and #ResetIndonesia has emerged, operating through connective action—horizontal mobilization based on personal networks and affective solidarity. This study employs descriptive qualitative methods, collecting data via library research and online observation during the #ResetIndonesia movement. Analyzed data included academic literature, international research reports, and credible media on digital surveillance and online social movements. The results show that connective action expands political participation by enabling digital creativity and spontaneous solidarity, but faces vulnerabilities due to the lack of formal organizations. Meanwhile, the state adapts repression through algorithms and regulations that normalize control. The dialectic of control and resistance forms a cycle—control, resistance, adaptation, new repression—that illustrates the co-evolution of power and digital activism. These findings stress the need to strengthen movement structures and protect digital rights to ensure online resistance evolves into a sustainable democratic force
Analysis of The Role of Indonesia’s Parliamentary Diplomacy in Supporting Palestinian Independence in 2023–2024 Kusuma Putra, Naufal Ksatria; Kamaludin, Asep
Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31947/hjirs.v6i2.49834

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the role of Indonesian parliamentary diplomacy through the Indonesian House of Representatives' Special Committee on Foreign Affairs (BKSAP) in advocating for the Palestinian issue during the 2023–2024 period, especially after the escalation of violence in Gaza following October 7, 2023. Using qualitative methods with a document study approach, interviews, and analysis of BKSAP activities in multilateral and bilateral forums, this study examines Indonesia's strategies in the IPU, APA, and PUIC, as well as bilateral coordination through the Indonesia–Palestine GKSB. The results show that BKSAP played a strategic role by pushing for an emergency item at the IPU, forming the APA Committee on Palestine, and leading strong advocacy at the PUIC until it was elected as the 19th President of the PUIC. At the bilateral level, BKSAP strengthened communication with the PLO/PNC and developed humanitarian cooperation. These findings confirm that Indonesian parliamentary diplomacy has evolved from a symbolic role to become a substantive, flexible, and influential advocacy actor in international humanitarian issues.

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