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Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi
ISSN : 14122480     EISSN : 27767248     DOI : https://doi.org/10.47637/legalita.v1i1.28
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Jurnal Hukum Legalita (Legalita) (P-ISSN: 1412-2480 and E-ISSN: 2776-7248) is a journal that published since 2019 by the Department of Law in collaboration with LPPM, Muhammadiyah University Kotabumi. Legalita is intended to be the university’s journal for publishing articles reporting the results of the fields of criminal law, civil law, constitutional law, state administrative law, as well as discussing social phenomena that exist in society and building a culture of law awareness from the results of research. In addition, Legalita also includes a lot of research on law in a broader sense. The journal is published regularly (in July and December), and approved and ready-to-publish manuscripts will also be regularly published on the website (with an initial view). Journal Copyright Copyright of all journal manuscripts is held by the Journal Edukasi Lingua Sastra. Formal legal provisions to access digital articles of electronic journal are subject to the provision of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC-BY), which means that the Journal Edukasi Lingua Sastra is rightful to keep, transfer media/format, manage in the form of databases, maintain, and publish articles. Published manuscripts both printed and electronic are open access for educational, research, and library purposes. Additionally, the editorial board is not responsible for any violations of copyright law.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 152 Documents
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Kajian Hukum Pidana terhadap Transformasi Agen Elektronik menuju Artificial Intelligence dalam Era Revolusi Industri 5.0 Andi Widiatno Hummerson; Olivia Pauline Hartanti
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2338

Abstract

The rapid development of information technology has significantly transformed social, economic, and legal interactions in Indonesia, particularly with the emergence of electronic agents evolving into Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the framework of Industry 5.0. This study aims to examine the adequacy of Indonesian criminal law in regulating electronic agents and to analyze the construction of criminal liability for unlawful acts committed through or by AI, especially in cases involving personal data misuse. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, focusing on relevant regulations such as Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik and Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. The findings reveal that current regulations recognize electronic agents as part of electronic systems but remain general and insufficient to address the autonomous and adaptive nature of AI. Indonesian criminal law does not acknowledge AI as a legal subject; thus, liability is attributed to human actors or legal entities controlling the system, such as developers, operators, or corporations. Models of liability such as vicarious liability, strict liability, and negligence are applicable, particularly in cases of personal data violations. However, challenges persist in proving human involvement, establishing causality, and addressing algorithmic autonomy. This study concludes that there is a significant legal gap in accommodating AI-related risks within the existing legal framework. Therefore, it’s necessary to develop more specific regulations, strengthen accountability mechanisms, and enhance digital forensic capabilities to ensure effective law enforcement in the era of advanced AI technologies.
PEMBENTUKAN LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN KHUSUS TINDAK PIDANA PERPAJAKAN DALAM SISTEM HUKUM NASIONAL Junial Subarkah; Junial Subarkah
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2340

Abstract

Indonesia's correctional system, since its establishment in 1964, was designed as a rehabilitative institution prioritizing social reintegration. Nevertheless, the disparate treatment of tax crime convicts within general correctional facilities gives rise to substantial juridical concerns. Tax crimes possess sui generis characteristics that fundamentally distinguish them from conventional offenses, namely the massive dimension of state financial losses, the complexity of modus operandi, and significant asset recovery potential when correctional mechanisms are purposefully designed. This study aims to construct normative and comparative arguments for the establishment of a Special Correctional Institution for Tax Crimes (LPKTP) within the national legal system framework. The normative legal research method is employed, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Findings indicate that the constitutional foundation, legislative framework, and urgency of penal reform collectively support the establishment of such an institution, which structurally must integrate fiscal compliance development, state loss recovery, and competency-based social reintegration functions.
Ecological Welfare State: Rekonstruksi Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Pemenuhan Hak Atas Lingkungan Hidup yang Baik dan Sehat Muhammad Kamil Ridha; Eny Kusdarini; Roul Alvaro Prasetyo
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2352

Abstract

This research is situated within the intersection of constitutional law and environmental policy, focusing on the paradigm shift toward an ecological welfare state. The primary objective is to reconstruct the scope of state responsibility in fulfilling the fundamental right to a healthy environment. The topic is selected in response to the urgent need to address the global ecological crisis, which is largely driven by traditional welfare models that often prioritize industrial and economic growth over environmental sustainability. Employing a normative legal research methodology with conceptual and statutory approaches, this study examines the transformation from a conventional welfare state to one centered on ecological integrity. The research argues that state responsibility must be reformulated to integrate ecological limits as a core constitutional mandate rather than a scondary policy concern. Findings reveal that while Indonesia’s “Green Constitution” provides a solid foundational framework, significant juridical and political challenges such as inconsistent regulations and developmentalist biases, hinder its effective implementation. These obstacles necessitate the deployment of comprehensive legal and economic instruments to operationalize ecological welfare principles. Furthermore, the study identifies ecological citizenship, specifically within the context of civic education, as a critical dimension for fostering public participation and environmental stewardship. This study contributes to the field of environmental constitutionalism by providing a theoretical and practical framework for greening state functions. Ultimately, it emphasizes that the legitimacy of a modern legal state depends on its capacity to ensure ecological sustainability as a prerequisite for social and economic welfare.
Demokrasi Partisipatif Pembentukan Peraturan Daerah: Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Peran DPRD Kabupaten Bima dalam Mewujudkan Pemerintahan Daerah yang Responsif Ramdin; Erham; Hajairin
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2371

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the regulation of participatory democracy in the formation of Regional Regulations and examine the role of the Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) of Bima Regency in realizing responsive local governance. The research employs an empirical juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and socio-legal approaches. The findings indicate that public participation in the formation of Regional Regulations has been normatively guaranteed under Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan and Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah; however, its implementation in Bima Regency has not been fully optimal. The DPRD of Bima Regency has implemented several mechanisms of public participation, including public consultations and public hearings, yet these mechanisms remain largely formalistic and have not fully provided substantive participatory space for the community. The study finds that obstacles to participatory democracy are influenced by juridical, structural, cultural, and technical factors, including weak technical regulations on public participation, domination of political elites, limited access to information, low public legal awareness, paternalistic political culture, limited participation forums, as well as budgetary and socialization constraints. Strengthening the role of the DPRD is necessary through optimizing public hearings, digitalizing local legislation, enhancing transparency in the Regional Legislative Program, involving vulnerable groups, and reinforcing transparency and accountability in local legislative processes to achieve more responsive, participatory, and democratic local governance.
Perlindungan Anak di Era Kapitalisme Platform: Revitalisasi Pembatasan Akses Media dan Penguatan Kedaulatan Digital Sutag Harsie; Muhammad Hanafi; Kuswandi Dwi Eri Edisam; Iranda Nadya Febianty; Rahmatullah Ayu Hasmiati
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2383

Abstract

The development of digital technology and platform-based media has transformed patterns of social interaction, communication, and information access, particularly among children as active users of digital spaces. The dominance of global digital platforms such as YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and WhatsApp has generated various new risks, including exposure to harmful content, cyber exploitation, digital surveillance practices, and the commodification of children’s personal data. This study aims to analyze the revitalization of media access restrictions for children from the perspectives of child protection and digital sovereignty in the era of platform capitalism. The research employs a doctrinal (normative legal) method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings indicate that the crisis of child protection in digital spaces is not merely caused by regulatory gaps, but also by structural inequalities between states and transnational digital corporations that control data, algorithms, and digital platform governance. Indonesia is currently facing a crisis of digital authority reflected in weak data localization, dependency on foreign platforms, platform asymmetry, and regulatory incapacity. Therefore, a reconstruction of digital governance through the Child Centered Digital Sovereignty model is necessary by strengthening platform regulations, algorithm transparency, age verification systems, child-friendly digital design, and national data sovereignty. This approach is essential to ensure legal protection for children while simultaneously strengthening state sovereignty in the governance of the digital ecosystem.
Dampak Sosial Bentuk Ganti Rugi Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum Terhadap Keberlanjutan Hidup Masyarakat Arya Permana Salaka; Rofi Wahanisa
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2393

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the detrimental social impacts arising from non-comprehensive compensation determination in land acquisition for public interest development on affected communities, and to identify social variables influencing the livelihood sustainability of affected communities following land acquisition. Furthermore, this study seeks to reconstruct a sustainable land acquisition compensation system by considering social impacts and livelihood sustainability of affected communities, particularly farmers who previously depended on their land as their primary income source. This research employs a doctrinal normative legal approach, utilizing library research to collect and analyze legal sources in formulating solutions to the issues examined. The findings indicate that compensation must not be limited to monetary forms, but must also encompass resettlement, provision of replacement land for farmers, and preservation of community structures to prevent social disintegration. The current compensation system contains legal gaps in its implementation and has a strong tendency to produce detrimental social impacts on affected communities, particularly regarding livelihood sustainability following land acquisition.
Analisis Kriminologis terhadap Jaringan Terorisme dan Dampaknya pada Keamanan Nasional Suyatno; Anis Widyawati
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2394

Abstract

Penelitian ini menganalisis jaringan terorisme dan dampaknya terhadap keamanan nasional dengan menggarisbawahi kompleksitas fenomena terorisme sebagai manifestasi pertentangan ideologi, ketidakadilan sosial, dan dinamika politik. Menggunakan pendekatan kriminologis, penelitian mengkaji struktur organisasi teroris, modus operandi, serta proses perekrutan yang semakin canggih berkat kemajuan teknologi dan komunikasi. Artikel ini menggambarkan bagaimana jaringan terorisme beroperasi dalam konteks global, memanfaatkan kelemahan sistem hukum dan keamanan di berbagai negara. Penelitian juga menyoroti pentingnya pemahaman mendalam tentang motivasi individu yang terlibat dalam terorisme, serta bagaimana pendekatan berbasis bukti dalam kebijakan keamanan nasional dapat membantu mencegah dan menangani ancaman terorisme secara lebih efektif. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif yang dipadukan dengan analisis kriminologis melalui studi pustaka terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, dokumen resmi, dan literatur ilmiah relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jaringan terorisme kontemporer beroperasi melalui model hierarkis, sel-sel, maupun jaringan longgar, dengan memanfaatkan media digital untuk perekrutan dan propaganda. Dampaknya mencakup dimensi ekonomi, psikologis, politik, dan sosial yang saling terkait. Kolaborasi lintas sektoral, penyusunan strategi komprehensif, serta pendekatan rehabilitasi dan deradikalisasi merupakan kunci menciptakan sistem keamanan yang lebih tangguh dan responsif terhadap ancaman terorisme.
Penerapan Hukum Pidana Militer Terhadap Anggota TNI Yang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Desersi Musthang Wijaya Kusuma; Ali Masyhar
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2395

Abstract

This study examines the application of military criminal law to the crime of desertion within the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI), emphasizing normative, sociological, and operational dimensions and their implications for discipline, organizational effectiveness, and civil-military relations. Desertion is understood not merely as an administrative violation, but as a betrayal of the soldier's oath that can undermine the command structure, lower unit morale, and threaten the success of defense missions. Analysis was conducted through a normative-juridical approach using library research on Law Number 34 of 2004 on the TNI, Law Number 31 of 1997 on Military Courts, and the Military Criminal Code (KUHPM). The findings confirm the importance of balancing strict law enforcement with a humanist approach in handling desertion cases. Additionally, preventive strategies based on ideological guidance, psychological counseling, improvement of soldier welfare, and the strengthening of unit solidarity need to be prioritized to minimize desertion. Effective prevention of desertion must be understood as an integral part of building TNI professionalism, ensuring not only military readiness but also social legitimacy and public trust.
Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Penafsiran Konsep Penguasaan dan Ketepatan Penerapan Pasal dalam Putusan Nomor 96/Pid.B/2025/PN Mjl Rafli Tio Ramdani; Otong Syuhada; Riky Pribadi
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2400

Abstract

Studi ini bertujuan mengkaji secara mendalam bagaimana konsep penguasaan dimaknai oleh hakim serta sejauh mana penerapan pasal dalam Putusan Nomor 96/Pid.B/2025/PN Mjl dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara hukum. Perkara yang dikaji mencakup dakwaan berupa tindak kekerasan terhadap tubuh, pembatasan kebebasan bergerak, serta kelalaian yang berujung pada hilangnya nyawa. Melalui perpaduan antara riset hukum berbasis fenomena empiris dan analisis normatif-yuridis, kajian ini mengungkap bahwa pilihan metodologis hakim dalam menafsirkan unsur penguasaan yakni dengan meminjam kerangka analogi relasi pengasuhan berdampak pada pembatasan jangkauan makna perampasan kemerdekaan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 333 KUHP. Dalam hal penerapan Pasal 359 KUHP, pertimbangan hakim secara substantif dapat dibenarkan berdasarkan rangkaian sebab-akibat yang terbukti. Akan tetapi, konstruksi surat dakwaan yang bersifat alternatif subsidair telah mengakibatkan tindak kekerasan yang nyata-nyata terbukti terjadi luput dari pemidanaan yang sebanding. Sebagai tindak lanjut, kajian ini merekomendasikan agar penuntut umum menggunakan model dakwaan kumulatif pada perkara-perkara yang melibatkan concursus realis, serta mendorong penetapan tolak ukur kesepakatan yang lebih terukur dalam ranah hukum pidana.
Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Penerapan Pasal 100 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 Berdasarkan Teori Kriminologi Brillian Azzahra; Ateng Sudibyo; Herry Farhan Syafiq
Legalita Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Hukum Legalita
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47637/legalita.v8i1.2406

Abstract

Pasal 100 Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana menghadirkan inovasi normatif berupa mekanisme pidana mati bersyarat suatu konsep yang sama sekali belum dikenal dalam tradisi hukum pidana Indonesia sejak era kolonial. Penelitian hukum normatif ini memusatkan perhatian pada dua isu krusial: pertama, apakah sistem pidana mati dengan masa percobaan tersebut mampu mendorong tercapainya efek pencegahan kejahatan (deterrence) atau justru melemahkannya dari sudut pandang ilmu kriminologi; dan kedua, seberapa tinggi potensi inkonsistensi putusan hakim yang dipicu oleh ketidakjelasan tolok ukur "perubahan perilaku terpidana" dalam ketentuan Pasal 100. Melalui kombinasi pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan perbandingan, penelitian mengkaji bahan hukum primer yang meliputi UU No. 1 Tahun 2023, UU No. 22 Tahun 2022, UU No. 39 Tahun 1999, UUD 1945, serta instrumen internasional ICCPR dan Nelson Mandela Rules. Hasil kajian mengungkap adanya tegangan inheren dalam Pasal 100: di satu sisi mekanisme tersebut harmonis dengan paradigma penologi rehabilitatif dan cita pemidanaan yang berkemanusiaan, namun di sisi lain secara bersamaan mengikis kepastian dan keseriusan ancaman pidana mati dua komponen yang oleh teori deterrence dipandang sebagai fondasi yang tidak dapat ditawar. Sementara itu, rumusan frasa "sikap dan perbuatan yang terpuji" yang minim panduan normatif membuka celah subjektivitas yang lebar bagi hakim, sehingga mengancam kepastian hukum dan keseragaman putusan. Bertolak dari temuan tersebut, penelitian ini menyarankan agar Mahkamah Agung segera menerbitkan pedoman pemidanaan khusus untuk perkara pidana mati berdasarkan KUHP baru, mendorong DPR untuk merumuskan kembali kriteria perilaku dalam Pasal 100 secara lebih terukur dan operasional, serta menganjurkan Kementerian Hukum dan HAM untuk merancang instrumen penilaian yang memenuhi standar psikometrik sesuai amanah Nelson Mandela Rules.

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