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Ivandini Tribidasari A.
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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
Core Subject :
Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 880 Documents
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Synthesis of Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles using Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Ex-tract and its Application as a Catalyst in Doebner Reaction Kurniawan, Felie Virgayani; Cahyana, Antonius Herry; Yunarti, Rika Tri
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Plant extracts can be used to synthesize nanoparticle because it is efficient, economical, and friendly to the environment. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using an aqueous fraction of Vitis vinifera L leaf extract and Cu(NO3)2 solution as a precursor. This fraction contains secondary metabolites as a reduction agent and stabilizing agents to formed CuO NPs. CuO NPs can be used as a catalyst in a chemical reaction, one of which is the Doebner reaction, which is a simple and efficient reaction of aniline, aromatic aldehydes, and pyruvic acid under reflux conditions to produce derivatives quinoline-4-carboxylic acid. CuO NPs were effectively used in the Doebner reaction and yielded a product is 79.84%. The CuO NPs characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) which showed CuO NPs were formed with a size of 24.39 nm. The product synthesized was characterized by TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography), FTIR, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and confirmed 2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid was formed.
Antibacterial Testing on Silver/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles/Organoclay Reinforced Chitosan Biocomposites Muiz, Lisna Junaeni; Juwono, Ariadne Lakshmidevi; Paputungan, Zulkarnaen; Krisnandi, Yuni Krisyuningsih
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Herein, bionanocomposites of chitosan (CS)/silver nanoparticle/organoclay/zinc oxide nanoparticle (CS/Ag/OC/ZnO) were prepared for antibacterial food packaging. This study examines the time variation in the AgNP synthesis method by comparing local (74˗85% deacetylated) and commercial chitosan (75%˗85% deacetylated) as a reducing and capping agent and seeks to reconstruct the optimum ratio formulations of AgNPs and ZnONPs in bionanocomposites for food packaging. The results reveal that the synthesis of AgNPs was successfully carried out using a local chitosan solution as a reducing and capping agent. The CS/Ag/OC/ZnO films exhibit structural, mechanical, and optical properties suitable for food packaging and antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The relative inhibition zone increased with increasing numbers of AgNPs and ZnONPs. The inhibition zone values indicated that E. coli and S. aureus bacteria were sensitive to the film, namely 12.5 ± 1.5 mm, and 16 ± 0.0 mm, respectively.
Chicken Immune Responses to Vaccination by the Avian Influenza Subtype H5N1 against Avian Influenza Ramlah, Ramlah; Murtini, Sri; Soejoedono, Retno Damayanti; Natih, Ketut Karuni Nyanakumari; Ningrum, Siti Gusti
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Avian Influenza (AI) is one of the strategic animal diseases still considered a priority for control by the Indonesian government. This study aimed to examine the immune response of chickens to various types of H5N1 subtype AI vaccines in Indonesia and to determine the correlation of factors influencing the post-vaccination AI antibody response. Serum samples were tested using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test with the standard AI antigen subtype H5N1 strain A/Chicken/Barru/BBVM/41-13/2013 (Clade 2.1.3) and strain A/Chicken/Semarang/04141225-07/2014 (Clade 2.3.2). Antibody titer was calculated using the Geometric Mean Titer (GMT). The correlation analyses were performed to assess the correlation of antibody titer against each of the following factors: age of chicken at the time of sampling, the interval between sampling time and the previous vaccination, and the number of vaccinations performed. The results showed that the average antibody titer value against the AI antigen subtype H5N1 strain A/Chicken/Barru/BBVM/41-13/2013 (Clade 2.1.3) was highest in samples from the South Sumatra Province, namely, Palembang City, which was 26.42 HIU. The results showed a significant correlation (p-value <0,05) between antibody titer and the interval between sampling time and the previous vaccination, the number of vaccination performed and age of chicken at the time of sampling. Therefore, results showed that the immunity developed from vaccination using the AI vaccine seed subtype H5N1 could induce immunity with a protective value of ≥16.
Feasibility Studies for Use of Copper Slag in Clinker Manufacture Vanguri, Suresh; Palla, Suresh; Prasad, Gonthi; Chaturvedi, Sanjeev Kumar; Mohapatra, Bibekananda
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 26, No. 4
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

This study investigated the feasibility of using copper slag (CS-C) as a raw material in the production of Portland cement (PC). The effect of addition of 0%-3.5% CS-C on the clinkerization process, mineralogy, microstructure, and compressive strength development was studied. The Presence of CS-C in the raw mix resulted in the reduced temperature of clinkerization by about 50 °C. The quality of clinker prepared from the raw mix containing 3% CS-C and burned at 1400 °C was comparable to that of clinker prepared from the raw mix containing no CS-C and burned at 1450 °C. Gradual polymorphic modification of alite phase from rhombohedral to monoclinic upon the addition of CS-C was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. XRD and optical microscopy studies revealed the formation of more alite in the clinker prepared, at 1400 °C, from the raw mix containing 3% CS-C compared with the clinker prepared, at 1450 °C, from the raw mix containing no CS-C. This finding indicated the mineralizing effect of CS-C on clinkerization. Well-developed and large-sized alite grains were observed in the clinker samples prepared using CS-C. Portland clinker, prepared using CS-C as a raw mix component showed better mechanical performance characteristics than the control clinker. These results clearly establish the beneficial role of CS-C as a raw mix component in clinkerization and can replace conventional sources of iron such as laterite.
Electro-optical Effect of 4-n-alkyl-sulfanyl-4' isothiocyanate-biphenyl Liquid Crystal Homologous Series Under Terahertz Frequency: A Theoretical Approach Kumar, Yogesh; Kumar, Narinder
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 4
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Abstract

This work presented the electro-optical effect of the homologous series 4-n-alkyl-sulfanyl-4'-isothiocyanate-biphenyl (N1SC13H8-SH2n+1Cn) under an electric field with terahertz (THz) frequency. The increase in alkyl sulfanyl chain length reduces the birefringence but increases the order parameter in THz frequency. An inverse relationship exists between the birefringence and order parameter. Meanwhile, the increase in alkyl sulfanyl chain length increases the refractive index with an even–odd effect. Birefringence, refractive index, order parameter, and director angle show an even–odd effect in the THz frequency range. The calculation is performed between 1 and 1,200 THz frequency. The isothiocyanate stretching corresponding to infrared absorbance remains unchanged for the whole series, showing potential in filtering and sensing applications.
Assessment of Seasonal Variation in Heavy Metal Status of a Lotic Ecosystem in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, North Central Nigeria Adano, Aminu Ja’afar; Marcus, Nengak Danjuma; Magaji, Joshua Ibrahim; Opaluwa, Obaje Daniel
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 4
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Abstract

The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Co, Cr, and Mn and their seasonal variations in water samples from the Wupa River, Abuja, Nigeria, were studied through the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method to determine the suitability of the water for domestic usage and identify potential sources of contamination. Sixty samples were collected during both dry and wet seasons. The respective metal concentrations (in mg/dm3) in the dry and wet seasons were as follows: Cu (0.023 ± 0.022, 0.023 ± 0.026), Zn (0.104 ± 0.039, 0.158 ± 0.085), Fe (0.350 ± 0.097, 0.3630.103), Cd (not detectable), Co (not detectable), Cr (0.003 ± 0.003, 0.004 ± 0.004), and Mn (0.120 ± 0.132, 0.110 ± 0.099). Among these metals, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Mn occurred in concentrations below the tolerable limits recommended by Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality and WHO, whereas Fe exceeded these limits, and Cd and Co were not detectable. The calculated heavy metal pollution index values (68.22 in the dry season and 63.78 in the wet season) were lower than the critical value (100), indicating low pollution levels in both seasons. The metal index values for both seasons (1.50 for the dry season and 1.55 for the wet season) suggest that the water from the Wupa River was slightly affected by heavy metals. Moreover, no significant differences in metal concentrations existed between the dry and wet seasons. A strong positive correlation occurred between Zn and Fe only during the wet season. Water from the river was polluted with Fe and unsuitable for domestic use. Potential sources of contamination include agricultural areas, industrial effluents, and domestic waste in the wet season, and industrial and domestic sewage in the dry season. To make the river water safe for use, it should be treated and regularly monitored for metal contents, and sources of contamination should be managed appropriately.
Free-Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenolic Compounds of Red and Green Poinsettia Leaves (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) from Lombok Island Muliasari, Handa; Sopiah, Baiq; Yuanita, Emmy; Ningsih, Baiq Nila Sari
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 4
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To determine the free-radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of Poinsettia leaves (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) from Lombok Island, we used the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method and expressed the total phenolic content as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of ethanol extract. The results show the strong antioxidant activity (79.77 ppm) of the ethanol extract of red Poinsettia leaves and the moderate antioxidant activity of green Poinsettia leaves (118.350 ppm). The ethanol extracts of red and green Poinsettia leaves possessed an average of 63.276 ± 0.228 and 22.715 ± 0.090 mg GAE/g extract total phenolic contents, respectively. In addition, the ethanol extracts of red and green Poinsettia leaves exhibited moderate and strong free-radical inhibitory activities, respectively. These findings indicate that color affects the antioxidant ability of leaves and their phenolic content.
Enzymatic Screening and Genotypic Characterization of Thermophilic Bacteria from the Hot Springs of Sarawak, Malaysia Toh, Seng Chiew; Lihan, Samuel; Leong, Sui Sien; Lahuri, Azizul Hakim; Woon, Wai Cheong; Ng, Wing Woh
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 4
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Owing to their eccentric thermostable ability, thermophiles are among the most utilized extremophiles in various industries, such as manufacturing, and clinical research. Researchers believe that many unknown thermophiles are yet to be discovered. This study aimed to genotypically characterize the diversity of thermophiles and screen them for the potential production of enzymes in the recreational hot springs located at Northwest Coast of Borneo. Water samples were collected at 45 °C–50 °C from Annah Rais and Panchor hot springs during the sampling period from January 2018 to January 2019. Three samples (water and sediment) were collected twice in a 3-week interval from each pool of the sampling sites. Each water sample was diluted up to 10−3 and plated on thick nutrient agar at 55 °C for 24 h. Customized nutrient agar plus Bacto-agar plates were used for the optimum growth analysis of the isolates at 40 °C–90 °C for 24 h. The thermophiles were isolated, characterized biochemically, and amplified molecularly using DNA fingerprinting and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Lipase, protease, gelatinase, amylase, catalase, and nitrate reductase enzymatic production was examined. Twenty-one thermophilic isolates were successfully characterized into seven clusters of Amnoxybacillus spp. and Geobacillus spp. by studying their phylogenetic dendrograms. Isolates AR10 and AR15 could produce most of the tested enzymes. All the isolates showed negative results in gelatinase and lipase production. PC14 was the only isolate that did not produce any of the enzymatic reactions in this experiment. The results showed that most of the thermophiles isolated from the two Borneo hot springs can synthesize enzymes and have potential to be thermostable. In conclusion, the search for the thermophilic producers of novel enzymes in Borneo is successful; further research must focus on their applications.
Relation of Salivary Alpha-Amylase (sAA) Concentration to Fatigue Biomarkers in Palm Oil Office Workers in Jambi Province: Preliminary Study Kusmawan, David; Eka Rini, Willia Novita; Aurora, Wahyu Indah Dewi
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 4
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The salivary α-amylase (sAA) concentration has a potential role as a biological indicator of occupational fatigue. This study aimed to determine the levels of sAA and its influencing factors. This research used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 40 office staff respondents at PT. X (Persero). Mental workload (MWL), sleep quality, and occupational fatigue were measured using the NASA-Total Load Index (TLX), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Industrial Fatigue Research Committee, respectively. Meanwhile, the basic sAA levels was measured through the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method using the Bioenzy® Kit Assay. Descriptive analysis showed that the workers were mostly men, 75% of which had a high education level and 72.5% were of marital status. MWL scoring in NASA-TLX revealed an average score of 70.91, which indicates a high MWL. Pearson’s correlation analysis unveiled that occupational fatigue and sleep quality were significantly correlated with sAA concentration. The final model showed that for each one-unit increase in occupational fatigue, the sAA concentration increased by 15.90 U/mL. Furthermore, for every unit increase in sleep quality, the sAA concentration decreased by 13.38 U/mL. sAA concentration can be used as a potential noninvasive biological marker related to sleep quality and occupational fatigue.
Oxidation of Ethanolamine by Potassium Permanganate in the Presence and Absence of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate: A Kinetic Study in an Acidic Medium Latona, Dayo
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 4
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The kinetics of ethanolamine oxidation by acidified KMnO4 was investigated in the absence and presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was investigated using a pseudo-first-order kinetics approach, with [ethanolamine]o >> [KMnO4]o. The measurements were conducted at λmax = 525 nm using an ultraviolet/visible-1800 Shimadzu spectrophotometer. The stoichiometry showed that 2 moles of KMnO4 were consumed by 5 moles of ethanolamine in the aqueous medium. The reaction orders in both the aqueous and micellar media remained the same with a first-order dependence on [KMnO4] and [ethanolamine] and a fractional-order dependence on [H+]. The dependence on [H+] was in the form of kobs = a + b[H+], and the Michaelis-Menten plot showed the existence of an intermediate complex. The Fourier-transform infrared spectrum suggested the conversion of the OH group in ethanolamine to aldehyde. Activation parameters were obtained from the Arrhenius and Eyring equations as follows: ∆H# = 22.12 kJ mol-1, ∆S# = -0.224 kJ K-1 mol-1, and ∆G# = 88.87 kJ mol-1 in the aqueous medium, and ∆H# = 26.38 kJ mol-1, ∆S# = -0.191 kJ K-1 mol−1, and ∆G# = 83.298 kJ mol-1 in the micellar medium. The similarity in ∆G# values in both media suggests the occurrence of the same reaction mechanism, and the negative ∆S# suggests a rigid transition state and association mechanism. The polymerization test revealed the absence of free radicals, indicating that one-electron oxidation leading to the formation of free radicals could be ruled out. Additionally, Menger–Portnoy’s and Piszkiewicz’s cooperativity models were employed to analyze the micellar effect.

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