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Ivandini Tribidasari A.
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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
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Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 880 Documents
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Enhancing Lovastatin Biosynthesis in Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) using Phytohormones Mustafa, Fransisca Astrid; Kandar, Mamat; Aryantha, I Nyoman Pugeg
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The biosynthesis of lovastatin, the anti-cholesterol compound, in oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus), has the potential to be enhanced by utilizing phytohormones, which activate the expression of certain genes. This research aimed to determine the best type and concentration of phytohormone among auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin, as well as the best mycelial colonization percentage in F2 medium to realize the greatest increase in lovastatin biosynthesis in oyster mushrooms. Lovastatin was extracted from the fruiting bodies and mycelia and analyzed by spectrophotometry. The analysis of CYP450 linked to lovastatin biosynthesis was conducted by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using samples containing the highest concentration of lovastatin. The results showed that adding phytohormones increased the lovastatin concentration in the fruiting bodies and mycelia of P. ostreatus. The highest lovastatin content was observed in the 10 ppm gibberellin treatment by applying 75% mycelial colonization in the F2 medium. Furthermore, this gibberellin treatment also demonstrated increased expression of the CYP450 gene in the fruiting bodies and mycelia. In conclusion, phytohormone treatments with the right timing and appropriate concentration increased lovastatin biosynthesis in P. ostreatus as well as related gene expression.
Physicochemical Changes and Role of Analytical Chemistry in Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Processing Wonorahardjo, Surjani; Sari, Dian Puspita; Salsabila, Arini; Estiyawati, Estiyawati; Yuliani, Dewi; Wijaya, Anugrah Ricky; Suharti, Suharti; Kusumaningrum, Irma Kartika; Maharani, Chariztya Anggita; Noviyanti, Thjiong Angelina
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Black garlic is a traditional spice having potential of herbal medicine; however, continuous heating darkens its color and changes its taste due to chemical processes and new equilibrium in the system. In this study, fresh garlic was processed into black garlic at 60 °C for 24 days. Changes in physical and chemical parameters, such as browning and protein content, reducing sugar content, and antioxidative components were recorded. Protein content was measured by Kjeldahl method, brown color development was analyzed using a color reader, reducing sugar was examined using a dinitro salicylic DNS reagent, and antioxidative activities were studied with a diphenyl picrylhydrazyl DPPH reagent in terms of their percent inhibition. Gas chromatography – mass sepctrometry (GC–MS) and Liquid Chromatography-High Relosultion Mass Spectrometry (LC–HRMS) were performed to determine the chemical profiles. Results showed a number of interesting features. The protein and sugar contents increased up to 3 and 4 times that of the initial values, respectively during processing. The antioxidative properties improved in the later stages. The chemical profiles of volatile and nonvolatile components were altered in their final stage. Sulfur and nitrogen-containing nonvolatile components were relatively stable during heating, but their compositions changed. The natural chemical changes reflect the biological potential dynamics in biological processes as herbal supplements. The reflection of the processes might go further into food chemistry and the food industry. This needs an interdisciplinary approach, expanded to biological concepts and safe, ethical industrial processes.
Study of Antioxidant Activity of the Derivatives of Quinoline-4-carboxylic Acids by the Modification of Isatin via Pfitzinger Reaction Fikriya, Sakti Hidayati; Cahyana, Antonius Herry
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

In this study, a quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivative was synthesized through Pfitzinger reaction. In this reaction, isatin is modified via its reaction with ketone and refluxed for 24 h to obtain quinoline-4-carboxylic acid. The presence of a carboxylic group was identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The results showed that the absorption peaks of C=O and O–H stretching’s were detected in the range of 1724–1708 and 3436–3242 cm−1, respectively. In the UV-vis spectrum, a shift in the absorption peak was observed toward a larger wavelength, which is referred as a bathochromic shift. The formation of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivative was also characterized using the mass spectrometry method. The modification of isatin aims to increase antioxidant activity to obtain quinoline-4-carboxylic acid, which has a better inhibition percentage than isatin. Antioxidant tests were conducted using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant activity is measured based on the ability of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivative to donate hydrogen radicals, which revealed that the product had a relatively better inhibitory effect than isatin. At a concentration of 5 mg/L, isatin did not show antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. By contrast, the inhibition percentages of 2-methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid and 2-(4-methylphenyl)quinoline-4-carboxylic acid were approximately 30.25% and 40.43%, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of an aromatic ring makes the antioxidant activity.
Newly Recorded Panus lecomtei (Fr.) Corner (Basidiomycota: Panaceae) for Indonesia Putra, Ivan Permana; Hermawan, Rudy; Salman, Ali Bin Abithalib
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Panus lecomtei (Polyporales) is reported for the first time from Indonesia at the IPB University Campus Forest (IPBUCF). This species has similar macroscopic features to P. strigellus and P. neostrigosus. This study aimed to confirm the taxonomic position of P. lecomtei found at IPBUCF based on morphological and molecular evidence. The specimens were described by their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. A phylogenetic approach was used with the internal transcribed spacer 1/2 sequence data. The combination of morphological and molecular analyses confirmed the taxonomic position of our specimens as P. lecomtei. The recorded species was distinguished by gregarious basidiomata, an infundibuliform resembling a funnel, violet during the immature stage to orangish brown in the mature pileus and ellipsoid basidiospore stages. Our specimens were distinguished from P. strigellus by having smaller basidiospores. It was difficult to separate P. lecomtei BO24428 from P. neostrigosus based on morphological characters. However, the BLAST results showed that specimen BO24428 had 99.56% similarity with P. lecomtei. In addition, our phylogenetic tree nested P. lecomtei BO24428 in the P. lecomtei clade. Morphological illustrations and a phylogenetic tree of P. lecomtei are provided. We suggest combining the morphological and molecular evidence in future studies of P. lecomtei from Indonesia
Fabrication and Characterization of Nylon 6 Fiber via Wet Spinning Method for Application as a Reinforcing Material for a Direct Dental Bridge Wijaya, Dissa Kirana; Djustiana, Nina; Faza, Yanwar; Cahyanto, Arief; Hardiansyah, Andri
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
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Abstract

Nylon is a biocompatible thermoplastic polymer that is well known for its excellent fracture resistance, making it suitable for fabricating fiber-reinforced composite (FRC)-based dental bridges. FRC is widely used in dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the structural and morphological characteristics of the nylon 6 fiber prepared using five different weights of nylon 6 dissolved in formic acid. The nylon 6 fiber was successfully fabricated via a simple wet spinning method using water as a coagulant. The fiber was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nylon 6 characteristics in the fiber in the form of N–H and C=O groups at a specific wave number. The differences in the diameter and morphological shape of the fiber were attributed to the nylon 6 different concentrations. Furthermore, the nylon 6 fiber can be used to produce cost-effective products and realize suitable characteristics for use as an alternative to traditional materials for fabricating direct dental bridges.
Effect of Calorie Restriction on the Expression of Sirtuin1 as an Antiaging Biomarker Penantian, Raya Makarim; Antarianto, Radiana Dhewayani; Hardiany, Novi Silvia
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
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Abstract

Calorie restriction (CR) is the most effective method for delaying aging and preventing the onset of age-related diseases. Sirtuins constitute a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent histone deacetylases. Their activity can be regulated by NAD+/NADH levels, which are influenced by nutrient intake, a variable acted upon by CR. This review elaborates on the link between CR and sirtuin1 (SIRT1). It retrieved articles from several sources, such as ClinicalKey, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. It discusses the up-to-date knowledge of how SIRT1 acts as a nutrient sensor and regulator of molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms include the control of the cell cycle, enhancing mitochondrial quality control, activating fatty acid oxidation, and stimulating anti-inflammatory effects. Disruptions in the aforementioned mechanisms are the basis of aging. CR increases the expression of SIRT1, which enhances the biogenesis and dynamics of mitochondria, resulting in an antiaging effect. In CR, SIRT1 is activated and stimulates different pathways, especially those related to mitochondrial activity and effectiveness, leading to an antiaging effect in collaboration with other antiaging biomarkers
Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Activity, and Potential Water Filter Application of Copper Oxide/Zeolite Composite Kamila, Elfa Aida; Abidin, Zaenal; Arief, Irma Isnafia; Trivadila, Trivadila
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
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Abstract

Detection of E. coli bacteria in water samples can indicate the presence of other bacterial contamination in feces. Bacterial contamination can be treated with antibiotics, but excessive use of antibiotics leads to the emergence of multiresistant bacteria. Therefore, alternative antibacterial agents must be explored. Copper ion/zeolite composite has been widely studied as an antibacterial agent. However, the released copper ions accumulate in water and are toxic to humans; this can be prevented by converting copper ions into copper oxides (CuO and Cu2O). In this study, copper oxide/zeolite composite is synthesized and characterized using the heating method, followed by evaluation of its effect, antibacterial activity, and potential application as a water filter. The results showed that heat treatment and combination of zeolite with copper did not change the composition of zeolite, rather impurities were reduced from natural zeolites. Antibacterial activity test against E. coli showed that the copper oxide/zeolite composite possessed good antibacterial activity and exhibited better potential as a water filter compared with copper/zeolite. The copper ion released from the synthesized materials was under 2 mg/L, indicating that it is safe for use provided the minimum contact between the sample and water for less than 20 min or 50–60 min.
In-silico Approach for Predicting the Inhibitory Effect of Home Remedies on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Thapa, Shankar; Biradar, Mahalakshmi Suresha; Banerjee, Janmajoy; Karati, Dipanjan
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
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Abstract

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 is an infectious disease caused by coronavirus and spreads through infected droplets inhalation. For the past 3 years, COVID-19 has become a global threat. Vaccinations are currently available and have FDA approval. During the recent pandemic, people adopted a psychological belief that home remedies (turmeric, ginger, garlic, and coriander) can prevent COVID-19. This research aimed to predict the covid-19 inhibitory activities by home remedies through an in-silico approach. The 24 bioactive constituents of four home remedies plants were downloaded from PubChem and subjected to molecular docking with the three important proteins responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties and toxicity of the constituents were also predicted with ADMETlab and ProTox-II software. Docking was performed with AutoDock Vina 1.5.7, and molecular interaction was visualized by Discovery studio visualizer 2021. In terms of binding energy, the active constituent present in turmeric powder (curcumin) showed the best binding interaction of ΔG = −6.8, 8.5, 8.7 kcal/mol with three different proteins Mpro (6LU7), S protein (6VXX), and ACE2 receptor protein (7P19), respectively. All the active constituents of turmeric powder have no toxicity and have suitable ADME properties. Along with curcumin and its derivatives, quercetin as an active constituent of garlic showed the best Covid-19 inhibitory effect with no toxicity. In conclusion, home remedies can prevent Covid-19 infection. In vitro animal study is required to validate these data
Pro-Apoptosis Activity of Pogostemon cablin Benth. Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma through the BCL-2 Inhibition Signaling Pathway: A Computational Investigation Syahraini, Aigia; Harnelly, Essy; Hermanto, Feri Eko
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
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Abstract

Resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy frequently emerges in the later stage of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumorigenesis. The decreased response of NPC to radiotherapy and chemotherapy occurs owing to the inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis by the B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) protein. Thus, inhibiting BCL-2 protein may become a powerful approach to eliminate NPC through apoptosis regulation. Meanwhile, Pogostemon cablin is reported to exhibit anticancer properties, but there are limited studies on its use for NPC treatment. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential bioactive compounds in P. cablin as anti-apoptosis BCL-2 protein inhibitors using in-silico approach. Natural compounds from P. cablin were retrieved from the KNApSAcK database and screened for inhibitory effects on BCL-2 protein via molecular docking coupled with molecular dynamics. It was found that apigenin, rhamnetin, and apigenin 7-(6″-p coumarylglucoside) showed potential inhibitory properties against BCL-2 protein based on binding affinity and interaction chemistry. The highest binding affinity was recorded for apigenin 7-(6″-p coumarylglucoside) at −9.9 kcal/mol, followed by rhamnetin and apigenin at −7.2 kcal/mol. These compounds are also bound to the inhibitory sites of BCL-2 and venetoclax, mainly by hydrophobic bonds and Van der Waals interactions. Nevertheless, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that apigenin 7-(6″-p-coumarylglucoside) had unstable conformation and binding to BCL-2. In summary, this study demonstrated that P. cablin has excellent potency as an alternative or complementary therapy against radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance of NPC, mainly through rhamnetin and apigenin.
Isolation of Lignin from Sugarcane Bagasse as an Adsorbent for Chromium Ion Berghuis, Nila Tanyela; Novianti, Nurul Fitri; Ratri, Paramita Jaya
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 27, No. 3
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The waste generated in metal coating and leather tanning industries contribute to water pollution owing to the use of Cr metal in production processes. The utilization of lignin from natural base materials in the form of bagasse can reduce unwanted waste from production processes and adsorb Cr ion waste. In this study, lignin was successfully isolated from bagasse waste and then carbonized and applied in Cr metal absorption. Lignin and lignin carbon as an absorbent were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ability of bagasse lignin and carbon lignin to absorb Cr ion waste was evaluated by monitoring mass fluctuation, contact time, and pH. The optimal conditions for adsorption were determined as follows: 0.015 g, 90 min, and pH 6. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich model, and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order model. Furthermore, adsorption thermodynamics showed that the reaction proceeded spontaneously, and the disorder degree increased in the adsorption system

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