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Global Focus
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 27234215     EISSN : 27769399     DOI : 10.21776/ub.jgf
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
Global Focus is a bilingual peer-reviewed journal that issues bi-annually in April and October. The Journal is managed and published by the Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya. Global Focus is an interdisciplinary journal that welcomes manuscripts of original empirical, analytic, and theoretical global studies. The purpose of Global Focus is to provide readers a broad, complex, and dynamic process of interactive decision-making that is continually evolving and responding to global political changes. The particular topics relevant to this Journal are international security, global political economy, global ethics and culture, transnational issues, and other related sub-fields. The Journal focuses on these main themes: - The rising of transnational actors/issues within global politics; - The alternative and beyond states perspective, and; - The interplay of global-local/international-domestic.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Politik dan Hubungan Internasional
Articles 91 Documents
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Save the Children’s Roles in Fulfilling Global Child Rights: Implementer, Catalyst, and Partnership Gabriela Kilau Gemilang
Global Focus Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2025.005.02.2

Abstract

ABSTRACT Save the Children, a major international non-governmental organization (INGO), in fulfilling global children's rights by applying David Lewis’s theoretical framework that categorizes INGOs as implementers, catalysts, and partners. This qualitative-descriptive study utilizes document analysis and literature review as its primary methodology. As an implementer, Save the Children delivers essential services in health, education, and emergency relief, including innovative programs to combat pneumonia and inclusive education models for marginalized children. As a catalyst, the organization drives policy reforms and advocates for the protection of children's rights globally through public campaigns and legislative engagement. As a partner, it establishes strategic collaborations with governments, international agencies, and local organizations to ensure program sustainability and inclusive participation. The findings demonstrate that Save the Children effectively integrates these three roles across multiple sectors to uphold child welfare and advance Sustainable Development Goal 4. Furthermore, this study highlights the organization’s capacity to navigate global-local dynamics and contribute to transnational development governance, positioning itself as a key actor in the international child rights regime.       Keywords: INGO, Save the Children, child rights, global development, transnational actors  
Sun Tzu in the Age of Autonomous Warfare: A Reinterpretation of Classical Strategy in the Landscape of Cyber and Autonomous Conflict Turnip, Hiras M. S.
Global Focus Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2025.005.02.6

Abstract

The resurgence of classical military strategy amid the rise of digital technologies and autonomous systems calls for a critical reinterpretation of foundational doctrines. This article revisits Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, focusing on three central principles namely deception, intelligence, and indirect strategy, in the context of contemporary conflict marked by cyber operations, artificial intelligence, and non-kinetic warfare. Using a qualitative approach grounded in literature review and theoretical-critical analysis, the study maps how these classical ideas have been transformed within modern digital battlefields, including algorithmic disinformation, predictive intelligence, and infrastructure sabotage. In addition, the study proposes a fourth, contemporary principle rooted in Sun Tzu’s logic of ambiguity: the manipulation of strategic uncertainty in environments shaped by data, digital noise, and algorithmic bias. The findings suggest that Sun Tzu’s principles not only persist but also evolve structurally in response to technological pressures. This research contributes to the modernization of Eastern strategic thought in the face of modern war’s complexity and emphasizes the need to balance classical wisdom with new ethical frameworks in the age of autonomy. It invites readers to reassess enduring strategic values in light of disruptive, rapidly evolving technologies.
Do Crude Oil Exports Drive Economic Output in Nigeria? A Trade Data Analysis (1999–2024) Adesanya, Ayodeji Peter
Global Focus Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2025.005.02.4

Abstract

This study analyses how crude oil exports influence economic output in Nigeria using a 26-year dataset from 1999 to 2024. The study addressed three main research questions to include the trends in the value and volume of crude oil exports, the quantifiable relationship between export performance and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the extent of economic dependence on crude oil exports. The study adopts a quantitative ex-post facto research design and employs trade data obtained through the United Nations (UN) Comtrade and Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) annual bulletins and GDP Data from the World Bank database for World Development Indicators. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regression. The findings reveal that the value and the volume of crude oil exports affect GDP, but the export value (measured in USD) correlates very strongly and consistently with economic output compared to the export volume (measured in kilograms). Also, vulnerability of the economy to changes in oil prices was reflected in the close correlation between GDP performance and export revenues. The negative GDP growth rate, particularly during oil price crashes in 2008/2009 and 2014-2016, highlights the macroeconomic weakness of Nigeria. The paper points to the structural dependence on oil, which continues even after a number of diversification policies. It concludes that a sustained economic growth will demand more than just a sound export performance, but a recalibration of the trade structure in Nigeria to become less dependent on crude oil.
Editorial Foreword Humanitarianism Re-Examined: The Structural, Strategic, and Security Dimensions of Human Welfare Editorial Team
Global Focus Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

The Politics of Extractivism: State Power and Business Interests on Coal Mining Industries in East Kalimantan, Indonesia and La Guajira, Colombia Khurun'in, Irza
Global Focus Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2026.006.01.1

Abstract

This article looks at the politics of coal mining in East Kalimantan in Indonesia and La Guajira in Colombia. The focus is on government power and business interests. In a Marxian theoretical framework, the study questions why coal mining persists in these regions and how government and business elites collaborate to exploit natural resources. The analysis is qualitative and comparative, with three main factors: government power, business interests, and local resistance movements. Documentary research and secondary sources are used to collect data on how coal extraction acts as an engine of economic growth at the same time as worsening social and environmental injustice. It stresses how these factors benefit global capitalist systems and spark resistance from marginalized communities. These two regions are compared throughout the research to increase the understanding of global extractivism patterns and their socio-political impact.
Utopian Idea of Political Project in Global South Nowadays: From Anti-Colonial Struggle to Economic Agenda Yunazwardi, Muhammad Iqbal; Facrurreza, Ahmad Mujadid; Ningsih, Sabda
Global Focus Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2026.006.01.2

Abstract

This article examines the shifting meaning of the Global South from its roots in anti-colonial political solidarity that embodied by the Bandung Conference and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), toward a predominantly economic agenda characterized by South-South cooperation initiatives like BRICS, NAASP, and G77+. Employing a qualitative method, this study analyzes historical documents, key literature, and institutional texts to trace the transformation of the Global South narrative across different geopolitical contexts. It argues that while these contemporary frameworks invoke the legacy of Bandung and Third Worldism, they largely fail to revive the original political project aimed at resisting neocolonialism and global inequality. Instead, such initiatives often reflect the pragmatic interests of sub-imperial powers like China and Russia, who tend to reproduce exploitative structures reminiscent of the Global North. The Bandung Spirit, once a symbol of decolonial solidarity and transformative political agency, has been reduced to rhetorical symbolism, with economic cooperation now shaped more by neoliberal imperatives than emancipatory goals. The article concludes that the contemporary Global South risks becoming a site of co-optation rather than liberation, lacking a substantive alternative to the dominant neoliberal global order
Discourse Analysis of Xenophobia and Identity Politics in Contemporary South Africa Awaliyah, Khofiyatul; Suharman, Yoga; Rahmahwati, Isti Nur
Global Focus Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2026.006.01.3

Abstract

This study analyzes how identity politics and the apartheid system inherited from the colonial regime are reproduced into systems of exclusion and inclusion by segments of the local South African community towards other African migrants. The study focuses on lived experiences, as well as discursive and social practices of xenophobia in the postcolonial South African context using structured online interview research methods combined with Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis and a postcolonial theoretical framework, particularly the concepts of othering (Edward Said) and mimicry (Homi K. Bhabha) used to examine the understanding and experiences of other African communities regarding intra-racial discrimination and racial violence. Data were collected through online interviews with 17 informants from South Africa and Sub-Saharan African countries, as well as textual analysis of policy documents and official reports. The findings reveal that xenophobia is reproduced through symbolic exclusion, identity categorization, and the legitimization of public discourse that revives colonial hierarchies and dispositions. Identity politics reflected in xenophobia functions as a symbolic mechanism to maintain the boundaries of national identity and contributes to intra-racial violence in postcolonial South Africa.
Documentary Film in Multitrack Diplomacy: The Case of “Semesta” in Indonesia–European Union Relations Al Fayzza, Fania Shafira; Putri, Zhaira Najla Salsabila; Simatupang, Helga Yohana
Global Focus Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2026.006.01.4

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study examines the practice of multilateral diplomacy within the framework of collaboration between Indonesia and the European Union through the medium of the “Semesta” documentary film. Multitrack diplomacy is positioned as an approach that involves various actors, ranging from states and international organizations to local communities and creative individuals, in building cross-cultural communication and interests. The “Semesta” documentary film case study shows that environmental issues, particularly climate change and local wisdom in natural resource management can serve as a bridge for diplomacy that transcends formal political and economic channels. Through a qualitative analysis of the multitrack diplomacy strategy in Indonesia and European Union collaboration, the study emphasizes the role of film as an instrument of cultural diplomacy that helps strengthen Indonesia's image as a country committed to sustainability. The results of the study show that multitrack diplomacy not only expands the space for interaction between actors but also opens up opportunities for creative collaboration that can represent universal values such as sustainability, solidarity, and global responsibility. Thus, the “Semesta” documentary film is a concrete manifestation of the multitrack diplomacy strategy in strengthening Indonesia-European Union relations through cultural and environmental narratives.    
The Role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Multilateral Diplomacy in Realizing the 2023 Riyadh Summit Mandate for Gaza Aziz, Azam Azzinnudin; Hidayatullah, Nur Luthfi
Global Focus Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2026.006.01.5

Abstract

This study examines how the Organization of Islamic Cooperation’s Arab–Islamic Ministerial Committee conducted multilateral diplomacy to implement the mandate of the Extraordinary Riyadh Summit in advocating an end to the war on Gaza in 2023. The Committee was established to carry out high-level diplomatic engagements with permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, including China, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States, to convey collective demands for a ceasefire, expanded humanitarian access, and the enforcement of International Humanitarian Law. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the study relies on documentation from official statements, joint communiqués, and international media reports related to these diplomatic visits. The analysis is guided by three key concepts: the role of international organizations, multilateral diplomacy, and mandate implementation, which are used to assess external responses and political support for the Committee's agenda. The findings illustrate that the Committee functioned as a diplomatic actor by coordinating unified messages, enhancing the legitimacy of humanitarian norms, and generating political pressure through multilateral channels. Overall, this study contributes to highlighting the role of non-Western international organizations in shaping diplomatic efforts towards conflict resolution.
Small Voices, Big City: Reconfiguring Urban Governance through Child Participation in Surabaya Hastira, Muhammad Fajhriyadi
Global Focus Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jgf.2026.006.01.6

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Child-Friendly Cities Initiative (CFCI) in Surabaya and the dynamics of children's participation in urban development. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis, involving policy makers, the Children's Forum, and local communities. Thematic analysis reveals the adaptation of global CFCI norms to the local context, increased meaningful participation of children, and challenges such as resource constraints and inter-sectoral coordination. The findings enrich the literature on norm localization and meaningful involvement, with implications for strengthening policies, replicable models in other cities, and the development of sustainable child participation.

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