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PCJN Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Published by Nusantara Scientific Medical
ISSN : -     EISSN : 29854040     DOI : 10.58549
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health
Journal that publishes Focus & Scope research articles, which include: Pharmaceutical Biology Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmaceutical Chermistry Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacy Microbiology Pharmacy This journal is published by the Nusantara Scientific Journal , which is published March, July, and November.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 43 Documents
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Formulation and Evaluation of Avocado Leaf Extract Cream Preparation (Persea americana Mill.) Sitanggang, Titin Krisdayanti; Yunus, Muhammad; Ginting, Astriani Natalia Br
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 03 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i02.106

Abstract

As the outermost organ of the body, the skin is vulnerable to disorders such as inflammation, infection, and irritation, necessitating the use of effective and safe topical preparations. Avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a cream preparation containing ethanolic extract of avocado leaves as a natural active ingredient. The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol and formulated into three concentrations: 10% (F1), 15% (F2), and 20% (F3). Evaluations included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and physical stability. The results showed that all formulations had a homogeneous appearance, characteristic color according to extract concentration, were odorless and tasteless. The pH values ranged within a safe range for skin application (4.83–4.90), and the best spreadability was observed in formulation F2. Increasing extract concentration tended to decrease spreadability due to increased viscosity. All formulations demonstrated good physical stability during cyclic stability testing. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that avocado leaf ethanolic extract can be effectively formulated into a stable, safe, and physically acceptable cream suitable for topical use.
Study of Administrative, Pharmaceutical, and Clinical Aspects of Hypertension Patient Prescriptions at Advent Hospital, Medan Saragih, Maria Lady; Simanjuntak, Nerly Juli Pranita; Novriani, Erida
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 03 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i02.111

Abstract

Hypertension is a common chronic disease requiring precise pharmacological management to prevent complications. Inappropriate prescriptions may lead to treatment failure or adverse events. This study aimed to evaluate the completeness of prescriptions for hypertensive outpatients at Advent Hospital Medan based on administrative, pharmaceutical, and clinical aspects. This descriptive retrospective study analyzed 303 prescriptions collected from January to March 2024. Evaluation criteria included patient and prescriber identity, dosage form, drug strength, usage instructions, indication accuracy, dosage accuracy, and potential drug interactions. Results showed administrative completeness was high, with 100% inclusion of most identity elements, but 0% for weight and height. Pharmaceutical completeness was suboptimal, with only 25.08% including dosage form. Clinically, all prescriptions were appropriate in terms of indication, dose, and timing, and showed no duplication. However, 88.11% of prescriptions contained potential drug interactions, with 68 major interactions identified. The most frequent were Amlodipine–Simvastatin and Spironolactone–Candesartan combinations. These findings indicate that while clinical accuracy was excellent, pharmaceutical documentation and interaction screening need improvement. Collaboration between prescribers and pharmacists is essential to enhance medication safety.
Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) Extract Combination in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Ndruru, Titi Marlina; Simanjuntak, Nerly Juli Pranita; Novriani, Erida
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 03 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i02.112

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often leads to kidney damage due to chronic hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. Garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) are traditional medicinal plants with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated the nephroprotective effect of their combined extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (metformin 500 mg/kg BW), and three treatment groups receiving extract combinations at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW. Blood glucose, urea, and creatinine levels were measured, followed by histopathological examination. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and other secondary metabolites. Although statistical analysis showed no significant difference in glucose, urea, and creatinine levels among groups (p > 0.05), the 200 mg/kg BW group exhibited the most favorable trends in reduced blood glucose (226.70 ± 89.70 mg/dL) and kidney biomarkers. These results suggest the combination extract may offer protective effects on kidney function in diabetic conditions, warranting further investigation.
Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in Typhoid Fever Patients at Mitra Sejati General Hospital Using the ATC/DDD Method Ndruru, Masiria; Simanjuntak, Nerly Juli Pranita; Lubis, Razoki
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 03 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i02.114

Abstract

The inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to negative consequences, including the development of resistance, worsening of patient conditions, and an increased burden on healthcare services. Therefore, evaluating antibiotic use through the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) method is essential to assess the rationality of therapy, particularly for typhoid fever cases, which remain highly prevalent in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the use of antibiotics in typhoid fever patients at Mitra Sejati General Hospital using the ATC/DDD method. This research was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design, utilizing patient health records of typhoid fever cases hospitalized from January to March 2024. A total of 72 patients were selected using purposive sampling and compared to WHO standards. The results showed that ceftriaxone (34.7%), levofloxacin (19.4%), and cefixime (16.7%) were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics. Based on the ATC/DDD method, only ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and cefadroxil met the WHO DDD standard, while the other seven antibiotics deviated from it. In conclusion, the majority of antibiotic use for typhoid fever patients at Mitra Sejati General Hospital did not comply with WHO standards, indicating the need to strengthen monitoring systems and promote education regarding the prudent and rational use of antibiotics in healthcare facilities
Analysis of the Relationship Between Attitude and Motivation and Medication Adherence Among Hypertensive Patients at Royal Prima General Hospital Medan Natalia, Desi; Novriani, Erida; Lubis, Razoki
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 03 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i02.115

Abstract

Hypertension remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with poor medication adherence being a key barrier to effective management. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between attitude and motivation with medication adherence in hypertensive patients at Royal Prima General Hospital Medan. A quantitative, cross-sectional approach was employed, involving 150 respondents selected via purposive sampling. Primary data were collected using validated questionnaires covering demographics, attitude, motivation, and medication adherence. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 through univariate and bivariate (Chi-square) methods. Results showed that 59.3% of respondents had a fair attitude, 44.0% had moderate motivation, and 75.3% adhered to their medication. Bivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between attitude and adherence (p = 0.000), and between motivation and adherence (p = 0.016). Patients with better attitudes and higher motivation demonstrated higher compliance with antihypertensive therapy. These findings highlight that psychosocial factors like attitude and motivation play critical roles in influencing patient behavior. Interventions targeting these behavioral dimensions could substantially improve treatment adherence and long-term health outcomes in hypertensive patients. Healthcare professionals should incorporate patient education and motivational strategies into hypertension management to foster sustained adherence.
Pharmacogenomic and Bioinformatic Insights into ACE Gene Variants and Their Influence on ACE Inhibitor Response in Hypertension Amukti, Danang Prasetyaning; Ria Indah Pratami; Ismyama, Dian Farida; Puspitasari, Ade; Herlina, Tetie
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 03 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i02.113

Abstract

Response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)-based antihypertensive therapy varies between individuals, which is largely influenced by genetic factors. The ACE gene has several polymorphisms that can affect enzyme levels and therapeutic efficacy. This study aims to explore the relationship between genetic variations in the ACE gene and response to captopril, lisinopril, ramipril, and enalapril in hypertensive patients. This study used a bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics approach by analyzing data from PharmGKB, Ensembl, and GTEx Portal. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed to evaluate their association with ACEI efficacy using a descriptive statistical approach. Results: Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ACE gene were found to be associated with response to ACEI. Variants rs4291 and rs1799752 were associated with captopril efficacy, where the AA genotype showed a decrease in the severity of renal failure. The rs1799752 variant was also associated with lisinopril and enalapril, with the DD genotype providing greater blood pressure reduction. In addition, rs4359 and rs4344 were correlated with the efficacy of ramipril, especially in the CC+TT and AA+GG genotypes. Genetic variation in the ACE gene plays a role in determining the response to ACEI therapy. Pharmacogenetic approaches have the potential to improve the efficacy and safety of antihypertensive treatment.
Comparison of Extraction Methods on Medicinal Plants from the Lauraceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceace, Piperaceace, Rubiaceace, Solanaceace, and Zingiberaceae Families Susanti, Julia; Fitri, Widya; Thaib, Cut Masyitah; Napitupulu, Muhammad Irianto; Pebriyandi, Fajar; Marbun, Eva Diansari
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 03 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i02.116

Abstract

Indonesia is recognized as the second most biodiverse country in the world after Brazil. The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is gaining popularity due to their proven health benefits and fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Several plant families, such as Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, and Solanaceae, are known to include species widely utilized in traditional therapies. This study aims to compare the extract yields obtained through maceration, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction methods from various medicinal plants. The extraction process used 96% ethanol as a solvent. The results revealed that extract yields varied significantly depending on the extraction method applied. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the choice of extraction method—maceration, percolation, or Soxhlet—significantly influences the extract yield obtained from different plant families.
Antihyperuricemia Effectiveness Test of Ethanol Extract of Kedondong Pagar Leaves (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.) Against Male White Rats (Ratus norvegicus) Nasution, Irma Suryani; Siregar, Anggie Patrisia; Br Ginting, Astriani Natalia; Kaban, Vera Estefania; Siagian, Roy Indrianto Bangar
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.137

Abstract

Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disorder caused by elevated serum uric acid levels that may progress to gout and other complications. Although synthetic drugs such as allopurinol are effective, their long-term use may cause adverse effects, thus alternative therapies derived from natural products are needed. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperuricemic activity of the ethanol extract of kedondong pagar leaves (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.) in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). An in vivo experimental study was conducted using potassium oxonate–induced hyperuricemic rats. The animals were divided into five groups: negative control (0.5% CMC), positive control (allopurinol 10 mg/kgBW), and three treatment groups receiving the ethanol extract at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW. Serum uric acid levels were measured before induction, after induction, and hourly up to six hours following treatment. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides in the extract. The results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of Lannea coromandelica leaves significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the 300 mg/kgBW dose showing the greatest effect and approaching the efficacy of allopurinol. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of kedondong pagar leaves has potential as a natural antihyperuricemic agent.
Analysis of Antalgin (Metamizole Sodium) in Generic Tablet Preparations Using Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Sulasmi, Sulasmi; Syarifudin, Aminah
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 2 No. 01 (2023): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v2i03.12

Abstract

Antalgin (metamizole sodium) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic widely used in pain management. Quantitative determination of antalgin in pharmaceutical preparations is essential to ensure patient safety and drug quality. This study aimed to determine the maximum absorption wavelength, establish a calibration curve, and quantify antalgin content in generic tablet preparations using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Standard solutions were prepared in 0.1 N HCl at concentrations of 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 μg/mL. The maximum absorption wavelength was determined at 255 nm. The calibration curve yielded a linear regression equation of y = 0.0271x + 0.0031 with a correlation coefficient r = 0.9994, satisfying the acceptance criterion of r ≥ 0.995. Quantitative analysis of six replicate samples yielded a mean antalgin content of 82.78% (range: 77.55–88.00%), which did not meet the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia VI requirement of 95.0–105.0%. The substandard content may be attributed to excipient interference, procedural errors, and improper storage conditions. UV spectrophotometry demonstrated acceptable linearity and precision for antalgin determination.
Physicochemical Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Citrus aurantifolia Lime Peel Ethanolic Extract from Kediri as Antibacterial Agent Putri, Luluk Aniqoh Meliana; Febrianto, Yahya
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 1 No. 03 (2023): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v2i02.13

Abstract

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle lime peel, widely discarded as agricultural waste in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia, is a promising source of bioactive compounds for antibacterial applications. Quality standardization of herbal materials is prerequisite for reproducible pharmacological activity, yet comprehensive physicochemical and microbiological characterization of lime peel simplicia from this region has not been reported. This study aimed to characterize the dried powder of C. aurantifolia lime peel collected from Kediri according to Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP) standards, including microbial quality parameters (Total Aerobic Plate Count/ALT and Mold-Yeast Count/AKK), and to conduct phytochemical profiling of both simplicia and the ethanolic extract. Lime peels were cleaned, dried at 40–50°C, powdered, and characterized for water content (8.64%), water-soluble extract (26.67%), ethanol-soluble extract (18.14%), total ash (5.62%), acid-insoluble ash (0.35%), ALT (3.5 × 10³ CFU/g), and AKK (1.2 × 10² CFU/g)—all within IHP requirements. Phytochemical screening detected alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids in both simplicia and extract. These findings establish a standardized pharmacognostic profile supporting the use of Kediri-sourced lime peel extract in evidence-based antibacterial research.

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