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PCJN Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Published by Nusantara Scientific Medical
ISSN : -     EISSN : 29854040     DOI : 10.58549
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health
Journal that publishes Focus & Scope research articles, which include: Pharmaceutical Biology Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmaceutical Chermistry Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacy Microbiology Pharmacy This journal is published by the Nusantara Scientific Journal , which is published March, July, and November.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 43 Documents
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Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans Hariman, Hariman; Maimunah, Siti; Marbun, Eva Diansari; Asfianti, Vivi
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.143

Abstract

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is a cultivated plant with medicinal properties, containing bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that are known to exhibit antibacterial activity. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus mutans pose significant clinical challenges due to antibiotic resistance and their association with nosocomial infections and dental caries, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of beetroot against MRSA (ATCC 43300) and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) using the disc diffusion method. Simplicia characterization revealed a water content of 13.15%, water-soluble extract of 42.5%, ethanol-soluble extract of 44.8%, total ash of 12.56%, and acid-insoluble ash of 1.81%. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. Antibacterial testing at concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/ml showed inhibition zones of 8.3, 8.7, and 11.5 mm against MRSA, and 7.5, 8.4, and 10.3 mm against S. mutans, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 125 mg/ml for both bacterial strains. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of beetroot possesses promising antibacterial activity ranging from moderate to strong category.
Determination and Validation of Nitrite and Nitrate Levels in Drinking Water from Various Sources in Medan City Using Visible Spectrophotometry Malau, Chienley P; Manik, Boy; Zai, Reni Durti
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.145

Abstract

The maximum allowable concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in drinking water are regulated by the Regulation of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. Variations in environmental conditions and agricultural activities may influence the levels of these contaminants in different water sources. This study aimed to determine nitrite and nitrate concentrations in drinking water obtained from several sources in Medan City. Eight samples were collected, consisting of municipally treated water from two drinking water companies, two well water samples, two commercially bottled water brands, and boiled well water. Quantitative analysis was performed using visible spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 536 nm with a Shimadzu UV mini-1240 spectrophotometer. Nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.0273 to 0.6452 mg/L, while nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.0148 to 3.9431 mg/L. All measured levels were below the maximum permissible limits. The validated analytical method demonstrated acceptable accuracy and precision, indicating its suitability for routine monitoring of drinking water quality. Differences in water source and management practices were found to influence nitrite and nitrate concentrations.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Ethanol Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Delile. against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus by Disc Diffusion Putri, Amalia Eka; Ginaris, Rifkarosita Putri; Indrayati, Lyna Lestari
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.146

Abstract

Diarrhea remains a major global health challenge caused by pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. African leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile.) contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids with recognized antibacterial properties. This study determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract of V. amygdalina prepared by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) at three extraction times (5, 15, and 30 minutes) against four diarrhea-causing bacteria using the disc diffusion method. Extraction yields were 8.8%, 10.45%, and 11.9% for UAE at 5, 15, and 30 minutes, respectively. Antibacterial testing at concentrations ranging from 300 to 1.56 mg/mL demonstrated predominantly moderate inhibition zones (5–10 mm), with some concentrations reaching the strong category (10–20 mm). The MIC for B. cereus and S. aureus was 1.56 mg/mL across all extraction times. For S. typhi, the MIC was 1.56 mg/mL (5 and 30 min UAE) and 12.5 mg/mL (15 min UAE). For E. coli, the MIC was 6.25 mg/mL (5 min UAE) and 1.56 mg/mL (15 and 30 min UAE). One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences among concentrations (p < 0.05). The 30-minute UAE produced the highest yield and generally superior antibacterial activity, supporting its selection as the optimal extraction condition. These findings highlight the potential of V. amygdalina ethanol extract as a natural antibacterial agent for diarrheal disease management.

Page 5 of 5 | Total Record : 43

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