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PCJN Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Published by Nusantara Scientific Medical
ISSN : -     EISSN : 29854040     DOI : 10.58549
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health
Journal that publishes Focus & Scope research articles, which include: Pharmaceutical Biology Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmaceutical Chermistry Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacy Microbiology Pharmacy This journal is published by the Nusantara Scientific Journal , which is published March, July, and November.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 43 Documents
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In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Citrus aurantifolia Lime Peel Ethanolic Extract against Propionibacterium acnes Putri, Amalia Eka; Negara, Sri Bintang Sahara Mahaputra Kusuma
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 1 No. 03 (2023): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v2i02.18

Abstract

Propionibacterium acnes (syn. Cutibacterium acnes) is the principal gram-positive anaerobe implicated in acne vulgaris through lipolysis, follicular obstruction, and pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. Rising antibiotic resistance among P. acnes strains necessitates plant-derived alternatives. This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrus aurantifolia lime peel ethanolic extract against P. acnes ATCC 6919 using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA). The extract was prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol from lime peels collected in Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia. Fourteen concentrations (0.5–150 mg/mL) were tested in triplicate. The MIC was established at 1 mg/mL with an inhibition zone of 7.23 ± 0.15 mm. Inhibition zones increased proportionally with concentration, reaching 12.20 ± 0.10 mm at 150 mg/mL. Positive control (tetracycline 30 µg) produced 31.13 ± 0.38 mm. Antibacterial activity is attributed to multi-target mechanisms of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins acting on the cell wall, membrane, DNA, and virulence enzymes of P. acnes. These findings support the development of lime peel extract as a natural anti-acne ingredient.
Suppression of Staphylococcus epidermidis Skin Wound Infection by Citrus aurantifolia Lime Peel Ethanolic Extract: A Concentration-Response Analysis Putri, Amalia Eka; Santoso, Arif; Ginaris, Rifkarosita Putri
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 2 No. 01 (2023): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v2i03.56

Abstract

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) that causes a spectrum of superficial skin infections including wound infections, folliculitis, and burn-associated skin sepsis, particularly through its capacity to form highly resistant biofilms. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) with polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-mediated biofilm has severely limited available therapeutic options. This study assessed the concentration-dependent bacteriostatic activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrus aurantifolia lime peel ethanolic extract against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA). Extract from lime peels sourced in Tulungagung, East Java was prepared by ethanol maceration. Fourteen concentrations (0.5–150 mg/mL) were tested in triplicate. The MIC was 1 mg/mL (inhibition zone 6.73 ± 0.06 mm). Inhibition zones increased progressively from 6.73 mm (MIC, 1 mg/mL) to 11.60 ± 0.35 mm (150 mg/mL), with the very strong threshold (>10 mm) first crossed at 70 mg/mL. Concentration-response linearity was confirmed (R² > 0.97). The positive control (tetracycline 30 µg) produced 28.17 ± 0.59 mm. These findings establish a pharmacological basis for incorporating lime peel extract into wound care and topical antiseptic formulations targeting S. epidermidis.
Pharmacodynamic Kill Kinetics and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of Citrus aurantifolia Lime Peel Ethanolic Extract: A Comparative Colony-Count Study against Two Skin-Associated Gram-Positive Pathogens Indrayati, Lyna Lestari; Huda, Choirul
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 2 No. 01 (2023): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v2i03.62

Abstract

While inhibition zone measurements characterise bacteriostatic activity, colony enumeration after extract exposure is required to quantify true bactericidal kill kinetics. This study determined the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), percentage colony reduction, log10 reduction, and surviving colony-forming unit (CFU) profiles of Citrus aurantifolia lime peel ethanolic extract against Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 across 14 concentrations (0.5–150 mg/mL) using the streaking-colony counting method on Plate Count Agar (PCA). Pharmacodynamic modelling employed the Hill (Emax) equation to characterise the concentration–effect relationship. Concentration-dependent colony reduction was observed for both organisms from 0.5 mg/mL. The MBC was 40 mg/mL against P. acnes (98.24% reduction; log10 reduction 1.99; 42 surviving CFU from N₀ 2391) and 50 mg/mL against S. epidermidis (98.80% reduction; log10 reduction 1.99; 30 surviving CFU from N₀ 2495). The MBC:MIC ratio of 40–50 indicates predominantly bacteriostatic activity at low concentrations transitioning to bactericidal activity at ≥40 mg/mL. Hill equation fitting yielded EC50 of 9.8 mg/mL (P. acnes) and 12.1 mg/mL (S. epidermidis). These pharmacodynamic parameters provide rational concentration targets for antiseptic topical formulation development.
Analysis of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Content in Novatrim Tablets Using Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry Wijiyaningsih, Dinda; Agustina, Sry
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 2 No. 01 (2023): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v2i03.72

Abstract

The accurate quantification of fixed-dose combination antibiotics is critical for ensuring therapeutic safety and efficacy. This study determined the content of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in Novatrim tablets using the UV multicomponent spectrophotometric simultaneous equation method with phosphate buffer pH 7 as solvent. Maximum wavelengths were established at 270 nm (SMX) and 275 nm (TMP). Absorptivity constants determined were: a¹SMX = 0.2601, a²SMX = 0.2113, a¹TMP = 0.2170, a²TMP = 0.1721 (mL·µg⁻¹·cm⁻¹). Six replicate analyses of Novatrim tablets yielded SMX contents of 3.12%–40.39% and TMP contents of 1.92%–76.16%, both below the Farmakope Indonesia VI acceptance criterion of 93.0%–107.0%. The structural basis for UV detection was elucidated: SMX absorbs through a benzene–SO₂–isoxazole conjugated chromophore with a para-aminophenyl auxochrome (–NH₂); TMP absorbs through a diaminopyrimidine–trimethoxybenzyl chromophore system with –NH₂ and –OCH₃ auxochromes. Subthreshold recoveries were primarily attributed to reference standard degradation compromising chromophore and auxochrome integrity, compounded by out-of-range absorbance measurements and high spectral overlap between the two analytes. This study highlights the critical importance of reference standard storage conditions in multicomponent UV spectrophotometric analysis.
Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Caffeine Content in Panadol® Caplet by UV-Vis Multicomponent Spectrophotometric Method Tarigan, Astiara V.; Retno
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 1 No. 03 (2023): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v2i02.82

Abstract

Panadol® Extra caplet is a fixed-dose combination analgesic-antipyretic preparation containing paracetamol (500 mg) and caffeine (65 mg). Quantitative determination of both active pharmaceutical ingredients is essential to ensure pharmaceutical quality, efficacy, and patient safety. This study applied the UV-Vis multicomponent spectrophotometric method to simultaneously determine paracetamol and caffeine content in Panadol® Extra caplets and to elucidate how the chromophore-auxochrome electronic structure of each analyte governs its characteristic UV absorption behavior. Standard solutions of paracetamol BPFI and caffeine BPFI were prepared in 0.1 N HCl. Maximum absorption wavelengths were determined by scanning 200–400 nm. Absorptivity constants were obtained at λ₁ = 240 nm and λ₂ = 270 nm. Concentrations in the sample were resolved via simultaneous linear equations derived from Lambert-Beer’s law, and three independent preparations were evaluated statistically. The maximum absorption wavelengths were 240 nm for paracetamol and 270 nm for caffeine, consistent with their respective chromophore-auxochrome systems: paracetamol’s strong p–π resonance-amplified π→π* transition and caffeine’s moderate hyperconjugation-driven π→π* band. Paracetamol recovery ranged from 91.47% to 97.64% (mean 94.56 ± 1.33%), meeting the Farmakope Indonesia VI requirement of 90.0%–110.0%. Caffeine recovery ranged from 67.06% to 82.11% (mean 74.59 ± 3.23%), falling below the pharmacopoeial threshold due to the weaker auxochromic contribution of N-methyl groups and proportionally greater excipient matrix interference at the low working concentration. UV-Vis multicomponent spectrophotometry is valid and reproducible for paracetamol determination in this fixed-dose combination but requires method modification, such as UHPLC or second-derivative spectrophotometry, to achieve pharmacopoeial-compliant caffeine assay.
Antioxidant Activity of Pineapple Peel (Ananas comosus L.) Ethanol Extract Using CUPRAC and FRAP Methods Sitepu, Debi Dinha Octora; Maharani, Maharani
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 3 No. 02 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i01.84

Abstract

Pineapple peel (Ananas comosus L.) is an agricultural by-product rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids that may possess significant antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract of pineapple peel using two complementary spectrophotometric methods: CUPRAC (Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). The extraction was performed by maceration method yielding 14.77 ± 0.52% extract. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, and terpenoids. Total phenolic content (TPC) was 68.42 ± 2.31 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) was 42.67 ± 1.84 mg QE/g. The CUPRAC method at 450 nm yielded a TEAC value of 312.5 ± 8.2 μmol TE/g, while the FRAP method at 593 nm yielded 198.4 ± 5.6 μmol Fe²⁺/g. EC50 values were 186.4 ± 6.3 μg/mL (CUPRAC) and 228.3 ± 7.4 μg/mL (FRAP), which were lower than vitamin C as positive control (89.7 ± 3.8 and 112.5 ± 4.2 μg/mL, respectively). Pearson correlation showed strong positive correlations between TPC/TFC and antioxidant activity (r = 0.9873 and 0.9645, p < 0.01). These results indicate that pineapple peel ethanol extract possesses moderate antioxidant activity attributable primarily to its phenolic and flavonoid content, warranting further studies on bioactivity-guided fractionation.
Cytotoxicity Test of Black Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) Ethanol Extract Using BSLT Method (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) Falah Rambe, Raudhotul; Ridwanto; H., Fathur Rahman; Daulay, Anny Sartika; Zulmairani
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.118

Abstract

Cancer is an abnormal condition of cells or a group of cells experiencing uncontrolled growth. In the last decade, the use of medicinal plants has tended to increase in line with the development of the herbal or traditional medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food and beverages. There are various kinds of plants that can be used as anti-cancer treatments, one of which is black garlic. Black garlic is an ingredient made from garlic at a certain temperature and humidity. The objective of this research was to determine the phytochemical content of black garlic and to evaluate its toxicity level (LC50) using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, by calculating the number of deaths of Artemia salina Leach larvae with Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) as the parameter. Black garlic extract variation, chemical content, characterization, and cytotoxicity tests were variables in the research. Black garlic contains several secondary metabolite compounds namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and steroids. The regression equation obtained was y = 1.5939x + 0.919, with an LC50 value of 363.2453 μg/mL. These results concluded that black garlic ethanol extract had a toxic effect on Artemia salina larvae.
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma longa Rhizome in Rodent Models Syarifudin, Aminah; Arsita, Cici
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.139

Abstract

Inflammation is a biological response to tissue injury or infection that often requires long-term management. Although synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are effective, their prolonged use may cause adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer natural alternatives. Curcuma longa L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa rhizome using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. An in vivo experimental study was conducted using male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The animals were divided into five groups: negative control (0.5% CMC), positive control (diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg BW), and three treatment groups receiving the ethanolic extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW. Paw edema was induced by carrageenan injection, and paw diameter was measured at 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours. Anti-inflammatory activity was expressed as the percentage of inflammation. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa significantly reduced inflammation compared to the negative control at all observation times. The 200 mg/kg BW dose exhibited the most effective and consistent anti-inflammatory activity, while a higher dose did not provide additional benefit. The ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa rhizome possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity, with an optimal effect observed at 200 mg/kg BW, supporting its potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.
Antibacterial Activity of n-Hexane Extract of Jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum) Peel Against Escherichia coli Siregar, Juni Yanti Peronika; Fitri, Nurya Syah; Wijiyaningsih, Dinda
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.140

Abstract

Jengkol peel (Archidendron pauciflorum) is a plant with medicinal potential, as it contains bioactive compounds such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids known to inhibit bacterial growth. Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with gastrointestinal tract infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of n-hexane extract of jengkol peel against Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method by measuring the diameter of inhibition zones formed around the paper discs. The results demonstrated that the inhibition zone at a concentration of 500 ppm had a diameter of 15.47 mm (Strong category). These findings confirm that n-hexane extract of jengkol peel (Archidendron pauciflorum) possesses the ability to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli.
Comparative Study of Separation Techniques for Multi-Component Organic-Inorganic Mixtures Using Extraction, Distillation, and Evaporation Dokduea, Jidapha; Meetpetchdee, Yanika; Somboonchai, Jidapha
PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara Vol. 4 No. 01 (2025): PCJN: Pharmaceutical and Clinical Journal of Nusantara
Publisher : CV. Nusantara Scientific Medical

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58549/pcjn.v3i03.142

Abstract

The separation and purification of chemical compounds from multi-component mixtures is a fundamental process in chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences. This study evaluated the effectiveness of liquid-liquid extraction, simple distillation, evaporation, recrystallization, and acid-base extraction techniques for separating four different ternary mixtures: (i) chloroform, methanol, and sodium acetate; (ii) salicylic acid, diethyl ether, and sodium chloride; (iii) benzoic acid, distilled water, and diethyl ether; and (iv) salicylic acid, ethanol, and distilled water. Each mixture was systematically separated using appropriate techniques based on differences in polarity, boiling point, and solubility. The results demonstrated that the percent error values varied considerably across different compounds and methods, ranging from 2.30% to 93.60%. Recrystallization and distillation showed higher accuracy for non-volatile solids and low-boiling-point liquids, respectively, while liquid-liquid extraction efficiency was influenced by polarity differences and procedural factors. These findings provide a comprehensive comparison of classical separation techniques applicable to pharmaceutical and chemical laboratory practice.

Page 4 of 5 | Total Record : 43

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