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Lex Journal : Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan
Published by Universitas Dr. Soetomo Surabaya
ISSN : 25812033     EISSN : 25809113     DOI : https://doi.org/10.25139/lex.v6i2
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Lex Journal is a scientific journal published by the Faculty of Law, Dr. Soetomo University which will be published regularly every six months. In July and December containing articles in the form of articles, studies, and research results. This journal is published as a forum to provide space for law and justice observers in their contribution to the development of law. Editors accept independent writings which can be in the form of articles, studies, and research results related to the field of law and justice, in Indonesian and English according to the writing style.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 225 Documents
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Climate-Induced Displacement and the Regulatory Void: Formulating Legal Protections for Environmental Refugees Ginanjar Wahyu Hariadi; Dul Kodir; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12756

Abstract

Climate change has emerged as an existential catalyst for human mobility, causing widespread environmental degradation, sea-level rise, severe drought, and extreme weather events that displace millions of individuals across international borders. Despite the escalating scale of this humanitarian crisis, individuals forced to migrate due to environmental disruption exist within a distinct legal limbo. International refugee law, fundamentally anchored in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, excludes climate-induced displacement from its protection criteria, which strictly require individualized persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion. This study investigates the governance vacuums surrounding environmental displacement and evaluates avenues for normative legal reform. Utilizing a qualitative normative-legal approach and comparative international law analysis, this research addresses two core discussion themes: first, the structural limitations of the 1951 Refugee Convention alongside the evolving jurisprudence of human rights-based non-refoulement obligations, specifically examining the landmark decision in Teitiota v. New Zealand and the restrictive legal doctrine of "imminence"; and second, the formulation of legal protection frameworks by assessing regional instruments—such as the African Union's Kampala Convention and Latin America's Cartagena Declaration—as functional blueprints for expanding complementary protections, establishing cumulative human rights returnability thresholds, and institutionalizing global normative standards.
Constitutionalizing Digital Sovereignty: State Control Over Data Infrastructure and Its Implications for Fundamental Rights Andi Syadi Pratama Putra; Abriantinus; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12757

Abstract

The digital transformation of global society has fundamentally reshaped the intersection between state authority, technological infrastructure, and individual rights. Historically conceptualized through physical land borders and territorial jurisdiction, state sovereignty is increasingly projected into cyberspace as governments seek to reassert control over data flows, physical network architecture, and digital service providers. This research paper examines the constitutionalization of digital sovereignty, critically analyzing how state control over data infrastructure impacts fundamental human rights. Utilizing a qualitative normative-legal research methodology integrated with comparative constitutional law analysis, the study addresses two core discussion themes: first, the theoretical, doctrinal, and infrastructural foundations of digital sovereignty, evaluating how states deploy data localization mandates, national domain filtering, and sovereign cloud initiatives to resist foreign platform dominance and digital colonialism; and second, the severe human rights implications of state-centric data infrastructure control, focusing on constitutional threats to privacy and freedom of expression. By examining empirical regulatory frameworks—most notably Indonesia's Ministerial Regulation No. 5/2020 on Private Electronic System Operators alongside broader international practices—this article illustrates how broad administrative take-down powers, mandatory backend access, and infrastructure blocking undermine democratic checks and balances. Ultimately, the paper argues for the imperative of digital constitutionalism, a normative framework that subjects state infrastructure control to strict judicial oversight, procedural due process, and the constitutional principle of proportionality.
Regulatory Sandboxes and Administrative Agility: Balancing Innovation Speed with Public Accountability in Emerging Tech Governance Musa Antipas Maarang; Yovan Iristian
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12758

Abstract

The rapid advance of emerging technologies—including artificial intelligence, decentralized financial platforms, and automated public decision-making systems—presents a fundamental pacing challenge for legal and administrative frameworks. Traditional statutory regulation, anchored in static ex-ante rules and deliberate legislative processes, struggles to adapt to algorithmic business models, giving rise to persistent regulatory lag. In response, administrative authorities globally have embraced regulatory sandboxes as premier instruments of experimental governance. By enabling firms to test novel applications under supervised, time-bound regulatory relief, sandboxes seek to foster administrative agility and reduce information asymmetries between regulators and market actors. However, substituting general statutory rules with administrative discretion creates severe tensions with core public law principles. This paper examines the governance dynamics of regulatory sandboxes across two central themes: first, the conceptual foundations and comparative typologies of sandboxes in balancing administrative agility with legal certainty; and second, the imperative of preserving public accountability, avoiding regulatory capture, and safeguarding baseline rights within experimental legal regimes. Synthesizing insights from administrative law and regulatory policy, this study demonstrates that sandboxes must not operate as Light-Regulation zones or informal liability shields. Instead, experimental governance requires a structured Accountability and Liability Protocol grounded in explicit statutory authority, mandatory supply-chain role mapping, non-waivable consumer protections, and rigorous supervisory transparency.
Penegakan Kode Etik Profesi Polri terhadap Pelanggaran Narkotika Aldri Afrilian; Hartoyo; Noenik Soekorini; Moh. Taufik
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12759

Abstract

Penelitian yuridis normatif ini menganalisis penegakan kode etik dan bentuk pertanggungjawaban anggota Polri yang melakukan penyalahgunaan narkoba. Menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, bahan hukum dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anggota Polri yang terbukti menyalahgunakan narkoba menghadapi dua jenis pertanggungjawaban sekaligus: pidana berdasarkan UU No. 35 Tahun 2009 dan etik berdasarkan Perpol No. 7 Tahun 2022. Proses penegakan kode etik dilakukan melalui tahapan pemeriksaan, pembuktian (seperti tes urine/lab, barang bukti, dan saksi), hingga penjatuhan sanksi oleh Komisi Kode Etik Profesi (KKEP), yang mencakup sanksi moral, demosi, hingga Pemberhentian Tidak Dengan Hormat (PTDH). Penjatuhan sanksi etik tersebut tidak menghapus pertanggungjawaban pidana. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa efektivitas penegakan hukum masih terhambat oleh faktor jiwa korsa berlebihan, kelemahan pengawasan, dan budaya organisasi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penegakan sanksi yang tegas dan transparan, tes narkoba berkala, serta penguatan pengawasan internal oleh Divpropam Polri.
Analisis Yuridis Peraturan Bupati Berau Nomor 16 Tahun 2018 tentang Penyelenggaraan Rumah Singgah Berdasarkan Teori Efektivitas Hukum Muhammad Yunus; Siti Marwiyah; Bachrul Amiq; Moh. Taufik
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12760

Abstract

Penyelenggaraan rumah singgah merupakan kewajiban pemerintah daerah dalam melindungi Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial (PMKS). Pemerintah Kabupaten Berau menetapkan Peraturan Bupati Berau Nomor 16 Tahun 2018 sebagai payung hukum pelaksanaannya, namun efektivitas dan kesesuaian substansinya dengan prinsip hukum administrasi negara perlu diuji secara yuridis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaturan hukum penyelenggaraan rumah singgah serta mengkaji substansi regulasi tersebut berdasarkan Teori Efektivitas Hukum. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Data dianalisis secara kualitatif menggunakan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier melalui pisau analisis Teori Kewenangan, Teori Sistem Hukum, dan Teori Efektivitas Hukum Soerjono Soekanto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Perbup Berau No. 16/2018 secara normatif telah memenuhi kewenangan daerah dalam menyelenggarakan urusan sosial. Namun, regulasi ini belum optimal dalam menunjang efektivitas hukum karena minimnya pengaturan terkait standar operasional prosedur (SOP), indikator kinerja, pengawasan, evaluasi, dan kanal pengaduan masyarakat. Selain itu, aspek struktur hukum memerlukan penegasan koordinasi antarlembaga, sementara sarana dan budaya hukum memerlukan penguatan regulasi. Disimpulkan bahwa Perbup Berau No. 16/2018 memerlukan revisi substansi agar lebih menjamin kepastian hukum, kemanfaatan, serta keadilan dalam perlindungan sosial PMKS di Kabupaten Berau.
Arbitration as a Medical Dispute Resolution Instrument: A Juridical Analysis within the Indonesian Legal System Julfianus Sembiring; Huzaimah Al-Anshori; Habibah Zulaiha
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12768

Abstract

Health development is an integral component of the state's mandate to realize public welfare and guarantee human rights, encompassing equitable access to high-quality healthcare services for all societal levels. However, its implementation frequently engenders disputes between medical practitioners and patients, often stemming from communicative misunderstandings or allegations of medical malpractice. While such medical disputes can be resolved through either litigation or non-litigation channels, the litigation process tends to precipitate structural issues, including evidentiary complexities, the public nature of court proceedings, and the irreversible rupture of the therapeutic relationship. Consequently, non-litigation dispute resolution via arbitration is deemed more efficient and humane, as it ensures confidentiality, accommodates arbitrators with specific medical expertise, and promotes restorative justice. Grounded in this context, the present study addresses two primary legal issues: (1) What are the procedural stages of medical dispute resolution through arbitration within the Indonesian positive legal system? and (2) What is the legal standing of arbitration as a medical dispute resolution mechanism under Indonesian positive law? This study aims to elucidate the procedural framework of medical arbitration and to analyze its legal position and relevance within the Indonesian legal architecture. Utilizing a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this research draws upon primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis is conducted through a comprehensive literature study to resolve the identified legal issues and formulate conclusions based on relevant doctrines and regulations.
Gaps in Cybersecurity Standards and the Evidentiary Weight of Electronic Mortgage Certificates: A Creditor Protection Perspective Thyrafi Amelia Putri; Bayu Sujadmiko; Ahmad Zazili; Rohaini; Yennie Agustin MR
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12778

Abstract

The digital transformation of land services through the Electronic Mortgage Certificate (HT-El) policy faces two fundamental juridical challenges that have not received adequate attention in existing regulations: the legal vacuum of cybersecurity norms and the dualism in evidentiary value. This research aims to (1) identify and analyze the vacuum of cybersecurity norms in HT-El services to formulate an appropriate liability concept, and (2) analyze the evidentiary value of HT-El Certificates in court execution processes and its implications for creditors' legal certainty. This study employs a normative legal research method utilizing conceptual, statutory, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that: (1) there is a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) in HT-El regulations regarding minimum security standards, liability mechanisms for system failures and hacking, and data recovery procedures, thus requiring the application of the strict liability principle for Electronic System Providers; (2) the evidentiary value of HT-El Certificates faces a dualism between normative recognition under the Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) Law and material obstacles due to the lack of harmonization with the Notary Public Office Law and the civil procedural law system, which potentially undermines creditors' legal certainty. This research recommends the issuance of a Supreme Court Regulation on electronic document evidence, the revision of the Notary Public Office Law to accommodate cyber notaries, and the formulation of technical cybersecurity standards by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN).
Application of Statutory Provisions in Proving the Crime of Maltreatment Resulting in Death: A Case Study of Case Number B2031/Q.1.10/Eoh.2/09/2023 Pati Suat; Julianus Edwin Latupeirissa; Reimon Supusepa
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 4 (2026): December (In Progress)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i4.12782

Abstract

The offense of maltreatment resulting in death constitutes a criminal act that poses challenges in determining the appropriate statutory qualification, particularly in distinguishing between maltreatment resulting in death, severe maltreatment resulting in death, and homicide. This issue is closely related to proving the elements of maltreatment, intent (dolus), the consequence of death, and the causal relationship between the offender's act and the victim's death. This study aims to analyze the evidentiary proof of the elements of maltreatment resulting in death and to examine the application of Article 351 paragraph (3) of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) to such criminal acts. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statute approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources collected through library research and supported by field research data. The legal materials were analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively, systematically, and logically. The findings indicate that the evidence in the case fulfilled the elements of intentional violence and a causal link between the defendant's acts and the victim's death. However, based on the characteristics of the act, the targeting of the victim's head, the use of a hard object, and the construction of the perpetrator's intent, a stronger legal basis exists to consider the application of Article 354 paragraph (2) of the KUHP rather than Article 351 paragraph (3) of the KUHP. Although the Panel of Judges imposed a sentence under Article 351 paragraph (3) of the KUHP, this statutory qualification warrants critical examination, as the intent to commit severe maltreatment can be inferred from the method, instrument, and target of the defendant's actions.
Legal Challenges Regarding Deepfakes in the Forgery of Electronic Ratu Sakinatun Najah; I Gede AB Wiranata; Kasmawati; Bayu Sujadmiko; Sepriyadi Adhan S
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12783

Abstract

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has given rise to a new threat in the legal sphere, namely deepfakes. The emergence of deepfake technology as a sophisticated form of digital forgery poses serious legal challenges, particularly regarding the position of electronic evidence in the judicial process. This technology enables the creation of electronic evidence—such as audio, images, or videos—that appears highly authentic yet is entirely fabricated or manipulated. This study aims to analyze the legal challenges posed by deepfakes concerning the validity and verifiability of electronic evidence within the justice system. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings indicate that deepfakes generate complex legal challenges. These primarily concern: (1) Authenticity and Integrity Aspects, where the boundary between genuine and fabricated evidence becomes blurred; (2) Evidentiary Aspects, particularly in meeting statutory standards for valid electronic evidence; and (3) Procedural Law Aspects, manifesting in the difficulties faced by judges and litigating parties in examining the authenticity of deepfake evidence in court. This research concludes that the existing legal framework, including the Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) Law, remains inadequately equipped to address the vulnerabilities exploited by deepfake technology. Therefore, strengthening regulations, establishing technical standards for digital forensic verification, and enhancing the capacity of law enforcement agencies are imperative to confront these challenges.
Reconstruction of Law Enforcement in Realizing Substantive Justice from a Progressive Legal Perspective Laura Purnama; Rifan Saputra; Jhodi Irpandi
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12794

Abstract

This study analyzes the obstacles hindering substantive justice in Indonesian law enforcement and formulates a reconstruction of law enforcers' roles through Satjipto Rahardjo's progressive law perspective. It employs normative legal research using a library research approach, examining concepts, principles, and theoretical arguments on progressive law, drawing on Rahardjo's thought and literature on substantive justice, legal positivism, and law enforcement reform. Legal materials were analyzed using interpretive, inductive-deductive, and conceptual comparison techniques. Findings show that law enforcement in Indonesia remains trapped in a legal-positivistic paradigm oriented toward formal legal certainty, failing to deliver substantive justice, particularly for vulnerable groups. Three main obstacles were identified: the elitist and exclusive character of the legal system, which restricts ordinary people's access to justice; the dominance of legal-positivistic thinking among law enforcement officers, reducing them to mere "mouthpieces of the law"; and systemic judicial disparity arising from judicial discretion exercised without adequate moral or social consideration. Based on these findings, the study formulates a reconstruction of law enforcers across three interrelated dimensions requiring simultaneous implementation: structural (institutional independence, oversight, and accountability), substantive (regulatory harmonization and progressive interpretation grounded in justice, expediency, and Pancasila values), and cultural (moral integrity, interpretive courage, and social empathy). The study concludes that comprehensive reconstruction across these three dimensions is essential for law enforcers to transform from mere executors of statutory text into creators of justice, capable of proportionally balancing state, societal, and individual interests.

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