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Lex Journal : Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan
Published by Universitas Dr. Soetomo Surabaya
ISSN : 25812033     EISSN : 25809113     DOI : https://doi.org/10.25139/lex.v6i2
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Lex Journal is a scientific journal published by the Faculty of Law, Dr. Soetomo University which will be published regularly every six months. In July and December containing articles in the form of articles, studies, and research results. This journal is published as a forum to provide space for law and justice observers in their contribution to the development of law. Editors accept independent writings which can be in the form of articles, studies, and research results related to the field of law and justice, in Indonesian and English according to the writing style.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 225 Documents
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Public Shareholders as Unsecured Creditors: Is It Fair? An Overview of the Indonesian Legal System Kukuh Leksono Suminaring Aditya; Widhayani Dian Pawestri; Hilda Yunita Sabrie; Nola Afiona Kumala; Dinda Ajeng Puspanita; Tazkia Nanini
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12801

Abstract

Under Indonesian Company Law, public shareholders' legal position during corporate insolvency and liquidation is highly precarious. Currently, shareholders effectively act as unsecured creditors with the lowest priority, relying solely on residual bankruptcy estates after all senior obligations are fulfilled. Employing a normative legal research method, this study analyzes the legal vulnerabilities of public shareholders facing company dissolution. The analysis evaluates key statutory provisions—specifically Articles 52, 142, and 150—which dictate that shareholders acquire 'creditor' status only upon liquidation and may even face judicial clawbacks of distributed funds to satisfy unpaid debts. Ultimately, this research finds that treating passive retail public shareholders the same as active controlling shareholders is fundamentally inequitable. The study concludes that this uniform treatment as unsecured creditors violates the principles of distributive justice, highlighting the need for a more nuanced legal framework to protect retail investors.
Ethical and Criminal Boundaries of AI-Assisted Research Data Falsification by Lecturers Hendra Lesmana; Abdi Fahmil Hidayat
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12809

Abstract

This article examines the boundary between academic ethical violations and criminal liability in AI-assisted research data falsification by lecturers. The problem arises because the use of Artificial Intelligence in academic research may support scholarly productivity, but may also be misused to fabricate or falsify research data. This study uses normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and criminal-law doctrinal approaches. The article argues that AI-assisted research data falsification should first be assessed as a violation of academic integrity, particularly fabrication or falsification under Indonesian academic integrity regulations. However, such misconduct does not automatically constitute a criminal offense. Criminal liability may arise only when the act satisfies strict doctrinal parameters: intent, the legal function of the document, unlawful benefit, harm or legal consequence, and fulfillment of specific criminal elements. The article proposes a proportional model to prevent over-criminalization of academic misconduct while preserving the possibility of criminal law intervention in serious cases involving forged documents, fraud, electronic document manipulation, or state financial loss.
Bureaucratic Reform in Regional Governance: Implementing the I-Mut System for Civil Servant Transfers in East Lombok Baiq Karina Dwi Putri; George Towar Ikbal Tawakkal; Rina Yulianti
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12810

Abstract

This study analyzes the implementation of Civil Servant transfers through the Integrated-Mutasi (I-Mut) system at the Human Resources and Personnel Development Agency (BKPSDM) of East Lombok Regency. Before I-Mut was implemented, the transfer mechanism relied on manual administration, resulting in limited file tracking, frequent short-term employee transfers, and vulnerability to informal interventions. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach based on George C. Edwards III's policy implementation theory (communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure) and was conducted directly at the BKPSDM of East Lombok Regency. The results indicate that integrating I-Mut with the National Civil Service Agency's (BKN) State Civil Apparatus Information System (SIASN) successfully provides digital footprints (audit trails) and standardized verification points. Nevertheless, its implementation still faces constraints, including outdated SIASN baseline data, central network disruptions, a limited number of administrators, and uneven understanding among local government agencies. Mitigation efforts are conducted through multi-layered verification, independent data updating, and the utilization of staff review instruments. The novelty of this research demonstrates that I-Mut functions as an administrative defense mechanism for local bureaucracies to fortify merit system regulations against informal pressures. In conclusion, the digitalization of transfers strengthens bureaucratic accountability, but the substantial enforcement of the merit system ultimately relies on data accuracy and the moral commitment of the implementers.
Kedudukan Kecerdasan Artifisial dalam Hukum Perjanjian di Indonesia Alsefin Patricia Yahya; M. Syahrul Borman; Vallencia Nandya Paramitha
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12813

Abstract

Perkembangan Kecerdasan Artifisial telah membawa perubahan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk dalam aktivitas penyusunan, peninjauan, dan pengelolaan perjanjian. Pemanfaatannya memberikan efisiensi, kecepatan, dan kemudahan dalam mendukung proses kontraktual, tetapi juga berpotensi menimbulkan permasalahan hukum apabila keluaran yang dihasilkan mengandung kesalahan atau menyebabkan kerugian bagi para pihak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan Kecerdasan Artifisial dalam Hukum Perjanjian di Indonesia serta pertanggungjawaban hukum atas penggunaannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dengan metode berpikir deduktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kecerdasan Artifisial dalam Hukum Perjanjian di Indonesia berkedudukan sebagai sarana teknologi yang digunakan oleh manusia atau badan hukum, bukan sebagai subjek hukum maupun pihak dalam hubungan perjanjian. Kecerdasan Artifisial tidak dapat memikul hak, kewajiban, maupun pertanggungjawaban hukum secara mandiri. Pertanggungjawaban hukum atas penggunaannya dibebankan kepada subjek hukum yang memiliki hubungan hukum, dengan penentuannya didasarkan pada hak dan kewajiban para pihak, bentuk pelanggaran, serta hubungan kausal antara perbuatan dan kerugian yang timbul. Dengan demikian, pertanggungjawaban hukum ditentukan berdasarkan peran dan hubungan hukum masing-masing pihak sesuai dengan KUHPerdata dan hukum positif Indonesia.
Akibat Hukum Pengambilan Keputusan Medis Tanpa Persetujuan Langsung dari Pasien Nucky Indra Praja; Nur Handayati; Muhammad Yustino Aribawa; Vallencia Nandya Paramitha
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No S2 (2026): Special Issue
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10iS2.12820

Abstract

Persetujuan tindakan medis (informed consent) merupakan manifestasi penghormatan terhadap otonomi dan hak asasi pasien dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Namun, dilema hukum timbul ketika pasien tidak mampu memberikan persetujuan secara langsung, seperti pada kondisi tidak sadar, anak di bawah umur, atau penderita gangguan jiwa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis rezim pengaturan hukum di Indonesia terkait informed consent bagi pasien yang tidak kompeten, serta implikasi yuridis bagi tenaga medis dan keluarga atas pengambilan keputusan medis tanpa persetujuan langsung. Penelitian hukum normatif ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi di Indonesia melegitimasi pemberian izin oleh wali sah atau keluarga terdekat, serta memberikan ruang emergency exception bagi tenaga medis untuk bertindak tanpa persetujuan demi penyelamatan jiwa. Kendati demikian, penyimpangan prosedur tetap berimplikasi pada pertanggungjawaban perdata, pidana, maupun administratif bagi tenaga medis, serta risiko penyalahgunaan kewenangan oleh keluarga. Oleh karena itu, pembaharuan kejelasan standar operasional prosedur (SOP) sangat diperlukan guna menjamin perlindungan hukum yang seimbang bagi semua pihak.
The Relationship Between Nusantara Capital City (IKN) and the Central Government from a Constitutional Law Perspective: Between Asymmetric Decentralization and Administrative Centralization Resti Kurnia; Imam Hakiki
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12827

Abstract

The relocation of the State Capital to Nusantara Capital City (IKN) brings consequences for constitutional design and the relationship between the central and regional governments. This study aims to analyze the position of IKN within Indonesia's constitutional structure and to assess whether the IKN Authority governance model reflects asymmetrical decentralization or administrative centralization. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study is supported by an analysis of Constitutional Court decisions and relevant literature. The findings indicate that the design of the IKN Authority differs from the practice of asymmetrical decentralization known in Indonesia. The position of the Authority—being directly accountable to the President, the absence of a Regional House of Representatives (DPRD), and the non-utilization of electoral mechanisms for appointing the head of government—demonstrates strong central government control. This configuration places IKN closer to administrative centralization than to asymmetrical decentralization. Therefore, strengthening accountability mechanisms, oversight, and guarantees of popular sovereignty is necessary to ensure that the governance of IKN remains aligned with the principles of a democratic state based on the rule of law.
The Right to an Effective Remedy for Victims of Gross Human Rights Violations in Aceh: Reconstructing the State’s Obligations Under International Human Rights Law Teuku Muhammad Al Arkhan
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12828

Abstract

The fulfilment of the rights of victims of gross human rights violations in Aceh cannot be assessed solely through isolated truth-seeking mechanisms or standalone reparations. This study examines the construction of the right to an effective remedy under international human rights law and evaluates its implementation for victims in Aceh. Employing a normative legal method, the research utilises statutory, treaty, and conceptual approaches to analyse international human rights instruments alongside the national and local regulatory frameworks governing the Aceh Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The findings indicate that an effective remedy encompasses both procedural and substantive dimensions, including access to competent mechanisms, investigations, accountability, truth-seeking, adequate reparations, and guarantees of non-recurrence. While the Aceh TRC has successfully advanced truth-seeking, victim recognition, and the identification of reparation needs, the integration among truth, reparation, accountability, and the execution of recommendations remains severely inadequate. Conceptualising this deficiency as a "fragmented remedy," this study proposes reconstructing state obligations through an integrated, victim-centred model. This framework prioritises victims' rights within the coordination of local and national mechanisms to ensure the holistic realisation of truth, justice, reparations, and guarantees of non-recurrence.
Legal Regulation of Working Hours and Minimum Wage in Fulfilling Workers’ Rights in Ambon City Tiara Islamiati Tuny; Marthinus Johanes Saptenno; Merlien Irene Matitaputty
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 4 (2026): December (In Progress)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i4.12829

Abstract

The fulfillment of workers’ rights to working hours and the minimum wage constitutes an integral component of labor law protection guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and applicable labor regulations. The regulation of working hours and the minimum wage is fundamentally aimed at providing legal certainty, preventing worker exploitation, and guaranteeing a decent living for workers. However, in practice within Ambon City, issues regarding the fulfillment of these rights persist. For instance, workers in the Free Nutritious Meal (Makanan Bergizi Gratis or MBG) program in Ambon City work up to 12 hours a day without receiving overtime pay, while employees at PT Milion Limbah receive wages of only around IDR 200,000 to IDR 300,000 per month, which is significantly below the Ambon City Minimum Wage (UMK). This condition highlights a gap between legal regulations and their implementation in industrial relations. This study employs a normative legal research method utilizing a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The legal materials comprise primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, which were analyzed by correlating them with justice theory, legal effectiveness theory, law enforcement theory, as well as relevant legal principles and norms. The findings indicate that the legal regulation of working hours and the minimum wage normatively possesses a solid legal foundation under the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023, and their implementing regulations. Nonetheless, the fulfillment of workers’ rights in Ambon City has not been substantively realized. Based on the analysis of justice and legal effectiveness theories, a gap between legal norms and practice persists, driven by weak labor inspection, limited supervisory personnel and facilities, weak bargaining power among workers, and a legal culture wherein the public tends to remain passive in reporting violations. Therefore, strengthening labor inspection to be more proactive, enhancing protection for workers in informal and project-based employment relationships, and formulating wage policies that better account for the economic conditions and characteristics of archipelagic regions like Ambon City are necessary.
Marital Property Distribution after Death in Baktiya, Aceh: KHI and Gender Perspectives Muhammad Zikri; Sukiati; Nurcahaya
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12830

Abstract

Distinguishing marital property from inherited assets following the death of a spouse poses significant challenges, particularly when settlements are resolved through informal customary deliberation. This study investigates the customary distribution of marital property post-bereavement in Baktiya, North Aceh, evaluating its alignment with the Indonesian Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) and its broader implications for gender equity. Employing a socio-legal qualitative methodology, primary data were gathered via in-depth interviews with key informants—including widows, community leaders, and a Sharia Court judge—supplemented by normative analysis of statutory materials. Findings indicate that asset distribution is predominantly mediated through familial deliberation, bypassing formal judicial processes. Consequently, perspectives on determining marital shares vary significantly, ranging from egalitarian division to allocations based on economic contribution. Widows reported that joint assets were often depleted for household maintenance, leaving primarily premarital or inherited estates. This frequently leads to the conflation of marital property with the deceased's estate, a practice that diverges from KHI guidelines, which strictly mandate the segregation of marital property prior to inheritance distribution. Furthermore, from a gender perspective, women’s socio-economic security is determined not merely by their quantitative inheritance share, but by their agency, access, and decision-making power over family assets. The study concludes that formalizing the identification of property status within customary frameworks is imperative to safeguard the legal and economic rights of surviving spouses.
Formulation of Sanctions for Natural Resource Corruption Through Ta'zir and Maqasid al-Shariah Audi Lestari Sihotang; Noor Azizah
Lex Journal: Kajian Hukum & Keadilan Vol 10 No 3 (2026): September
Publisher : Faculty of Law, University of Dr. Soetomo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25139/lex.v10i3.12831

Abstract

This research is motivated by the disparity between the characteristics of corruption in the natural resources sector—which causes multidimensional impacts, including ecological and social losses—and the formulation of sanctions within the Law on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption, which remains dominated by an orientation toward state financial losses. This normative legal research, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, aims to formulate an ideal sanction framework from the perspective of Islamic criminal law. The findings indicate that corruption in the natural resources sector is categorized as jarimah ta’zir, whose substance can be analogized (qiyās) to the concepts of ghulul, risywah, and khianat. The ideal formulation of sanctions according to Islamic criminal law not only retains positive legal sanctions to generate a deterrent effect but also integrates restorative and ecological dimensions based on the principle of ta’zir flexibility and maqāṣid al-syarī'ah (ḥifẓ al-māl and ḥifẓ al-nafs). In conclusion, expanding the orientation of sanctions to encompass the obligations of environmental rehabilitation and the restoration of community rights is crucial to realize substantive justice, prevent harm (mafsadah), and safeguard the sustainability of natural wealth for present and future generations.

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