Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
The MOLEKUL is dedicated to fostering advancements in all branches of chemistry and its diverse sub-disciplines. It aims to publish high-quality research encompassing a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biological Activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry. By providing a platform for rigorous scientific inquiry and dissemination of knowledge, the journal strives to contribute to the understanding, innovation, and practical applications of chemistry in various fields. We encourage submissions that explore new methodologies, elucidate fundamental principles, address pressing challenges, and demonstrate the potential for real-world impact. Our journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, and perspectives from researchers, scholars, and professionals across the global scientific community, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and the advancement of chemical sciences. The scope of this journal encompasses a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on advancing knowledge and innovation in the following areas: 1. Theoretical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry: This includes theoretical studies, computational modeling, and experimental investigations related to chemical reactivity, molecular structures, spectroscopy, and the environmental fate and impact of chemicals. 2. Materials Synthesis for Energy and Environmental Applications: The journal welcomes research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials for energy storage, catalysis, solar energy conversion, pollution mitigation, and sustainable environmental technologies. 3. Isolation, Purification, and Modification of Biomolecules: Manuscripts addressing the isolation, purification, and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with their applications in areas such as biotechnology, drug discovery, and diagnostics, are of particular interest. 4. Fabrication, Development, and Validation of Analytical Methods: The journal encourages submissions focusing on the development and optimization of analytical techniques, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Topics may include method validation, sample preparation, quality control, and applications in diverse fields.
Articles
237 Documents
<![CDATA[Optimization of Extraction Conditions to Enhance Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity İn Orthosiphon Aristatus Leaves ]]>
<![CDATA[Febriyanto, Dimas]]>;
<![CDATA[Setyawati, Inda]]>;
<![CDATA[Ambarsari, Laksmi]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurcholis, Waras]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.16820
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Orthosiphon aristatus (Java tea) is a medicinal plant known for its high polyphenol content and antioxidant properties. Unlike previous studies that focused solely on solvent type or temperature, this study simultaneously optimizes temperature and pH extraction parameters to achieve maximal bioactive compound recovery. This study aimed to optimize extraction parameters—temperature and pH—to enhance polyphenol yield and antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of Java tea leaves. Samples were extracted at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 80 °C (pH 7) and pH levels from 2 to 6 (at room temperature). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined to quantify polyphenol levels, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using four complementary in vitro assays: DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC. The highest TPC (9.68 mg GAE/g DW) and TFC (6.53 mg QE/g DW) were observed at 70 °C and 80 °C, respectively. Maximum antioxidant activities were observed at 70–80 °C and pH 2–3, with peak values of 102.71 µmol TE/g DW (ABTS), 101.9 µmol TE/g DW (FRAP), and 56.12 µmol TE/g DW (CUPRAC). A strong correlation was found between phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. These findings highlight the critical role of extraction conditions in maximizing the biofunctional potential of O. aristatus and support its application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulations. The study provides a scientific basis for developing standardized extraction protocols to improve functional ingredient consistency in herbal product development. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, extraction optimization, Orthosiphon aristatus, pH effect, temperature]]>
<![CDATA[Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, and Metabolite Profiling of Kalanchoe Ceratophylla Haw. Leaf Ethanol Extract ]]>
<![CDATA[Luthfiyanti, Rohmah]]>;
<![CDATA[Elya, Berna]]>;
<![CDATA[Hanafi, Muhammad]]>;
<![CDATA[Manalu, Lamhot Parulian]]>;
<![CDATA[Maryana, Erma]]>;
<![CDATA[Rahman, Taufik]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.17066
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Kalanchoe ceratophylla Haw. is a species from the Crassulaceae genus known for its various pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, due to the high contents of flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and metabolite profiling of ethanol extracts from K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves. The study utilized K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves, which were pre-identified and authenticated. Extraction was performed using maceration with 70% and 95% ethanol as solvents. The leaves were dried at 40 °C and freeze-dried at -20 °C to -30 °C. The metabolite profiles of the extracts were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The HR-MS and GC-MS analyses confirmed the presence of antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolics in the extract. The findings indicate that the drying method and solvent type significantly influence the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content varied from 1.37±0.59 to 5.23±0.87 mg GAE/mL extract, the total flavonoid content varied from 4.26±0.05 to 12.33±0.19 mg QE/g extract, and the antioxidant activity varied from 1.07±0.04 to 3.03±0.18 mg/mL. Based on these results, the ethanol extract of K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves demonstrate significant potential as a source for medicinal applications. The optimal extraction condition in this study was maceration with 95% ethanol, followed by freeze-drying, which produced the highest levels of antioxidant and flavonoid content. Future research should investigate the clinical implications and potential pharmaceutical formulations derived from K. ceratophylla Haw. Keywords: Antioxidants, K. ceratophylla Haw. leaf extracts, metabolite profiling, total flavonoids, total phenolics]]>
<![CDATA[The Initial Screening of Heavy Metal Adsorption on Highly Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks based on MIL-101(Cr), Ethylenediamine-modified MIL-101(Cr), and MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 ]]>
<![CDATA[Dendy, Dendy]]>;
<![CDATA[Lestari, Witri Wahyu]]>;
<![CDATA[Anshori, Isa]]>;
<![CDATA[Rahardjo, Sentot Budi]]>;
<![CDATA[Pramono, Edi]]>;
<![CDATA[Saraswati, Teguh Endah]]>;
<![CDATA[Wibowo, Fajar Rakhman]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.17186
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental issue with detrimental effects on ecosystem and human health. Therefore, comprehensive handling need to be carried out. Herein we studied initial screening adsorption of heavy metals including Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb using Metal-Organic Frameworks class of Materials Institute Lavoisier (MIL) based on Cr(III). MIL-101(Cr), and its modification with ethylenediamine (EA), and MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 were prepared under hydrothermal condition. X-ray diffraction and FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of the targeted materials. A new absorption band at 1050 cm-1 corresponds to vibration of C-N which indicates the successful EA modification into MIL-101(Cr). Nitrogen sorption isotherm measurement revealed MIL-101(Cr) and EA@MIL-101(Cr) have a specific surface area of 2548.6 and 2079 m²/g with micropore-sized, while MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 has a specific surface area of 1583.4 m²/g with micro and mesopore-sized. Adsorption performance was assessed through batch experiments monitored by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results show that MIL-101(Cr) and its modification with EA exhibit higher adsorption capacities on cadmium and nickel metal ions, compared to MIL-101(Cr)-NH2. Meanwhile, MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 and MIL-101(Cr) show more dominant adsorption capabilities on zinc and copper ions compared to the EA-modified MIL-101(Cr). This result suggests that the material's porosity still plays a dominant role in the adsorption processes compared to amine functionalize group on MIL itself. Keywords: adsorption, chromium(III), heavy metals, MOF, MIL]]>
<![CDATA[Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from T. catappa Linn Fruit Flesh Fractionated using Continuous Column chromatography ]]>
<![CDATA[Widyaningsih, Senny]]>;
<![CDATA[Chasani, Moch.]]>;
<![CDATA[Rastuti, Undri]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurhandayani, Santi]]>;
<![CDATA[Azahra, Silena]]>;
<![CDATA[Pratiwi, Salma Yuni]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.17276
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Terminalia catappa L. is traditionally used as antioxidant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotector, vermifuge, anticancer and antidiabetic. Especially the flesh of T. catappa fruit has potential as an antioxidant. There has been no research that conducts a fractionation process using column chromatography to find antioxidant active fractions from fruit flesh of T. catappa. Therefore, this research aims to find the antioxidant active fraction of the fruit flesh T. catappa. The research steps began with the extraction process using methanol and continued with fractionation using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction (with antioxidant activity IC50 = 246.3 ppm) was subjected to the first column chromatography with a gradient of increasingly polar eluents. The fractionation results obtained 4 subfractions with the highest antioxidant activity found in subfraction 3 (FG3) with IC50 = 81.9 ppm containing phenolic, flavonoids, and terpenoids compounds. FG3 was fractionated again using second column chromatography. The fractionation results obtained 2 subfractions with antioxidant activity IC50 = 76.936 ppm (FG1P) and 82.745 ppm (FG2P). FG1P contains phenolic secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids of the isoflavone class. The results provide information that the compounds acting as antioxidants in T. catappa fruit flesh are flavonoids presumably from the isoflavone class. The discovery of flavonoid compounds that act as antioxidants in T. catappa fruit flesh can be developed in the pharmaceutical industry. Keywords: Antioxidant, fruit flesh, Lisoflavone, T. catappa]]>
<![CDATA[Rice Husk Ash-Derived Magnetized Silica Functionalized with TMPDT for Heavy Metal Ion Removal ]]>
<![CDATA[Hastuti, Sri]]>;
<![CDATA[Irfani, Hasna Haifa]]>;
<![CDATA[Nuzula, Rifania Aura]]>;
<![CDATA[Saraswati, Teguh Endah]]>;
<![CDATA[Masykur, Abu]]>;
<![CDATA[Purnawan, Candra]]>;
<![CDATA[Wibowo, Atmanto Heru]]>;
<![CDATA[Fitriana, Dina]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.17837
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. The removal of toxic heavy metal ions from water remains a critical environmental challenge. In this study, a novel magnetized mesoporous silica adsorbent functionalized with N1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) diethylenetriamine (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@meso-SiO2@TMPDT), synthesized from rice husk ash, was developed for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions. The characterization of the adsorbent by FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TGA confirmed the successful synthesis of magnetized and TMPDT-functionalized silica derived from rice husk ash (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@meso-SiO₂@TMPDT). The adsorption study consists of the determination of optimum pH, the adsorption kinetics study, and the adsorption isotherm. Batch adsorption studies showed that the optimal pH values for Cd(II) and Pb(II) adsorption were 4 and 3, respectively. The adsorption kinetics for both metal ions followed a pseudo-second-order model. Furthermore, the adsorption isotherms fitted both the Langmuir and the Freundlich models with comparable R² values. The maximum adsorption capacities (Qₘ) of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@meso-SiO₂@TMPDT for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 28.089 and 24.498 mg/g, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the developed adsorbents offer an effective and sustainable approach for heavy metal removal from aqueous systems. Keywords: adsorption, heavy metal ions, magnetized silica, rice husk ash, TMPDT]]>
<![CDATA[Physicochemical Characterization and Chemical Profiling of Essential Oils from Mountainous Zingiber Species in Vietnam ]]>
<![CDATA[Nguyen Thi, Minh Tu THI MINH]]>;
<![CDATA[My Chau, Le Thi]]>;
<![CDATA[Thang, Tran Dinh]]>;
<![CDATA[Thao, Nguyen Thi]]>;
<![CDATA[Ngoc Thu, Tran Thi]]>;
<![CDATA[Le Hang, Hoang Thi]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.17848
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT: This study aims to characterize and compare the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of essential oils derived from seven indigenous Zingiber species collected from mountainous regions of Vietnam, with the goal of supporting species differentiation and quality assessment. Essential oils were evaluated through integrated physicochemical characterization and chemical profiling. Key quality indicators, including optical rotation, refractive index, density, acid value, and ethanol solubility, were determined according to national standards. Chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified a total of 80 volatile compounds across all samples, with monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the predominant classes. Major constituents varied markedly among species, with citronellal (up to ~30%), β-pinene (>20%), γ-terpinene and 1,8-cineole (collectively up to ~30%), and α-pinene (>50% in some species) representing the dominant compounds. Significant variation in both physical and chemical parameters among species enabled effective discrimination and revealed distinct chemical markers such as β-pinene, γ-terpinene, zingiberene, citronellal, and nootkatone. The results provide species-specific chemical fingerprints useful for differentiation and quality assessment of Zingiber essential oils. Although pathway-based clustering analysis was beyond the scope of this study, the findings contribute to the development of traceability frameworks and support the valorization of Vietnamese mountainous ginger resources in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications. Keywords: Essential oil, ginger, quality index]]>
<![CDATA[Assessing Vinblastine and Proline Contents in Catharanthus roseus Cultivated on Inceptisol under Water Stress ]]>
<![CDATA[Susanto, Simbar Sulanjari]]>;
<![CDATA[Utami, Sri Nuryani Hidayah]]>;
<![CDATA[Hanudin, Eko]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.18939
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Catharanthus roseus, formerly known as ornamental plant, has now been explored for its potentials as medicinal herb. One of the secondary metabolites produced, namely vinblastine, has been widely used to treat some human cancers. In addition, as the relatively high tolerance to drought, the plant species could produce proline, which plays important role in maintaining cellular osmotic pressure in an adverse condition. This study aims to assess the profiles of vinblastine and proline in C. roseus cultivated on inceptisol under water stress in combination with the applications of Zwavelzure Ammonium (ZA) fertilizer and rice husk biochar (RHB). A Split Plot Design was employed involving three treatments, namely water stress as the main plot and the combination of ZA fertilizer and RHB as the subplot. Three levels of the respective treatment were applied, namely 0, 2 and 4 days without watering; 0; 1.19 and 2.38 g/polybag of ZA fertilizer; and 0, 100 and 200 g/polybag of RHB. The results showed that the highest vinblastine content of 2,516.46 µg/g was obtained in the combination of 4 days without watering, 1.19 g/polybag ZA fertilizer and 200 g/polybag RHB. Meanwhile, the highest proline content of 31.62 µmol/g was found in the applications of 4 days without watering, 2.38 g/polybag ZA fertilizer and 0 g/polybag RHB. The supporting agronomic parameters revealed the best responses in the applications of daily watering, 2.38 g/polybag ZA fertilizer and 200 g/polybag RHB. It can be concluded that the production of vinblastine increases with the higher levels of water stress, ZA fertilizer and RHB, while that of proline increases with only the higher water stress and RHB. ZA fertilizer and RHB applications are shown to increase soil fertility, while daily watering optimizes the growth of C. roseus. Key words: Catharanthus roseus, inceptisol, proline, vinblastine, water stress]]>
