Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
The MOLEKUL is dedicated to fostering advancements in all branches of chemistry and its diverse sub-disciplines. It aims to publish high-quality research encompassing a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biological Activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry. By providing a platform for rigorous scientific inquiry and dissemination of knowledge, the journal strives to contribute to the understanding, innovation, and practical applications of chemistry in various fields. We encourage submissions that explore new methodologies, elucidate fundamental principles, address pressing challenges, and demonstrate the potential for real-world impact. Our journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, and perspectives from researchers, scholars, and professionals across the global scientific community, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and the advancement of chemical sciences. The scope of this journal encompasses a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on advancing knowledge and innovation in the following areas: 1. Theoretical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry: This includes theoretical studies, computational modeling, and experimental investigations related to chemical reactivity, molecular structures, spectroscopy, and the environmental fate and impact of chemicals. 2. Materials Synthesis for Energy and Environmental Applications: The journal welcomes research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials for energy storage, catalysis, solar energy conversion, pollution mitigation, and sustainable environmental technologies. 3. Isolation, Purification, and Modification of Biomolecules: Manuscripts addressing the isolation, purification, and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with their applications in areas such as biotechnology, drug discovery, and diagnostics, are of particular interest. 4. Fabrication, Development, and Validation of Analytical Methods: The journal encourages submissions focusing on the development and optimization of analytical techniques, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Topics may include method validation, sample preparation, quality control, and applications in diverse fields.
Articles
237 Documents
<![CDATA[Adsorption Study of Crystal Violet Using Natural Zeolite of Indonesia ]]>
<![CDATA[Hasanah, Aulia]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.11029
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Indonesia has a lot of Natural Zeolite potential, one of which is Ende’s natural zeolite(EZ) from Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, which is known to have the main components of mordenite, clinoptilolite, and quartz. EZ can be used as an adsorbent for Crystal Violet(CV) dye waste, which is often used as a dye in the textile industry, veterinary medicine, and dermatology, that can be teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic. EZ were then tested under three conditions: 100 mesh size(EZ), nano-modification with planetary milling using alumina balls (200 rpm/12 hours)(EZN), and recrystallization(EZM). Each EZ were characterized by XRF, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and Zeta Potential measurements. Optimum conditions for CV adsorption using 0.01 gram of each EZ were achieved at pH 6 and a contact time of 90 min using a volume of 10 mL solution, with the batch method. The CV adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model and the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 151.327 mg/g and an R2 value = 0.9635 for EZ, 74.166 mg/g and an R2 value = 0.9128 for sample EZN and a capacity the maximum adsorption was 311.357 mg/g and the R2 value = 0.9752 for sample EZM. The thermodynamic study indicated that the process was spontaneous and endothermic and that the degree of orderliness of the system increased. Keywords: Adsorption, Crystal Violet, Mechanochemistry, Natural Zeolite.]]>
<![CDATA[Synthesıs and in Sılıco Studıes of 1,3,5-Trıaryl-2-Pyrazolıne Derıvatıves Contaınıng Chloro Substıtuent and Pyrrolıdıne Moıety ]]>
<![CDATA[Jasril, Jasril]]>;
<![CDATA[Iktiarudin, Ihsan]]>;
<![CDATA[Ulhukmi, Nisa]]>;
<![CDATA[Novianty, Riryn]]>;
<![CDATA[Syaifullah, Mhd Muslim]]>;
<![CDATA[Frimayanti, Neni]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.11084
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Pyrazoline is a well-known group of five-ring heterocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms that has a wide range of promising biological activities. The aim of this research is to synthesize 1,3,5-triaryl-2-pyrazoline derivatives with chloro substituent and pyrrolidine moiety and to explore their potency as inhibitors for cervical cancer. The synthesis was performed through three-steps reactions. Firstly, synthesis of chlorinated naphthalenyl chalcones through Claisen-Schmidt condensation. Secondly, synthesis of chlorinated naphthalenyl pyrazolines through nucleophilic addition of phenylhydrazine to the chalcone and followed by intramolecular cyclization. Thirdly, synthesis of pyrazoline derivatives by adding the pyrrolidine moiety through O-alkylation reaction. Then, the in silico studies through molecular docking, ADME profiling, and toxicity prediction were performed to explore the potency of the synthesized compounds as inhibitors of cervical cancer by inhibiting the activity of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) (PDB ID: 4I5I). The structure of all pyrazoline derivatives (4a-4c) were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis including UV, FT-IR, HRMS, and NMR. Based on the docking study, compound 4a with binding free energy of -12.59 kcal/mol exhibited better potency as SIRT-1 inhibitor than previously reported inhibitor (EX527). Then, based on the ADME profiling and toxicity prediction, it can be concluded that compound 4a exhibited reasonable drug properties with low toxicity potency (predicted LD50 = 1000 mg/kg). Keywords: : Cervical cancer, molecular docking, pyrazoline-pyrrolidine, pyrazoline synthesis, sirtuin-1]]>
<![CDATA[Carbon Electrode and Buleleng Seawater in Degrading the Leachate in Bengkala Village of Buleleng Regency by Using Electro-Oxidation Techniques ]]>
<![CDATA[Wiratini, Ni Made]]>;
<![CDATA[Lasia, I Ketut]]>;
<![CDATA[Rakhman, Khusna Arif]]>;
<![CDATA[Cipta, Indra]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.12130
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. This research aims to study the effectiveness of using carbon electrodes and Buleleng seawater in degrading leachate through electro-oxidation techniques. Electro-oxidation is a waste processing technology that cannot be biologically degraded, has high efficiency and degradation speed, is easy to operate, has low cost, and is environmentally friendly. Leachate is taken from the dumping ground in Bengkala village of Buleleng Regency. The volume of leachate used was 50 mL. The influence of the surface area of the electrode, the distance between electrodes, voltage, contact time, and the amount of seawater were also studied. All treated leachates were then measured for COD, DO, absorbance, BOD, and pH. The results showed that Buleleng sea water contains chlorine ions 16.862 g/L. COD, DO, absorbance, BOD, and pH of leachate before electro-oxidation 38.763x103, 0, 17.1, 0, and 9 mg/L respectively. The surface area of the electrodes, the distance between electrodes, voltage, contact time, and the amount of seawater used were most effective in degrading leachate in 10.551 cm2, 3 cm, 13.5 volts, 1.5 hours, and 560 mL respectively. Keywords: Buleleng seawater, carbon electrodes, degrading leachate, electro-oxidation technique]]>
<![CDATA[Optimization of the epoxidation reaction of Calophyllum inophyllum oil-based epoxy ]]>
<![CDATA[Suhendra, Dedy]]>;
<![CDATA[Sudirman, Sudirman]]>;
<![CDATA[Murniati, Murniati]]>;
<![CDATA[Handayani, Sri Seno]]>;
<![CDATA[Iswari, Ni Kadek Suardani]]>;
<![CDATA[Gunawan, Erin Ryantin]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.12176
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Epoxy is synthesized through an epoxidation reaction, namely the oxidation of double bonds by active oxygen to form an oxirane ring. Generally, epoxy is synthesized from petroleum-derived raw materials which are non-renewable energy sources. Vegetable oils which contain unsaturated bonds can be used as alternative raw materials for producing epoxy. In this research, Calophyllum inophyllum oil (the local name is nyamplung), which is a non-edible and non-commercial vegetable oil, was used as a feedstock in the preparation of epoxy. Epoxidation takes place in situ, namely performic acid which reacts with nyamplung oil is produced from the reaction between HCOOH and H2O2, and is catalyzed by sulfuric acid simultaneously. The indicators in this epoxidation reaction are the oxirane oxygen content (OOC) and the relative conversion to oxirane (RCO). The optimum epoxidation conditions obtained are duration of epoxidation of 6 h, ratio of oil:HCOOH:H2O2 is 1:3:4 (mole/mole), and epoxidation temperature of 45 °C. The product was characterized using FTIR and NMR. Keywords: Calophyllum inophyllum oil; epoxidation; epoxy; oxirane oxygen content]]>
<![CDATA[Synthesis, in Vitro Studies of Monocarbonyl Curcumin Analog Compounds Against Breast Cancer Cells and Normal Vero Cells, and In Silico Studies on Protein Variation ]]>
<![CDATA[Astuti, Endang]]>;
<![CDATA[Rahmawati, Widya]]>;
<![CDATA[Sulistya, Rahmawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Chabib, Ircham Nur]]>;
<![CDATA[Wahyuningsih, Tutik Dwi]]>;
<![CDATA[Raharjo, Tri Joko]]>;
<![CDATA[Mardjan, Muhammad Idham Darussalam]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.13888
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. The research aims to synthesize monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin (MAC) and evaluate their anticancer activity. The synthesis was carried out by sonication method through Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction using base catalysts, namely potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. Characterization of the compounds was carried out using TLC Scanner, ATR-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Monocarbonyl analog of curcumin compounds A, B, and C have been successfully synthesized with purity of 91.13; 95.82; and 87.57%, respectively. The resulting compounds are yellow solids and have good yields. The monocarbonyl analog of curcumin compounds were then tested for cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells (T47D, MCF-7, and 4T1) and normal cells (Vero). Pharmacokinetic prediction and toxicity (ADMET) was performed using an online site (pkCSM). Monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin compounds were predicted to have a better pharmacokinetic profile compared to curcumin. Molecular docking was carried out using Autodock Vina to determine the interaction of curcumin and monocarbonyl curcumin analog compounds with EGFR, Bcl-2, and p53 mutants. Based on molecular docking, the proposed monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin generally exhibit lower binding affinities that curcumin and form specific interactions with amino acid residues inf target proteins. Keywords: Claisen-Schmidt condensation, molecular docking, monocarbonyl analog of curcumin.]]>
<![CDATA[Characterization of Palm Oil Mill Fly Ash Based Adsorbent as Bleaching Agent of Crude Palm Oil ]]>
<![CDATA[Pelita, Elda]]>;
<![CDATA[Desniorita, Desniorita]]>;
<![CDATA[Nirmala, Dyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Youfa, Rita]]>;
<![CDATA[Jayanti, Regna Tri]]>;
<![CDATA[Sahaq, Anang Baharuddin]]>;
<![CDATA[Permadani, Resi Levi]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.14061
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. The palm oil industry generates significant waste, including fly ash (FA) from palm oil mill boilers, which poses environmental challenges. This study investigated the potential of FA as an alternative adsorbent for the bleaching of crude palm oil (CPO) and compared its performance with commercial bleaching earth (BE). FA was activated thermally at 400°C and chemically using 1.5 M oxalic acid solution to enhance its adsorption capacity. The results showed that chemically activated FA (FA 1.5 M) and thermally activated FA (FA 400°C) reduced the CPO color from 20 Red (R) to 16-17 R, meeting the industrial standard for degummed bleached palm oil (≤ 17 R). The bleaching efficiency of FA 1.5 M was comparable to that of BE under identical conditions (120 °C and 1.5% w/w adsorbent), demonstrating its practical applicability as an alternative bleaching agent. Characterization results showed that FA 1.5 M had a higher silica (SiO₂) content (77.13%) than FA 400°C (72.46%) and BE (52.01%), along with increased surface area and pore size. FTIR analysis confirmed the adsorption of organic components from CPO onto the activated FA surface, while SEM analysis revealed that chemical activation produced a rougher surface morphology with larger pore diameters. Heavy metal concentrations in both activated FA adsorbents were within safe limits for food applications. Furthermore, BET analysis confirmed that FA 1.5 M exhibited a mesoporous structure with improved adsorption isotherms compared to untreated FA. The study showed that FA particularly FA 1.5 M, shows strong potential as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable alternative adsorbent in the CPO bleaching process. Keywords: Adsorbent, Bleaching earth, Crude palm oil, Fly ash]]>
<![CDATA[Evaluation of Pyrolysis Temperature and Time on The Quality Improvement of Calliandra Wood Charcoal Briquettes as An Alternative Energy Source ]]>
<![CDATA[Murda, Rio Ardiansyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Pasaribu, Try Vista Ulina Br]]>;
<![CDATA[Wahyuningrum, Maeda]]>;
<![CDATA[Zen, Muhammad Rizky]]>;
<![CDATA[Maulana, Sena]]>;
<![CDATA[Rinaldi, Nino]]>;
<![CDATA[Maulana, Muhammad Iqbal]]>;
<![CDATA[Munawaroh, Khoryfatul]]>;
<![CDATA[Lizardi, Fathi]]>;
<![CDATA[Faedloni, Akbar Ash Shiddiqi]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.14411
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) wood is a promising biomass feedstock due to its abundance and high calorific value. This study investigated the effects of pyrolysis temperature (400 °C and 500 °C) and residence time (30 and 60 minutes) on the quality of calliandra charcoal briquettes. Biomass was carbonised, mixed with 15% cassava starch binder, pressed, and oven dried. The briquettes were evaluated for yield, density, moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, combustion rate, and structural changes. Results showed that all parameters except yield were significantly influenced by temperature and time. FTIR analysis revealed increased aromatisation at higher pyrolysis conditions, while XRD indicated reduced cellulose crystallinity and the emergence of calcite and silica phases. The briquettes exhibited densities of 0.62–0.63 g/cm³, moisture contents of 2.14–2.73%, ash 3.55–4.91%, volatile matter 16.32–25.11%, fixed carbon 68.60–76.63%, calorific values 7,856–7,978 cal/g, and combustion rates 0.08–0.09 g/min. The condition of 400 °C for 30 minutes offered the most balanced performance, while 500 °C for 60 minutes yielded the highest carbonisation and energy content. These findings highlight that moderate pyrolysis conditions can produce efficient, high-quality briquettes with low energy input. Keywords: Biomass, calliandra wood, energy, pyrolysis, wood charcoal briquettes]]>
<![CDATA[Endoscope-Based Digital Image Colorimetry for Nitrite Quantification in Processed Meats ]]>
<![CDATA[Halim, Giovania]]>;
<![CDATA[Wangsawijaya, Valerie]]>;
<![CDATA[Gondowardojo, Grace Renata]]>;
<![CDATA[Tjahjono, Martin]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.14528
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. This study introduces a novel digital image colorimetry (DIC) approach for quantifying nitrites in processed meats, specifically sausages, to meet the demand for more accessible and cost-effective testing methods in food safety. By utilizing a custom-designed, 3D-printed imaging box to ensure standardized experimental conditions and incorporating an endoscope as the image sensor to reduce variations caused by smartphone camera specifications, the DIC method enhances the accuracy and reliability of analysis. The method achieved comparable accuracy to the Griess spectroscopy method (average error <5%) while providing significant advantages in portability, affordability, and accessibility for on-site nitrite concentration monitoring. Validation against the Griess spectroscopic technique demonstrated consistent results in quantifying nitrites in both commercial sausages and standard samples. This study highlights the utility of the DIC method as a viable tool for routine nitrite testing in the food industry, supporting consumer safety and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, the proposed approach paves the way for broader applications in food safety and analytical chemistry. Keywords: 3D-printed device, digital image colorimetry, endoscope sensor, food safety monitoring, Griess analysis, nitrite quantification]]>
<![CDATA[Antioxidant Activity of Stannous Complexes Containing Amide Functionality ]]>
<![CDATA[Thomas, Raji]]>;
<![CDATA[Pardasani, Pushpa]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.14935
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Oxidative stress induced by free radicals is closely associated with aging and various degenerative diseases, prompting the search for efficient antioxidant systems. Metal chelation is known to enhance the biological activity of organic ligands by altering their electronic and redox characteristics. In this study, penta- and tetra-coordinated stannyl complexes of N,N′-bis(2-pyridyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide (H₂L₁) and N-(pyridine-2-yl)picolinamide (HL₂) were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Penta and tetra coordinated stannyl derivatives of N, N'-Bis(2-pyridyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide (H2L1) and N-(pyridine-2-yl)picolinamide (HL2) have been synthesized by the reported procedure and selected for the antioxidant studies. The free radical scavenging activity of ligands and the metal complexes have been analyzed by means of their interaction with stable free radical 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The molecular structures and electronic properties of complexes and the mechanism involved in the scavenging activity were well analyzed by GAUSSIAN 03 suit of programs. Keywords: Amide complexes, computational, DPPH, free radical]]>
<![CDATA[Mixed Natural Rubber Latex and Co2SiO4/SiO2 Derived from Silica of Oil Palm Leaves and Cobalt Nitrate ]]>
<![CDATA[Yudha S, Sal Prima]]>;
<![CDATA[Adfa, Morina]]>;
<![CDATA[Istiqphara, Swadexi]]>;
<![CDATA[Reagen, Muhamad Alvin]]>;
<![CDATA[Sutanto, Teja Dwi]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 21 No 1 (2026) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.16369
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Cobalt nitrate solution is combined with oil palm leaf powder to produce a semisolid mixture. The resulting mixture is heated in a furnace at 500 °C for 5 h, producing a grey powder. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the product showed distinct peaks at 2θ values of 31.2°, 36.8°, 44.8°, 59.2°, and 65.1°, which were consistent with the presence of Co₃O₄/SiO₂. When a similar mixture was heated at 1000 °C for 5 h, a purple powder containing Co₂SiO₄/SiO₂ was obtained. XRD patterns of this material contained peaks at 2θ values of 25.4°, 32.2°, 34.1°, 35.6°, 36.5°, 52.2°, and 62.3°, which corresponded with Co₂SiO₄. The latter product was selected for further analysis, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy which identified characteristic absorption bands at 588 cm⁻¹ and 672 cm⁻¹, alongside additional peaks at 817 cm⁻¹ and 1117 cm⁻¹, reflecting the formation of cobalt silicate. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of cobalt (20.7%), silicon (14.0%), and oxygen (45.5%), alongside minor quantities of other elements, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed irregularly shaped, non-spherical particles with some aggregation and a cloudy network. Following characterization, the synthesized cobalt silicate was applied as a colorant in natural rubber latex. Preliminary observations suggest that it functioned effectively as a colorant and remains stable during extended storage. Keywords: Cobalt silicate, cobalt oxide, oil palm leaf (OPL), rubber latex, silica.]]>
