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Law and Justice
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 25498282     EISSN : -     DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.23917/laj
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
Law and Justice is a peer-reviewed journal. That is published biannually and managed by Faculty of Law Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, which is intended as a medium of communication, information and legal science development. This journal contains studies in the field of law which are the results of research in the field of law directed to promote transcendental values, nationalism values, democratic values and Pancasila. The scopes of Law and Justice, but not limited to are legal Studies, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law, Civil Law, Islamic Law, Environmental Law, Human Rights, International Law, and also interconnection studies with Legal Studies.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 66 Documents
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The Principle of Non-Intervention in the Age of Humanitarian Crises Marah, Thomas Sheku
Law and Justice Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Law and Justice
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/laj.v10i2.10774

Abstract

This research critically describes the evolving tension between the principle of non-intervention and the newly arising norm of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) under international law. While state sovereignty has long been considered the pillar of the international order, increasing numbers of mass atrocities and humanitarian crises have prompted international actors to reassess their obligation to intervene where states fail to protect their citizens. This study undertakes a doctrinal and qualitative analysis of significant international legal instruments, case studies such as Libya and Syria, and scholarly writings to ascertain the normative and legal validity of humanitarian intervention and R2P. It analyzes the legal basis of the principle of non-intervention, the ethical grounds for humanitarian intervention, and the practical application of R2P through international organizations such as the United Nations. The research also explores the issue of operationalizing R2P, including selectivity, political manipulation, and inconsistency in state practice. The research demonstrates that while R2P offers an attractive normative framework for responding to mass atrocities, its enforcement is thwarted by geopolitical interests and the lack of binding legal status. The findings of the research demonstrate a clear need for reform of the international legal system and a more robust institutional commitment to balancing state sovereignty with humanitarian obligations, thereby conducting interventions within a legal, consistent, and accountable framework.
Countering Transnational Digital Ponzi Schemes in Indonesia: Legal Frameworks, Institutional Challenges, and Reform Pathways Anggriawan, Rizaldy
Law and Justice Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Law and Justice
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/laj.v10i2.13243

Abstract

Kemajuan pesat dalam transaksi pasar keuangan digital telah mempercepat penyebaran skema Ponzi global, yang menimbulkan ancaman serius bagi negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Artikel ini meneliti perkembangan skema Ponzi yang melibatkan mata uang kripto, platform perdagangan daring, dan komunikasi terenkripsi yang memungkinkan pelaku menipu investor lintas negara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hukum dan institusi di Indonesia dalam menghadapi skema Ponzi transnasional. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah hukum doktrinal, dengan analisis terhadap kasus-kasus penipuan besar yang terjadi antara tahun 2020 hingga 2025, serta tinjauan terbatas terhadap hukum pidana, hukum perbankan, hukum pasar modal, dan undang-undang anti pencucian uang di Indonesia. Meskipun Indonesia memiliki dasar hukum yang memadai untuk menuntut pelaku skema Ponzi, proses hukum menghadapi berbagai kendala, termasuk keterbatasan yurisdiksi, kemampuan forensik digital yang belum optimal, serta tantangan kerja sama lintas negara. Lembaga-lembaga pengatur di Indonesia seperti Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) dan Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK) telah melaporkan beberapa langkah awal, seperti pembekuan aset utama kelompok pelaku dan upaya koordinasi investigasi. Namun demikian, masih terlihat adanya kekurangan dalam kesiapan dan kapasitas teknologi. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa reformasi hukum, investasi pada infrastruktur forensik keuangan, kolaborasi internasional yang erat, serta peningkatan kesadaran publik akan sangat penting untuk memperkuat upaya Indonesia dalam memberantas skema Ponzi digital lintas negara dan melindungi investor domestik.   The dramatic advancement of digitized financial market transactions has enhanced the dissemination of global Ponzi schemes, leading to serious threats to developing nations like Indonesia. This paper investigates the development of Ponzi schemes involving cryptocurrencies, online trading platforms, and encrypted communications in ways that allow them to defraud investors across borders. The aim is to analyze the Indonesia's laws and institutions to deal with the transnational Ponzi schemes. A doctrinal law approach, with case analysis of 'high profile' frauds occurring between 2020 and 2025, combined with a limited capacity to examine the country's criminal law, banking law, capital market law and anti-money laundering laws, leads to the investigation's conclusions. Despite Indonesia having sufficient legal foundations to prosecute Ponzi schemes, any legal proceedings will struggle against many hurdles, including the lack of jurisdiction, digital forensics capabilities, and cooperation across borders. Indonesian regulatory agencies like the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (PPATK) reported they have taken some initial steps in freezing the groups major assets and working on coordination of investigations, but it is evident there are degrees of inadequacies of preparedness and technological capacity. The paper finishes with a conclusion that legal reforms, investment in financial forensic infrastructure, critical international collaboration, and raising public awareness will facilitate Indonesia's efforts to disrupt transnational digital Ponzi schemes and protect Indonesian investors.
Legal and Cultural Implications for Personal Data Protection in the Era of Global Digitalization Slamet, Mustafa; Edy, Sarwo
Law and Justice Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Law and Justice
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/laj.v10i2.7088

Abstract

Kemajuan pesat Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK), khususnya penyebaran luas internet dan Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence/AI), telah mengubah tatanan masyarakat global secara fundamental. Meskipun perkembangan ini menawarkan manfaat yang signifikan, hal tersebut juga menimbulkan tantangan yang kompleks terhadap hak atas privasi dan perlindungan data pribadi. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif untuk mengkaji kerangka hukum dan budaya yang mengatur privasi data di era digital. Penelitian ini menganalisis peraturan perundang-undangan dan bahan hukum yang ada untuk mendefinisikan serta mengklasifikasikan ruang lingkup hak privasi di tengah revolusi digital. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini menelaah persinggungan antara regulasi hukum dan nilai-nilai budaya, dengan argumen bahwa digitalisasi global tidak hanya memerlukan mekanisme hukum yang tangguh, tetapi juga pemahaman yang mendalam mengenai implikasi budaya. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerangka hukum saat ini harus beradaptasi dengan evolusi AI yang cepat dan sifat ekonomi digital yang tanpa batas, sembari tetap menghormati beragam pendekatan budaya terhadap privasi. The rapid advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), particularly the proliferation of the internet and Artificial Intelligence (AI), has fundamentally transformed global society. While these developments offer significant benefits, they pose complex challenges to the right to privacy and personal data protection. This study employs a normative legal research method to examine the legal and cultural frameworks governing data privacy in the digital era. It analyzes the existing legislation and legal materials to define and classify the scope of privacy rights amidst the digital revolution. Furthermore, this research investigates the intersection between legal regulations and cultural values, arguing that global digitalization requires not only robust legal mechanisms but also a profound understanding of cultural implications. The findings suggest that current legal frameworks must adapt to the swift evolution of AI and the borderless nature of the digital economy while respecting diverse cultural approaches to privacy
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Procedure Law: Can It Be Considered a Legal Subject? Kamila, Tsurayya Shafa
Law and Justice Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Law and Justice
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/laj.v10i2.7288

Abstract

Kemajuan teknologi yang pesat telah menghadirkan Kecerdasan Buatan atau Artificial Intelligence (AI) sebagai kekuatan transformatif yang mampu mensimulasikan proses kognitif manusia dan meningkatkan efisiensi di berbagai sektor. Dalam ranah hukum, integrasi AI memunculkan pertanyaan fundamental mengenai kapasitasnya untuk membantu atau bahkan menggantikan fungsi manusia dalam sistem peradilan. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran spesifik AI dalam hukum acara pidana dan mengevaluasi apakah AI dapat dikategorikan sebagai subjek hukum berdasarkan kerangka hukum yang berlaku saat ini. Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis-empiris dengan pendekatan studi pustaka yang menggabungkan peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum para ahli, serta preseden hukum terkini untuk menguji persinggungan antara teknologi dan hukum. Hasil: Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun AI secara signifikan mampu mengoptimalkan analisis alat bukti dan efisiensi pengambilan keputusan, AI saat ini masih kekurangan elemen esensial dari kepribadian hukum (legal personhood)—yakni kecakapan hukum dan pertanggungjawaban—yang diperlukan untuk diklasifikasikan sebagai subjek hukum mandiri. Dalam sistem hukum Indonesia saat ini, AI diposisikan sebagai alat pembuktian yang canggih (instrumentum) dan bukan sebagai pembawa hak dan kewajiban. Namun, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa reformasi hukum sangat mendesak untuk menetapkan kerangka regulasi yang jelas terkait tanggung jawab hukum dan penggunaan AI secara etis dalam proses peradilan pidana.   The rapid advancement of technology has introduced Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a transformative force capable of simulating human cognitive processes and enhancing efficiency across various sectors. In the legal domain, the integration of AI raises fundamental questions regarding its capacity to assist or even replace human functions within the justice system. Objective: This study aims to analyze the specific role of AI within criminal procedural law and to evaluate whether AI can be categorized as a legal subject under existing legal frameworks. Methods: This research employs a juridical-empirical method, utilizing a literature review approach that incorporates statutory regulations, expert legal doctrines, and current judicial precedents to examine the intersection of technology and law. Results: The findings indicate that while AI significantly optimizes evidence analysis and decision-making efficiency, it currently lacks the essential elements of legal personhood—namely, legal capacity and accountability—required to be classified as an independent legal subject. Under the current Indonesian legal system, AI is positioned as a sophisticated evidentiary tool (instrumentum) rather than a bearer of rights and obligations. However, the study concludes that legal reform is imperative to establish a clear regulatory framework that addresses liability and the ethical use of AI in criminal proceedings.
Legal Protection for Children Against Online Gender-Based Violence and Doxing on Social Media Azizah, Noviana Dyah Nur; Rahman, Yumnannisa’ Raissa; Nurani, Fitria; Nurusafa, Naila Marzuna; Hidayah, Berliana Ayu; Waljinah, Sri
Law and Justice Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Law and Justice
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/laj.v10i2.12581

Abstract

Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) merupakan masalah serius yang muncul seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi, di mana teknologi digital dimanfaatkan untuk menyerang individu, terutama perempuan dan kelompok rentan, melalui berbagai bentuk kekerasan seperti pelecehan, doxing, dan penyebaran konten intim tanpa izin. Fenomena ini menjadi ancaman nyata terhadap keamanan dan martabat korban, terlebih lagi pada anak-anak yang memiliki kerentanan tinggi di ruang digital. Meskipun perlindungan hukum telah diatur oleh sejumlah regulasi, implementasinya masih menghadapi berbagai hambatan, seperti minimnya literasi hukum korban, ketidakpahaman aparat penegak hukum terhadap karakteristik kekerasan digital, dan sifat anonimitas pelaku yang mempersulit pelacakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi kesenjangan tersebut dengan menganalisis strategi penanganan hukum yang komprehensif terhadap kasus KBGO, khususnya dalam konteks perlindungan anak sebagai korban. Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode socio-legal digunakan untuk mengkaji bagaimana norma hukum tertulis berinteraksi dengan praktik di lapangan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi penanganan hukum memiliki peran vital, tidak hanya dalam memberikan perlindungan dan menjamin hak korban, tetapi juga dalam memperkuat posisi mereka di hadapan pelaku maupun aparat penegak hukum. Keberhasilan upaya ini sangat bergantung pada sinergi antar lembaga, kejelasan regulasi, dan peningkatan kesadaran publik. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi rujukan bagi pembuat kebijakan dan pemangku kepentingan untuk merumuskan sistem perlindungan hukum yang lebih responsif dan efektif terhadap korban KBGO, khususnya anak-anak. Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) is a serious issue that has emerged alongside technological advancements, wherein digital technology is utilized to attack individuals, particularly women and vulnerable groups, through various forms of violence such as harassment, doxing, and the non-consensual dissemination of intimate content. This phenomenon poses a real threat to the safety and dignity of victims, especially children, who possess a high level of vulnerability in the digital space. Although legal protection has been governed by several regulations, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as the victims' lack of legal literacy, law enforcement officials' lack of understanding regarding the characteristics of digital violence, and the anonymous nature of perpetrators, which complicates tracking. This study aims to address these gaps by analyzing comprehensive legal handling strategies for OGBV cases, particularly in the context of protecting children as victims. A descriptive qualitative approach utilizing a socio-legal method is employed to examine how written legal norms interact with practical applications in the field. The research findings indicate that legal handling strategies play a vital role, not only in providing protection and guaranteeing the rights of victims but also in strengthening their position when facing perpetrators as well as law enforcement officials. The success of these efforts heavily relies on inter-institutional synergy, regulatory clarity, and increased public awareness. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for policymakers and stakeholders in formulating a more responsive and effective legal protection system for OGBV victims, specifically children.
Immigration Law: Analysis Of The Application Of Criminal Law Towards Immigration Permit Abuse In Bima NTB Wardin, Wardin; Syamsuddin, Syamsuddin; Ihlas, Ihlas
Law and Justice Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Law and Justice
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/laj.v10i2.10645

Abstract

The misuse of immigration permits constitutes a form of legal violation that has the potential to disrupt public order, national security stability, and undermine the integrity of a country’s immigration system. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the application of criminal law to the practice of immigration permit misuse, whether committed by foreign nationals or domestic actors. The main focus of this research is to examine the effectiveness of criminal law norms in the Immigration Law and their implementation in practice, including both juridical and non-juridical obstacles faced by law enforcement officers. The research method used is a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, accompanied by case studies from several relevant court decisions. Data were obtained through literature study and analyzed qualitatively. This research finds a disparity between the legal norms that have been regulated and their implementation in the field. Law enforcement is often hindered by weak inter-agency coordination, limited human resources, and the suboptimal legal instruments in providing a deterrent effect. These findings indicate the importance of reformulating clearer criminal norms as well as strengthening the capacity of immigration institutions and law enforcement officers. The novelty of this study lies in the integrative approach between immigration law and criminal law, which have often been applied sectorally. This research is expected to contribute scientifically to the improvement of immigration policy and the enhancement of the effectiveness of criminal law enforcement against immigration violations in Indonesia. Penyalahgunaan izin keimigrasian merupakan pelanggaran hukum yang berpotensi mengganggu ketertiban umum, mengancam keamanan nasional, dan merusak integritas sistem keimigrasian suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara komprehensif penerapan hukum pidana terkait penyalahgunaan izin keimigrasian di Bima, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB), yang melibatkan baik warga negara asing maupun pelaku dalam negeri. Fokus utama penelitian ini adalah mengkaji efektivitas norma hukum pidana dalam Undang-Undang Keimigrasian Indonesia beserta implementasinya di tataran praktis, termasuk hambatan yuridis dan non-yuridis yang dihadapi oleh aparat penegak hukum di wilayah Bima. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, serta didukung oleh studi kasus dari putusan pengadilan setempat yang relevan. Data dihimpun melalui studi kepustakaan yang komprehensif dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Temuan penelitian mengungkapkan adanya kesenjangan yang signifikan antara norma hukum yang berlaku dan pelaksanaannya di lapangan. Penegakan hukum kerap terhambat oleh lemahnya koordinasi antarinstansi, keterbatasan sumber daya manusia, serta instrumen hukum yang belum optimal sehingga gagal memberikan efek jera yang memadai. Temuan ini menyoroti urgensi untuk merumuskan kembali norma pidana yang lebih jelas serta memperkuat kapasitas institusi keimigrasian maupun aparat penegak hukum. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini terletak pada pendekatan integratif antara hukum keimigrasian dan hukum pidana dalam konteks wilayah yang spesifik, guna menjawab persoalan regulasi yang selama ini sering kali diterapkan secara sektoral. Pada akhirnya, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi ilmiah bagi perbaikan kebijakan keimigrasian serta meningkatkan efektivitas penegakan hukum pidana terhadap pelanggaran keimigrasian di Indonesia.

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