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ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan
Published by PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH
ISSN : -     EISSN : 30324505     DOI : -
Core Subject : Education,
Other
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan adalah sebuah publikasi ilmiah yang berfokus pada penelitian, aplikasi, dan pengembangan di bidang pertanian. Jurnal ini menyediakan wadah bagi para peneliti, ilmuwan pertanian, praktisi, dan akademisi untuk membagikan hasil penelitian dan kajian terkait dengan Bidang Pertanian, Agroindustri, Perikanan, Peternakan, Kehutanan, aplikasi teknologi, inovasi, dan praktik terbaik dalam sektor pertanian.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 85 Documents
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (PGRS) FROM BEAN SPROUTS EXTRACT AND NPK 15-15-6-4 ON THE GROWTH OF OIL PALM SEEDLINGS (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): EFEKTIVITAS ZPT ALAMI EKSTRAK TOGE DAN NPK 15-15-6-4 TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPASAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Dewi Yana; Mulyanti; Muzakir; Saprizal
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.185

Abstract

Nursery management is a process of growing and developing seeds into seedlings ready for planting. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a natural plant growth regulator (bean sprout extract) and NPK 15-15-6-4 fertilizer on the growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings and to provide a recommended dosage for pre-nursery oil palm seedling growth. This study employed a non-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and five replications, resulting in 25 experimental units. The treatments were arranged as follows: K0 = Without bean sprout extract and NPK 15-15-6-4 (control); K1 = 10 ml bean sprout extract per seedling + 30 g NPK 15-15-6-4; K2 = 20 ml bean sprout extract per seedling + 30 g NPK 15-15-6-4; K3 = 30 ml bean sprout extract per seedling + 30 g NPK 15-15-6-4; K4 = 40 ml bean sprout extract per seedling + 30 g NPK 15-15-6-4. The observed parameters were plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter. The results showed that the application of bean sprout extract as a plant growth regulator and NPK 15-15-6-4 fertilizer did not significantly affect plant height, leaf number, or stem diameter of oil palm seedlings at 40–60 days after planting. The best treatment was K4 (40 ml of bean sprout extract and 30 g of NPK 15-15-6-4), which improved oil palm seedling growth.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A WEB-BASED SAGO WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM TO SUPPORT A LOCAL CIRCULAR FOOD ECONOMY: RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI PENGELOLAAN DAN PEMASARAN LIMBAH SAGU BERBASIS WEB GUNA MENDUKUNG EKONOMI SIRKULAR PANGAN LOKAL Deril Alfiance Kaligis; Nurul Qisti
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.190

Abstract

Sago processing waste, particularly sago pulp, often poses environmental problems due to inadequate disposal management, despite its significant economic potential within a circular economy framework. The main obstacles to its utilization are the availability of decentralized production data and limited market access for local food businesses. This research aims to design and build a web-based system to manage and market sago waste, facilitating transactions between waste producers and industrial users. The system development method used is the Waterfall method, which includes requirements analysis, system design using UML, coding in PHP and MySQL, and testing. The results show that this information system successfully integrates real-time waste data collection and provides a transparent marketplace feature. Black Box testing confirmed that all system functions operate according to user requirements. The implementation of this platform can support a circular economy by converting waste into an economically valuable resource while reducing negative environmental impacts on the local food ecosystem.
INCOME AND FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF PATCHOULI FARMING IN PASIE RAJA DISTRICT, SOUTH ACEH REGENCY: ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI NILAM DI KECAMATAN PASIE RAJA KABUPATEN ACEH SELATAN Khairun Nisa; Agustiar; Liston Siringo Ringo; Erlisa
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.200

Abstract

Patchouli farming is an important smallholder activity in South Aceh, but its profitability is vulnerable to price volatility, traditional cultivation practices, and high labor requirements. This study aimed to analyze the income, economic feasibility, and break-even point of patchouli farming in Pasie Raja District, South Aceh Regency. The research site was selected purposively because Pasie Raja is one of the patchouli-producing areas in South Aceh. A descriptive quantitative approach was applied using census data from 37 active patchouli farmers in five villages: Pucok Krueng, Ladang Teungoh, Panton Bili, Ladang Tuha, and Rambong. Primary data were collected through field observation, structured interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, while secondary data were obtained from relevant institutions and literature. The data were analyzed using total cost, total revenue, farm income, revenue-cost ratio, break-even production, and break-even price. The results showed that the average total production cost was IDR 8,412,694 per planting season, while average revenue reached IDR 15,315,237. The average farm income was IDR 7,578,294 per planting season. The revenue-cost ratio was 1.82, indicating that patchouli farming was financially feasible. The break-even production was 14.752 kg, below the actual average production of 26 kg, and the break-even price was IDR 317,535/kg, below the observed average selling price of IDR 570,270/kg. These findings suggest that patchouli farming in Pasie Raja remains profitable under current production and price conditions. However, its sustainability requires improved production efficiency, better distillation performance, stronger market access, and risk management against price volatility.
IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVITY POTENTIAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GRASS JELLY (Cyclea barbata) SECONDARY METABOLITES USING PASS ONLINE AND SWISSADME: ANALISIS IN SILICO POTENSI BIOAKTIVITAS DAN KARAKTERISTIK FARMAKOKINETIK METABOLIT SEKUNDER CINCAU HIJAU (Cyclea barbata) MENGGUNAKAN PASS ONLINE DAN SWISSADME Dimas Tama Suryadinata; Oktaviola Dea; Wildan Yudistira; Rofi Sufyan Zaki; Ana Maria Susana; Abdurrohman Rosyid; Ebenezer; Dodi Iskandar
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.205

Abstract

Green grass jelly (Cyclea barbata Miers) is a medicinal plant that contains various secondary metabolites with potential as sources of phytopharmaceutical candidates. This study aimed to analyze the bioactivity potential, drug-likeness characteristics, pharmacokinetic profile, medicinal chemistry properties, and toxicity of secondary metabolites present in Cyclea barbata using an in silico approach. The identified compounds were analyzed using PASS Online for biological activity prediction, SwissADME for drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic evaluation, and pkCSM for ADME/T (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) prediction. The results showed that tyramine and dopamine exhibited the highest biological activity as serotonin-release stimulants and MAP kinase pathway activators. Coclaurine, norcoclaurine, and N-methylcoclaurine demonstrated favorable drug-likeness profiles by satisfying most of the Lipinski, Veber, and Egan criteria. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that most simple compounds possessed high gastrointestinal absorption, whereas complex alkaloids such as tetrandrine and fangchinoline exhibited broader tissue distribution potential and greater blood–brain barrier permeability. Medicinal chemistry evaluation revealed that all compounds were free from PAINS alerts, while toxicity prediction indicated relatively favorable safety profiles for most compounds. The findings suggest that Cyclea barbata has considerable potential as a source of bioactive compounds for the development of modern phytopharmaceuticals, particularly as neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents. However, further validation through in vitro and in vivo studies is required to confirm the efficacy and safety of the predicted compounds.
IN SILICO EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER ACTIVITY, DRUG-LIKENESS, PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES, AND TOXICITY PROFILES OF ALKALOID COMPOUNDS FROM Toddalia asiatica Lamk: VALUASI IN SILICO AKTIVITAS ANTIKANKER, KEMIRIPAN OBAT (DRUG-LIKENESS), SIFAT FARMAKOKINETIK, DAN PROFIL TOKSISITAS SENYAWA ALKALOID DARI Toddalia asiatica Lamk Dofea Tristan Brilliance; Alwan Aulia; Abid’Bie Ya Samantha; Astaria Tasya; Fransisco Varius Dirly; Kasih Kasih; Febian Selvano Basule; Dodi Iskandar
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.206

Abstract

Toddalia asiatica Lamk is a medicinal plant known to contain various bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly alkaloids, with potential pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential, drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, medicinal chemistry characteristics, and toxicity profiles of bioactive compounds from Toddalia asiatica using in silico approaches, including PASS prediction, SwissADME, and pkCSM analysis. PASS prediction results demonstrated that all studied compounds exhibited potential antineoplastic and apoptosis-inducing activities with varying probabilities. Norchelerythrine showed the highest antineoplastic activity, while several other alkaloids, such as dihydrochelerythrine and dihydroavicine, also demonstrated strong anticancer potential. SwissADME analysis revealed that all compounds met Lipinski's Rule of Five, the Ghose Filter, the Veber rule, the Egan rule, and the Muegge rule, indicating favorable drug-likeness and oral bioavailability potential. The compounds also showed moderate water solubility, high gastrointestinal absorption, and good membrane permeability, supporting their potential as oral drug candidates. Pharmacokinetic evaluation indicated relatively good distribution profiles, moderate tissue distribution, and low-to-moderate blood-brain barrier permeability, which may reduce the risk of neurological side effects. Medicinal chemistry analysis showed no PAINS or BRENDA alerts, suggesting that the compounds are free of problematic chemical fragments and exhibit good lead-likeness characteristics. Synthetic accessibility values ranged from moderate to relatively easy, indicating feasibility for chemical synthesis and optimization. Toxicity prediction revealed moderate toxicity profiles with acceptable maximum tolerated doses, relatively low acute toxicity, and manageable chronic toxicity risks. Although several compounds showed potential aquatic toxicity, the overall safety profiles remained acceptable for early-stage drug development. Among all compounds, norchelerythrine and dihydroavicine demonstrated the most promising combination of biological activity and pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, the findings suggest that alkaloid compounds from Toddalia asiatica possess strong potential as natural product-based anticancer drug candidates. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to validate their biological activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety before clinical application.  
IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL AND PHARMACOKINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHALLOT (Allium cepa L.) SECONDARY METABOLITES USING PASS ONLINE AND SWISSADME: ANALISIS IN SILICO POTENSI ANTIFUNGI DAN KARAKTERISTIK FARMAKOKINETIK METABOLIT SEKUNDER BAWANG MERAH (Allium cepa L.) MENGGUNAKAN PASS ONLINE DAN SWISSADME Ahdilan Juliansyah; Rahadatul Aisy Wafadhiyanti Indrapaslah; Erwandi Erwandi; Hikmal Hikmal; Juliadi Nur Rahim; Dodi Iskandar
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.208

Abstract

Shallot (Allium cepa L.) contains various secondary metabolites with potential biological activities, including antifungal activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential and pharmacokinetic characteristics of secondary metabolites from shallot using in silico approaches with PASS Online and SwissADME. PASS Online analysis demonstrated that all identified compounds possessed potential antifungal activity with varying Probability of Activity (Pa) values. Among the compounds, (+)-Dihydroeleutherinol showed the highest antifungal potential with a Pa value of 0.608, followed by (-)-3-[2-(Acetyloxy)propyl]-2-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and (-)-Hongconin with Pa values of 0.599 and 0.594, respectively. The antifungal activity of these compounds is associated with their ability to disrupt fungal cell membranes, inhibit cell wall synthesis, and induce oxidative stress via the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). SwissADME analysis indicated that all compounds exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic and physicochemical profiles, including high water solubility, balanced lipophilicity, and acceptable bioavailability scores ranging from 0.55 to 0.56. Drug-likeness analysis further revealed that all compounds complied with Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge rules, indicating good oral absorption potential and membrane permeability. In addition, physicochemical property analysis showed that all compounds had molecular weights below 500 g/mol, low topological polar surface area (TPSA), balanced hydrogen-bonding properties, and moderate molecular flexibility, which are important characteristics for drug development. Compounds such as (+)-Eleutherin, (-)-Isoeleutherin, and (+)-Dihydroeleutherinol demonstrated particularly promising profiles due to their balanced physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, the combined PASS Online and SwissADME analyses suggest that shallot secondary metabolites have strong potential as natural antifungal agents. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to validate their biological activity, safety, toxicity, and mechanisms of action against pathogenic fungi.   
IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, DRUG-LIKENESS, AND TOXICITY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF Cannabis spp. AS BIOFUNGICIDE CANDIDATES FOR CONTROLLING FUNGAL DISEASES IN OIL PALM PLANTS: ANALISIS IN SILICO POTENSI ANTIFUNGI, SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA, DRUG-LIKENESS, DAN TOKSISITAS SENYAWA BIOAKTIF Cannabis spp. SEBAGAI KANDIDAT BIOFUNGISIDA UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT JAMUR PADA TANAMAN KELAPA SAWIT Okduartus Ryan; Muhammad Pirmansyah; Togu Pasternar Manik; seto kuncoro jati; Glenn Augusthio; uswatun nurul khoiriah; dodi iskandar
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.209

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential, physicochemical properties, drug-likeness characteristics, and toxicity profiles of bioactive compounds from Cannabis plants using in silico approaches. The analyses were conducted using PASS Online, SwissADME, and PKCSM platforms to identify potential natural antifungal agents for controlling fungal diseases in oil palm plants. PASS analysis demonstrated that several compounds exhibited strong antifungal activity, particularly glycoside flavonoids and cannabinoid compounds. Flavosativaside, orientin 7-glucoside, and flavocannabiside showed the highest Probability of Active (Pa) values, indicating promising antifungal potential. Cannabinoid compounds such as cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and tetrahydrocannabivarin also displayed considerable antifungal activity due to their lipophilic properties, which facilitate penetration into fungal cell membranes. SwissADME analysis revealed that most compounds possessed favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics, including acceptable lipophilicity, water solubility, and bioavailability. Several flavonoids and cannabinoids fulfilled major drug-likeness criteria, including Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge rules, suggesting good potential for biological interaction and absorption. Simple flavonoids and cannabinoids exhibited more balanced polarity and membrane permeability than glycoside flavonoids, which generally had higher molecular weights and polar surface areas. PKCSM toxicity prediction indicated that most compounds were non-mutagenic and non-hepatotoxic, although several showed potential mutagenic or hepatotoxic effects that warrant further investigation. Environmental toxicity analysis suggested that most compounds exhibited low to moderate ecological toxicity, supporting their potential application as environmentally friendly biofungicides. Overall, the results indicate that Cannabis-derived compounds possess significant potential as natural antifungal agents for controlling fungal diseases in oil palm plantations. The integration of PASS, SwissADME, and PKCSM analyses provides an efficient preliminary screening strategy to identify effective and safe bioactive compounds before further in vitro and in vivo studies.
PREDICTION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY, DRUG-LIKENESS, AND TOXICITY OF Curcuma xanthorrhiza  COMPOUNDS USING PASS Online, SwissADME, and PKCSM: PREDIKSI AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR, SIFAT SEPERTI OBAT (Drug-Likeness), DAN TOKSISITAS SENYAWA Curcuma xanthorrhiza  MENGGUNAKAN PASS Online, SwissADME, DAN pKCSM Nimas Ezrawati; Julian Parego; Aulya Ceta Pranata; Ahmad Marra Al Haqqi; Jheptianto Pernando; Dodi Iskandar
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.210

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the antifungal potential of bioactive compounds in Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) against pathogenic fungi in oil palm plants using an in silico approach through PASS Online, SwissADME, and PKCSM. PASS Online analysis showed that the oxygenated sesquiterpene group exhibited the highest antifungal activity compared to monoterpenes and basic curcuminoids. Compounds such as Bisacurone, Bisacurone A, Bisacurone B, and Bisacurone C demonstrated the highest probability activity value of 0.767, while Bisacurone epoxide showed a value of 0.729. These compounds are predicted to act through mechanisms involving plasma membrane disruption, inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis, and increased oxidative stress in fungal cells. SwissADME analysis indicated that most compounds exhibited physicochemical properties conducive to biological activity, including good solubility, balanced lipophilicity, stable bioavailability scores, and compliance with the Lipinski, Veber, Egan, and Muegge drug-likeness parameters. The bisacurone and epoxide sesquiterpene groups demonstrated the most optimal combination of membrane permeability, structural flexibility, and biological interaction capability. Physicochemical property analysis also revealed that compounds with moderate molecular weight, balanced TPSA values, and optimal numbers of hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors exhibited greater antifungal potential. Meanwhile, PKCSM analysis showed that the majority of compounds were neither mutagenic nor hepatotoxic. Monoterpene compounds and the bisacurone group demonstrated relatively safe environmental toxicity profiles, indicating their potential for development as environmentally friendly biofungicides. However, Bisacurone epoxide showed potential AMES toxicity, indicating the need for further in vitro and in vivo testing. Overall, the study results indicate that Curcuma xanthorrhiza has significant potential as a source of natural antifungal compounds for sustainable control of fungal diseases in oil palm plants with improved environmental safety.
PREDICTION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF Alpinia galanga SECONDARY METABOLITES USING PASS Online, SwissADME, AND pkCSM: PREDIKSI AKTIVITAS ANTIJAMUR DAN SIFAT FARMAKOKINETIK METABOLIT SEKUNDER Alpinia galanga MENGGUNAKAN PASS Online, SwissADME, DAN pkCSM Muliani; Mohammad Ramdani; Baiq Khairunnisa Permatasari; Gita Olipia; Efandi Gunawan; Frendy Ferdian; Muhammad Rafli Habibi Hasri; Dodi Iskandar
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.211

Abstract

Galangal (Alpinia galanga) is a medicinal plant in the family Zingiberaceae known for various biological activities, including natural antifungal properties. This study aimed to analyze the potential of galangal secondary metabolites as natural-product-based antifungal candidates using an in silico approach. The analysis was conducted using several bioinformatics platforms, including PASS Online for antifungal activity prediction, SwissADME for physicochemical properties, water solubility, bioavailability, and drug-likeness, and pkCSM for toxicity prediction. The results showed that most galangal secondary metabolites exhibited considerable antifungal activity, as indicated by their probability of activity (Pa) values. Alpha-farnesene demonstrated the highest Pa value, followed by 1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate, galanal A, galanal B, galanganol A, and galanganol B. These compounds are known to act through mechanisms involving disruption of cell membrane permeability, inhibition of metabolism, and damage to fungal cell structures. Physicochemical property analysis indicated that the majority of compounds had molecular weights below 500, topological polar surface area (TPSA) values below 140, and a bioavailability score of 0.55, suggesting good oral absorption potential. Drug-likeness analysis revealed that most compounds complied with Lipinski, Veber, Egan, Ghose, and Muegge rules, indicating their potential for development as natural drug candidates. Furthermore, toxicity predictions indicated that most compounds were non-hepatotoxic and non-mutagenic, although several phenolic compounds exhibited mild potential for toxicity at certain concentrations. Overall, the in silico analysis indicated that galangal secondary metabolites have significant potential as effective, relatively safe, natural product-based antifungal candidates. However, further studies through in vitro and in vivo testing are still required to validate the biological effectiveness and safety of these compounds.  
IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF Centella asiatica ACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS NATURAL BIOFUNGICIDES FOR OIL PALM FUNGAL DISEASE CONTROL: ANALISIS IN SILICO POTENSI ANTIFUNGI SENYAWA AKTIF Centella asiatica SEBAGAI BIOFUNGISIDA ALAMI UNTUK PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT JAMUR PADA TANAMAN KELAPA  SAWIT Danie Indra Yama; Muhammad Fiqri Marwanto; Adinda Aurelia Putri; Delia Ramadani; I Komang Wahyu Pradita; Muhammad Hidayat; Deko; Bahij Islami Pasha; Dodi Iskandar
ROCE : Jurnal Pertanian Terapan Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): JPT ROCE 6, 2026
Publisher : PT. ROCE WISDOM ACEH

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71275/roce.v3i2.212

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the potential of active compounds in pegagan (Centella asiatica) as natural antifungal agents using an in silico approach with PASS Online, SwissADME, and pkCSM. The PASS Online analysis showed that most active compounds of pegagan had antifungal activity probability (Pa) values above 0.5, indicating relatively high biological potential. The compounds with the highest activity were 3-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl sitosterol (0.722), Centellin (0.715), Centellicin (0.655), Asiatic acid (0.651), and Kaempferol (0.651). Triterpenoid, flavonoid, and sesquiterpene compounds are known to act through mechanisms including disruption of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, interference with energy metabolism, and enhancement of oxidative stress in pathogenic cells. SwissADME analysis indicated that the majority of compounds exhibited good solubility, moderate lipophilicity, and bioavailability scores consistent with biological activity. Acetylursolic acid showed the highest bioavailability score of 0.85, while most other compounds ranged between 0.55 and 0.56. The drug-likeness results demonstrated that most compounds complied with Lipinski, Veber, and Muegge rules, indicating their potential as bioactive antifungal candidates. Physicochemical property analysis revealed TPSA values, hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, and molecular flexibility that support membrane penetration and interactions with fungal biological targets. In addition, pkCSM results showed that most compounds were non-mutagenic, non-hepatotoxic, and exhibited relatively low environmental toxicity. Overall, the results suggest that pegagan has strong potential as a source of environmentally friendly natural antifungal compounds and may be further developed as a biofungicide for controlling fungal diseases in oil palm plants.

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