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Nanang Yunarto
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INDONESIA
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia
Published by Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan
ISSN : 2085675X     EISSN : 23548770     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Chemistry Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Traditional Medicines, and Pharmaceutical Care.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 281 Documents
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Strategy for Strengthening Pharmacy Services in Primary Health Centers in Indonesia Nanang Yunarto; Ida Diana Sari; Novi Sulistyaningrum; Siti Arda Mauliti; Herni Asih Setyorini; Nyoman Fitri; Arifayu Addiena Kurniatri; Esde Dianusana Etieka
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Implementation of pharmaceutical service standards in Indonesian primary health centers remains suboptimal despite recent regulatory mandates Government Regulation No. 28/2024 and Ministry of Health Regulation No. 26/2020, with persistent gaps in workforce distribution, clinical competency, facility infrastructure, supervision, and drug management systems. This study aimed to identify root causes of low implementation and to develop prioritized, operational strategies for strengthening pharmacy services in primary health centers across Indonesia. We conducted focus group discussions and direct field observations using the Minister of Health technical guidelines as the assessment framework; participants included provincial and district health office representatives, heads of community health centers, pharmacists, and pharmaceutical technicians across 20 primary health centers in ten provinces representing Indonesia. Findings reveal five interrelated barriers: chronic shortage and maldistribution of pharmacists and vocational pharmacy staff, with >50% of district-level centers lacking pharmacists; inadequate clinical pharmacy competencies and limited continuing professional development, restricting delivery of PIO, counseling, MESO, home pharmacy care, and visit services; insufficient pharmacy infrastructure and equipment (small, combined warehouse-workspaces, lack of dedicated counseling rooms, refrigeration, and monitoring devices); weak, irregular guidance and supervision at district/city level compounded by absent sanction mechanisms; and fragmented, time-consuming e-purchasing and multiple reporting systems that divert pharmacist time from clinical care. The study recommends a prioritized, integrated policy package clear implementing regulations with routine standardized supervision and sanctions, affirmative HR recruitment and incentive schemes, staged infrastructure upgrades, blended certified competency training with clinical mentoring, and integration/simplification of drug management/reporting system to enhance service quality, ensure medicine availability, and safeguard patient safety in primary care.
In-Silico Study and Antioxidant Capacity from Jamaican Cherry, Red Ginger, Thyme Combination as Multi-target Nutraceutical for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Sayyidah Sayyidah; Nenden Nurhasanah; Lidya Pratiwi Afri Tjaja; Nanang Yunarto
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the health concerns in Indonesia with 4.8 million people suffer from COPD. Global Adult Tobacco Survey Indonesia reported 70.2 million active smokers in 2021. This trend raises concerns about the future trajectory of COPD cases in the country. COPD is a chronic condition that impairs the lower respiratory system due to progressive stimuli that initiate oxidant-antioxidant imbalance contributes to dysregulated inflammation cascade response. Some natural ancient plants that had been used to relieve respiratory discomfort are Ginger (Zingiber officinale var.Rubrum) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). In order to give synergetic mechanism to imboost antioxidant capacity also mitigate COPD symptoms, this research combine both plants with Jamaican Cherry (Muntingia calabura) leave as a powder drink formulation. This study is conducted to analysis the potential of these combination through in-silico along with antioxidant capacity evaluation from each formulation.  Total 75 compounds that meet Lipinski rules from the plants had been screened to identify the overlapping genes. Based on Network Pharmacology and validated with molecular docking analysis the potential targets based on the best degree value were IL-8(-11.2 kcal/mol), TNF-α (-8.9 kcal/mol), MMP-9(-7.7 kcal/mol) and IL-6(-7 kcal/mol). The highest binding affinity compound was 3’-hydroxydaidzein from Jamaican Cherry. The powder drink formulation made through wet granulation and antioxidant evaluated using DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The antioxidant capacity was IC50 39.99 ppm; 36.10 ppm ; and 28.30 ppm for F1, F2 and F3 respectively compared to ascorbic acid 13.03 ppm. To conclude, this natural combination nutraceutical has potential as supportive natural remedy for COPD.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Curcuma xanthorrhiza as an Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus aureus Adieba Warda Hayya; Ainun Nadjib
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

This study synthesized silver nanoparticles (Cur-AgNPs) using Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome extract via a green synthesis method to address the growing concern of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus aureus, remain a significant healthcare challenge due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cur-AgNPs against Staphylococcus aureus. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using 1 mM AgNO₃ at 60°C for 24 h, followed by characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method at concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg/mL, with Clindamycin as a positive control. The results showed that Cur-AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 5 ± 0.25 mm to 15 ± 0.89 mm, while the positive control (Clindamycin) produced an inhibition zone of 14 ± 0.2 mm. These findings suggest that Cur-AgNPs possess promising in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, this study is limited to a single bacterial species and in vitro evaluation. Further studies are required, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays, cytotoxicity testing, nanoparticle stability analysis, and evaluation in in vivo models to confirm their potential biomedical applications.
Utilization of Local Community Wisdom Through Nutraceutical Innovation of Japanese Papaya Leaf Cereal and Honey as a Preventive for Stunting and Immunomodulator in the Baduy Tribe Agung Dewantoro; Nurwulan Adi Ismaya; Sunny Koswara Rahajeng
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Stunting remains a significant public health problem in Indonesia, especially in indigenous communities such as the Baduy tribe. Intervention through functional food innovations based on local natural ingredients are considered strategic. This study aims to develop nutraceutical cereal preparations from Japanese papaya leaves (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) and honey as a stunting prevention and immunomodulator. This experimental study consisted of the formulation and evaluation stages of three cereal formulas (F1, F2, F3) containing varying concentrations of Japanese papaya leaves (10%, 15%, 20%) and honey. The evaluation included granule characteristics (organoleptic, particle size, compressibility index, water content, granule flow), cereal characteristics after reconstitution (pH, viscosity, sedimentation, microbiology), proximate tests, heavy metals, nutritional adequacy, and hedonic tests by Baduy children. The results of this study showed that Formula 2 showed the best physical characteristics with a compressibility index of 7% and optimal flow rate. Formula 1 excelled in protein content (21.57 g/100 g) and viscosity, while Formula 2 received the highest score in the hedonic test (most preferred response). All formulas met SNI and BPOM standards for microbiological safety and heavy metals. Formulas 1 and 2 met BPOM criteria as a food source of protein (≥10% RDA). The conclusion of this study is that the combination of Japanese papaya leaves and honey in the form of granular cereal is worthy of being developed as a functional food for stunting prevention and a natural immunomodulator for children, especially in traditional communities such as the Baduy tribe.
Active Compounds, Antioxidant Potential, and Formulation Innovations of Oxalis sp.: A Bibliometric Perspective Fitri Kurniasari; Anita Sukmawati; Andi Suhendi
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

The genus Oxalis, belonging to the family Oxalidaceae R.Br., comprises approximately 504 recognized species that are widely distributed worldwide, particularly in regions ranging from South America to southern North America, as well as in the southwestern Cape region of South Africa. In Egypt, this genus is represented by five species and one variety, namely Oxalis anthelmintica A. Rich., O. corniculata L., O. corniculata var. repens (Thunb.) Zucc., O. corymbosa DC., O. latifolia Kunth, and O. pes-caprae L. However, information on the isolation and characterization of non-polar and volatile constituents from Oxalis species remains limited. Therefore, this study applied bibliometric analysis to evaluate the development of research on Oxalis sp., particularly regarding antioxidant activity, formulation development, and phytochemical studies. Data were obtained from the Crossref database, resulting in 57 selected articles published between 2015 and 2025. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer to map publication trends, keyword co-occurrence networks, overlay visualization, and influential articles related to Oxalis research. A total of 214 publications from 2015–2025 were analyzed. The results show that 22 keywords were grouped into four clusters, forming 154 links with a total link strength of 962, indicating a well-connected research structure. The dominant research themes focus on antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and secondary metabolites, particularly in studies on Oxalis corniculata. However, keywords related to formulation development and advanced phytochemical analysis appear less frequently, suggesting that these areas remain relatively underexplored. These findings provide a systematic overview of the research landscape and highlight potential directions for future studies on the development and application of Oxalis-derived bioactive compounds.
Optimization of Nanoemulsion Formulation from the Aqueous Fraction of Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) Tuber Extract Using Variations of Olive Oil, Tween 20, and PEG 400 Husnul Warnida; Umi Erabiatul Azira; Supomo Supomo; Rizqa Akhriana Putri; Eka Siswanto Syamsul
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Dayak onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb) is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, attributed to its flavonoid, alkaloid, and saponin contents. However, the bioavailability of these active compounds is limited due to poor stability and absorption. To enhance their effectiveness, nanoemulsion formulations were developed. This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying concentrations of olive oil, Tween 20, and PEG 400 on the physical characteristics of nanoemulsions containing the water fraction of Dayak onion bulb extract, and the optimization was performed using a D optimal mixture design (Design Expert 13) with three independent variables: olive oil (1–11%), Tween 20 (1–11%), and PEG 400 (1–16%). The extract concentration was kept constant at 1%. The responses evaluated were pH, creaming index, transmittance, droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The optimum formula was selected based on the highest desirability value. The optimal formulation exhibited a stable pH (5.00–6.12), a low creaming index (0–0.3), an average particle size of 308 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.51, and a zeta potential of –38.6 mV, indicating good electrostatic stability. However, the transmittance percentage did not reach the ideal standard (>80%). Significant differences were observed between predicted and experimental values for the creaming index and transmittance, and changes in the creaming index occurred during 30 days of storage. Further optimization is recommended to enhance the stability and clarity of the nanoemulsion.
Development and PLS-SEM Validation of a Multidimensional Instrument for Medication Adherence in Indonesian T2DM Patients Ivans Panduwiguna; Rani Sauriasari; Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika; Woro Riyadina
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

There are several instruments available to assess adherence levels, most have not comprehensively measured the determinants that influence patient behavior, especially in the context of the Indonesian culture. This study aims to develop and test the psychometric validity of a new instrument that can measure the determinants of medication adherence in T2DM patients in Central Bogor, Indonesia. This Study using the development method borg and gall method and expert panel, the instrument was tested for content validity using the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). The population consisted of patients enrolled in the Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors Study in Bogor City, based on data from the Health Development Policy Agency. Using purposive sampling of 170 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Central Bogor. Structural model evaluation was performed using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The final instrument consisted of 7 constructs and 40 items. All items had adequate factor loading values (≥0.678), and all constructs showed good reliability (α = 0.678−0.975; CR > 0.8; AVE > 0.5). The results of the structural analysis showed significant relationships between the constructs and compliance. For example, perceived barriers played a negative role in compliance (β = −0.573; p < 0.001). The model fit index also showed adequate results (SRMR = 0.061; RMSEA = 0.047; NFI = 0.914). The developed instrument has strong psychometric characteristics and its use is feasible for the identification of factors that influence medication adherence in T2DM patients in Indonesia.
Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Garlic Bulbs Ethanol Extract Shampoo Against Staphylococcus aureus Sabrina Krisna Whardhani; Elisa Vica Sharonita; Jessica Novia; Febbyasi Megawaty Rangka
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Dandruff is a scalp condition characterized by the excessive shedding of dead skin cells, often exacerbated by Staphylococcus aureus. This study explores the potential of garlic bulbs extract as an antibacterial agent in shampoo formulations to address dandruff. This approach offers a safer alternative to Zinc Pyrithione (ZnPT), which can cause side effects such as scalp dermatitis, hair damage, and discoloration. This study aimed to formulate an herbal shampoo containing garlic bulbs ethanol extract and evaluate its physical properties and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Three formulations, F1 (6%), F2 (8%), and F3 (10%), were prepared and assessed for organoleptic characteristics, pH, foam height, viscosity, homogeneity, and stability through cycling tests. Antibacterial activity was determined using the well diffusion method. The inhibition zone diameters obtained were 19.80 mm (F1), 23.65 mm (F2), and 25.73 mm (F3), with inhibition categories classified according to CLSI as intermediate for F1 and susceptible for both F2 and F3. Increasing extract concentration improved antibacterial activity; however, F2 was identified as the optimal formulation due to its strong inhibition (23.65 mm), stable physical characteristics, and more efficient extract utilization compared to F3. All formulations fulfilled Indonesian National Standard (SNI) requirements and remained stable after six cycling cycles. These findings demonstrate that garlic bulbs extract shampoo possesses significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and exhibits suitable physical stability, supporting its potential as a safer herbal alternative for dandruff management.
Effect of Storage Time and Temperature on Protein Content of White Anchovy (Stolephorus tri) Aulia Azizah; Andi Suhendi
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Anchovy (Stolephorus tri) is widely consumed in Indonesia as a source of protein, but its nutritional quality is strongly influenced by storage conditions. This study aimed to quantify changes in soluble protein content (mg/mL) during storage at room temperature (25–32 °C), refrigeration (2–8 °C), and freezing (–20 °C) over 60 days. Fresh anchovy samples (n = 3 per time point, 5 g each) were analyzed using the Lowry method, and data were evaluated with repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (p<0.05). Results showed that protein content decreased significantly by 40.9% at –20 °C after 60 days (p<0.01), while refrigeration produced unstable fluctuations with a 74.9% increase at day 60 (p<0.05), and room temperature storage resulted in minor increases of up to 3.05%. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that freezer storage best preserved sensory quality compared to refrigeration and room temperature, although protein levels declined gradually. In conclusion, storage temperature and duration significantly affect protein content and sensory quality of anchovy, with freezing recommended as the most effective method to maintain quality during distribution, while confirmatory analyses such as SDS-PAGE, Bradford, or Kjeldahl are suggested to distinguish intact proteins from degradation products.
Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Ethanol Extract Accelerates Incision Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats and Modulates NF-κB, iNOS and MMP-1 Mei Jayanti Siregar; Endy Juli Anto; Jekson Martiar Siahaan
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 16, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2026
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly impairs wound healing through disruption of the inflammatory response and tissue metabolism. This study aimed to analyze the effect of ethanol extract of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.) on NF-κB, iNOS, MMP-1, and wound healing in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with incision wounds. A true experimental laboratory study with a post-test randomized controlled group design was conducted. Thirty male Wistar rats (n=5/group) were divided into six groups: normal control, DM control (STZ 40 mg/kgBW), DM with metformin (9.0 mg/rat/day), and DM with S. polyanthum extract at doses of 4.5, 9.0, and 18.0 mg/rat/day (equivalent to 250, 500, and 1000 mg/day human doses). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal STZ injection; wound healing was assessed on days 0, 7, and 14. Serum NF-κB, iNOS, and MMP-1 were measured by ELISA on day 14. Phytochemical screening confirmed flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and phenols, with total flavonoid content of 5.18 ± 0.16 mg QE/g extract and total phenolic content of 67.54 ± 0.64 mg GAE/g extract. Extraction yield was 11.35%. No significant differences were observed in serum NF-κB (p=0.103), iNOS (p=0.263), or MMP-1 (p=0.108) on day 14. However, wound area was significantly reduced at day 7 [F(5,24)=4.82, p=0.004], with the 1000 mg/kgBW-equivalent dose showing wound closure comparable to metformin. Ethanol extract of S. polyanthum demonstrates dose-dependent potential for accelerating wound healing in diabetic conditions, particularly during the proliferation phase. Further studies with larger cohorts and tissue-level analyses are warranted.

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