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INDONESIA
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia
Published by Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan
ISSN : 2085675X     EISSN : 23548770     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Chemistry Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Traditional Medicines, and Pharmaceutical Care.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 257 Documents
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Optimization, Characterization, and Primary Irritation Test of Serum Based on Simplex Lattice Design Widyaningrum, Naniek; Arief, Thendi Abdul; Ningrum, Yuyun Darma Ayu
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Using ingredients in cosmetic serum formulation necessitates meticulous consideration to mitigate potential pharmaceutical and clinical issues, and guarantee their safety for application. Xanthan gum functions as a gelling agent, while sodium metabisulfite is an additional antioxidant capable of enhancing formulation viscosity. This research aimed to ascertain the optimal formula's physical characteristics, stability, and irritation potential. The optimal formula was derived through the utilization of the Simple Lattice Design. Physical characterization encompassed parameters such as pH, viscosity, organoleptic properties, adhesion, spreadability, and homogeneity. Stability testing involved a cycling test performed over 24 hours for six cycles under cold and hot temperatures. Subsequently, an analysis was conducted using the paired t-test. In-vitro primary irritation testing was carried out using rabbits and volunteers. The optimal formula was identified to consist of 0.66% xanthan gum and 0.34% sodium metabisulfite, exhibiting favorable physical quality and meeting the requisite standards. The stability testing results revealed that sig. values <0.05 indicated storage temperature's influence on viscosity enhancement while it did not influence pH with sig. values <0.08. The outcomes of the primary irritation test yielded values of 0, signifying the absence of erythema and edema in both rabbits and volunteers. In conclusion, the optimal formula derived from this study exhibits commendable characteristics, stability, and non-irritating attributes, rendering it safe for application.
Feasibility of Corn Silk Eco-Enzyme as Essence in Sheet Mask with Antioxidant Content Nisa, Zakiya Ayu; Agustin, Eny Widhia; Kusumastuti, Adhi; Achmadi, Taofan Ali
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Air pollution level in Indonesia can cause oxidative stress which can impact the antioxidant defenses of the skin so it can trigger premature aging problems. Skin protection should focus on the application of topical antioxidants which include flavonoids as antioxidants. Furthermore, corn silk containing flavonoids has the potential to be used as a topical preparation in the form of a sheet mask as an antioxidant in preventing premature aging. Corn silk which is processed using the fermentation method becomes an eco-enzyme since it can act as a good catalyst and produce antioxidants. The aim of this research is to analyze the feasibility of eco-enzyme as an essence in sheet mask preparations with antioxidant content which meets the preparation evaluation requirements. The method used in this research consisted of making corn silk eco-enzyme which was homogenized with other chemicals to become an essence sheet mask and packaged by using paper sheets in foil bags. The research results show that preparations with eco-enzyme concentrations in each formula, namely 10% (F1), 20% (F2), and 30% (F3), have good physical evaluations and met test standards which included organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, and stability tests. Moreover, the antioxidant activity test shows the IC50 values for each formula are 190.67 µg/mL, 185 µg/mL, and 96.75 µg/mL, respectively. The conclusion is that the F3 with a concentration of 30%, shows the best antioxidant activity, having an IC50 value of 96.75 µg/mL, which is classified as strong. In addition, the results of this research prove that the eco-enzyme from corn silk is suitable for use in preparing essence sheet masks with antioxidant content.
Potential of Snakehead Fish and Sea Cucumber Extracts on Increase Anticancer Drugs Potency through Inhibition of Glutathione S-Transferase Suhendi, Andi; Putri, Ega Annisa; Tasysaningtyas, Thalia Fiandra; Abdillah, Safira Mafaza; Aisy, Inandrohatul; Utami, Wahyu
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

In certain conditions of cancer, isoenzymes of glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) showed increased activity. Consequently, anticancer drugs would be inactive due to increase of phase II metabolism through conjugation with glutathione. In order to increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs, a GST inhibitor is required. One of the natural sources have antioxidant activity is snakehead fish. The study aims to determine GST inhibition activity of the combination of extract of snakehead fish (SF) and sea cucumber (SC). This activity was determined using rat liver and lung microsomal-cytosolic fractions obtained through the Lundgren method. GST activity was measured spectrophotometrically using a simple kinetic program at a wavelength of 345 nm with a DCNB (1.2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene) as a substrate. The results showed an increase in the percentage of inhibition GST enzymes of the liver and lungs of rats by extracts and their combinations. The data of IC50 values showed that the smallest value for liver GST was found in SC with the value of 117.7 µg/mL and for lung GST enzymes, it was a combination of SC-SF (1:2) with a value of 45.6 µg/mL. This showed that these two samples had the greatest activity in inhibiting lung and liver GST enzymes and the potential as a complementary therapy for cancer patients.
Antibacterial Potential of Cinnamomum culilaban Bark Ethanolic Extract Prepared by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction against Oral Pathogens Kurniatri, Arifayu Addiena; Elya, Berna; Suryadi, Herman
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Cinnamomum culilaban is one of the native Indonesian plants that has been used as medicinal plant. The local community on Seram Island uses the stem bark to treat toothaches. Eugenol, a chemical compound found in Cinnamomum culilaban, is used in dental practice and has antibacterial activity. Research on Cinnamomum culilaban is very limited, its activity against bacteria that cause oral infections has not been reported. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum culilaban bark extract against oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptpcoccus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. The extraction was carried out using 96% ethanol with ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Disc diffusion assay was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity. The concentration of extract used were 50%, 25%, and 12.5% (b/v) in DMSO. Eugenol (50% v/v in DMSO) was used as positive control. The phytochemicals screening was carried out to investigate the chemical compounds contained in Cinnamomum culilaban bark extract. Extraction of Cinnamomum culilaban bark using 96% ethanol with the ultrasound-assisted extraction method obtained a yield of 23.36±0.49%. The extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, and steroids/terpenoids. The ethanolic extract of Cinnamomum culilaban bark has inhibitory activity against Streptpcoccus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. Cinnamomum culilaban bark has the potential as an antibacterial agent.
Immunostimulant Effects of Bitter Leaves (Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Del.) Sch.Bip.ex Walp.) Leaf Extract Setiani, Lusi Agus; Wiendarlina, Ike Yulia; Rizkyani, Nanda Asyura; Fazri, Syifa Ainun
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

In Indonesia, the widespread impact of COVID-19 has led to an increased interest in exploring natural immunostimulants as complementary therapies. One promising candidate is Gymnanthemum amygdalinum, commonly known as bitter leaf. Bitter leaf is a medicinal plant that can be used as an immunostimulant because it contains flavonoid compounds. This study aims to investigate the immunostimulatory effects of Bitter leaf extract obtained using the MAE method, particularly in enhancing immune function and the effective dosage in rats. The ethanolic extract of bitter leaf was made using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method, which can potentially extract high levels of flavonoid compounds compared to other extraction methods in vivo. There were as many as 25 rats, which were divided into five treatment groups: the negative control was treated with CMC Na 0,5% (w/v); the positive control was treated with 4,5 mg/200 g body weight (BW) of Echinacea purpurea. The treatment groups from Dose 1; Dose 2; and Dose 3 were treated with an ethanol extract of bitter leaf at 14 mg/200 g BW, 28 mg/200 g BW, and 56 mg/200 g BW. Immunostimulant effect testing was carried out using the carbon clearance method, and the number of leukocytes was counted. In carbon clearance testing, each group was given a carbon solution intravenously; blood was taken at 5, 10, and 15 minutes via the tail vein, and its absorbance was measured using UV-Vis 675 nm. The count of leukocytes was observed using the chamber of a hemocytometer through a microscope. The research results showed that administration of doses I, II, and III provided an immunostimulant effect. Based on the results, the ethanolic extract from a bitter leaf from Dose III (56 mg/200 g BW) provided a stronger immunostimulant effect in rats based on the phagocytosis index parameters of (9.005) and the number of leukocytes of (8,370/µL).
Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Leaf Extract Cream: Formulation and Efficacy in Accelerating Wound Healing in Male White Mice Suena, Ni Made Dharma Shantini; Nayaka, Ni Made Dwi Mara Widyani; Wardani, I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma; Antari, Ni Putu Udayana
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, AUGUST 2024
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar Kesehatan

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Abstract

Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) is known for its wound-healing potential due to its flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and tannins. This study aims to develop a practical and stable dosage form of Bilimbi leaf extract, specifically a cream, and evaluate its efficacy as a wound-healing agent. Bilimbi leaf extract at 2% concentration was formulated into a cream with two variations of triethanolamine concentration as an emulsifier, F1 (2%) and F2 (4%). Data were collected through observation and measurement scales during the cream formulation stage. The effectiveness of the cream as a cut wound healer was assessed using a randomized control group pre-test and post-test design. Physical properties, including organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and mechanical stability, were observed, and spreadability was measured. Both formulations met the criteria for creams with good physical quality and effectively reduced the wound length to 0 cm within the 7-day observation period. In contrast, in the control group, wounds still appeared to be 0.4-1 cm in size. In conclusion, the findings in this study indicate that the cream containing 2% Bilimbi leaf extract (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) has favorable physical characteristics and effectively heals incision wounds in male white mice. This formulation shows promise for further development regarding efficacy, safety, stability, and market acceptability.
Optimization of Formula Fast Disintegrating Tablet (FDT) Antacids with Simplex Lattice Design Method Siswanto, Agus; Himawanti, Nanda Puspita; Khasanah, Fitria Nurrul
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2, AUGUST 2024
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Abstract

Antacids are compounds that can neutralize stomach acid. Antacid preparations on the market are generally in the form of powders, suspensions, and chewable tablets. However, this dosage form is considered less practical, so an alternative dosage form is needed. FDT antacids are one of the quick-dissolving tablet strategies to neutralize stomach acid. The combination of Avicel PH 101 with a wicking mechanism and Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) with swelling action is expected to increase the effectiveness of the super disintegrant. The simplex lattice design method (Design Expert 7.1.5) was used to optimize the super disintegrant of SSG (A) and Avicel PH 101 (B). Tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method in an 8-run formula. The optimum formula for FDT antacids was determined by disintegration time and acid neutralization capacity parameters. The results showed that increasing Avicel PH 101 in combination with SSG decreased the disintegration time and increased the value of the acid neutralization capacity of the FDT antacid. Based on the optimization of the numerical method, the optimum composition of the FDT antacid formula was obtained with a combination of 38 % SSG and 101 % Avicel PH 101.
The Correlation Between Pharmacological Rationality and Therapeutic Outcomes in Patients with Gout at RSI Siti Khadijah Palembang Novita, Rennie Puspa; Amriani, Annisa; Agustiarini, Vitri; Fitriya, Fitriya; Fandinata, Selly Septi; Nisya, Norma
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, FEBRUARY 2025
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Abstract

Gout is a kind of arthritis characterized by the presence of elevated amounts of uric acid in the bloodstream (hyperuricemia), leading to the accumulation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals within the joints. The appropriate utilization of medications in individuals with gout can significantly impact the efficacy of treatment. The objective of this study is to establish a correlation between pharmacological rationality and therapeutic outcomes among gout patients at RSI Siti Khadijah Palembang from January 2020 to December 2022. The present work employs an observational analytic approach, utilizing cross-sectional and cohort study designs. The data were collected retrospectively by the utilization of the total sampling approach, encompassing a complete sample size of 32 patients. The utilization of rationality drugs yielded a 100% accuracy rate in terms of diagnosis, indication, patient selection for urate-lowering therapy, and 93.55% for analgesic anti-inflammatory treatment patient. The correct drug was administered in 100% of cases, while the appropriate dosage for urate-lowering therapy was achieved in 90.625% of instances and 100% for analgesic anti-inflammatory treatment. The route and timing of drug administration were both executed correctly in 100% of cases, and a high level of vigilance for potential side effects was maintained at 100% accuracy. The findings from Fisher's exact test demonstrated a statistically significant association between the effectiveness of urate-lowering medication and analgesic anti-inflammatory treatment in terms of obtaining normal uric acid levels (p<0.05) and reducing pain levels in individuals with gout (p<0.05). The judicious utilization of pharmaceutical substances is a viable approach for attaining desired therapeutic outcomes.
Odds Ratio of Increase in Hemoglobin Level Associated with Consumption of Songgak Coffee in Patients with Pulmonary TB Dewi, Lale Budi Kusuma; Hartuti, Sri; Getas, I Wayan; Agrijanti, Agrijanti; Tatontos, Erlin Yustin; Wiadnya, Ida Bagus Rai; Zaetun, Siti; Khusuma, Ari
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, FEBRUARY 2025
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Abstract

Pulmonary TB cases in Indonesia are the second highest in the world. The incidence of Anemia in pulmonary TB patients can be as high as 90%. Anemia can lead to poor outcomes in the recovery of pulmonary TB. Songgak coffee is a coffee with a mixture of spices that is commonly consumed by the people of Central Lombok to make the body healthy and increase vitality, including pulmonary TB patients. Songgak coffee is made from 7 types of spices mixed with coffee. The results of previous research show that Songgak coffee has quite good antioxidant content and is an immunostimulant. Antioxidants may increase Hemoglobin levels. This was a case-control study. A total of 26 new pulmonary TB patients were divided into 2 groups. Group A received songgak coffee as an additional anti-TB drug, while group B received anti-TB drug therapy alone. Hemoglobin levels in groups A and B were measured before drug administration and 14 days after treatment. The data collected were nominal data, reported as increasing and non-increasing. A total of 12 out of 13 patients in group A had an increase in Hemoglobin, while only 1 person in group B had an increase in Hemoglobin. The odds ratio value for increasing Hemoglobin levels in pulmonary TB patients who consume songgak is 12. The odds ratio value for increasing Hemoglobin in pulmonary TB patients taking songgak is 12. The odds ratio value for increasing Hemoglobin levels in pulmonary TB patients who take Songgak is 12 times higher than in pulmonary TB patients who do not take Songgak.
Optimization of Probiotic Drinks Fermentation in Bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana) Fruit Juice with Lactobacillus plantarum InaCC B616 using Response Surface Methodology Subkhan, Subkhan; Sinaga, Ernawati; Ragamustari, Safendrri Komara; Sukara, Endang
Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, FEBRUARY 2025
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Abstract

Bidara fruit (Ziziphus mauritiana) is known to contain various bioactive phytochemicals, including phenolic acid, ascorbic acid, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins, making it highly promising for development into functional beverage products. Several studies state that fermentation with probiotic bacteria can improve the functional properties of products. This research aims to optimize the fermentation process of bidara fruit juice with Lactobacillus plantarum InaCC B616 using Response Surface Methodology and determine the effect of fermentation time on the content of bioactive compounds such as total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. Optimization of fermentation was carried out using a Central composite design with 13 experimental samples and test data using Design Expert® 13 software, the optimization of fermentation time was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatment groups and three replications per group, including a negative control treatment: no fermentation (F0), fermentation for 12 hours (F1), fermentation for 24 hours (F2), and fermentation for 48 hours (F3). The research results showed that 18.61% bidara fruit juice and 0.34% skim milk was the optimum formula for fermenting bidara fruit juice. The best fermentation duration was in the F3 group (fermentation for 48 hours), in this group the bacterial growth reached 3.1x109 cfu/mL with a total phenolic compound content of 81.80 mg GAE/mL, total flavonoids 2.81 mg QE/g, capacity antioxidant 99.28 µg AAE/mL, and inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme 87.42%. The fermentation of bidara fruit juice with Lactobacillus plantarum InaCC B616 has the potential to enhance total phenol content, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, making it a promising candidate for probiotic beverages. This drink could be developed as an alternative treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme.

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