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Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 19077505     EISSN : 24600601     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Public Health
The focus of Kesmas is on public health as discipline and practices related to preventive and promotive measures to enhance the public health through a scientific approach applying a variety of technique. This focus includes areas and scopes such as Biostatistics, Environmental Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Nutrition, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Public Health, Public Health Education and Promotion, Women Health.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Epidemilogi
Articles 928 Documents
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Efficacy of Cloth Face Mask in Reducing COVID-19 Transmission: A Literature Review Rizki, Saraswati Anindita; Kurniawan, Andree
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a public health concern. Preventive measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment, must be done. On April 2020, the Center for Disease Control stated cloth face mask was recommended to be used by the public. This systematic review aimed to eva - luate the efficacy of cloth face masks in reducing COVID-19 transmission and to compare the fabric material that suits best for a cloth face mask. Journals included were from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, search engines, and references from other studies. The MeSH keywords, such as "cloth mask efficiency", "surgical mask", "COVID-19" and "filtration performance of common fabrics cloth mask" were used. Studies that used particle microorganisms sized ≤ 0.072 μm were included in this study. Studies showed that cloth face mask still can filter to a certain extent, however, it is inferior compared to surgical mask. Results show that the efficacy of cloth face mask depends on its fabric, and that polyester provides the best filtration efficiency. However, the pressure drop of polyester is unknown and more studies should be done.
The Impact of Large-scale Social Restrictions on the Incidence of COVID-19: A Case Study of Four Provinces in Indonesia Suraya, Izza; Nurmansyah, Mochamad Iqbal; Rachmawati, Emma; Al Aufa, Badra; Koire, Ibrahim Isa
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The Indonesian government has chosen to implement large-scale social restrictions (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar/PSBB) to minimize the spread of COVID-19. Large-scale social restrictions is a government policy aimed at restricting the internal movement of people in a bid to reduce the spreading of SARS-CoV-2. This study aims at assessing the impact of large-scale social restriction measures on the incidence of COVID-19 cases in the four provinces of Indonesia. Time series analysis was used to describe the trends of COVID-19 case by using surveillance data from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Quasi- Poisson regression with an interaction model was used to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR). IRR was calculated to compare an incidence rate before and during PSBB implementation. The trend of COVID-19 cases in the provinces of West Java, East Java, Banten, and Jakarta continued to fluctuate. These four provinces continue to experience a significant increase in COVID-19 incidence rate ratio after the first and second PSBB period implementation compared to the time of before PSBB implementation. Lack of proper implementation of the large-scale social restriction led to the PSBB’s ineffectiveness in reducing the number of COVID19 cases in each of the provinces.
Analysis of Government Budgeting for Health: Case Study of COVID-19 in East Java Province, Indonesia Rokhmah, Dewi; Ridzkyanto, Ricko Pratama; Khoiron, Khoiron
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
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Abstract

The COVID-19 in Indonesia was first reported in March 2, 2020 with two cases, and the number has increased each day until April 23, 2020 and reached 7,775 positive cases of COVID-19. East Java Province ranks the third in Indonesia with 662 cases. COVID-19 requires a health financing system aimed for COVID-19 patients and hospital services. The study aimed to describe the amount of COVID-19 and the use of funds for COVID-19 in East Java Province. This study applied descriptive analytic method. Secondary data analysis used the COVID-19 fund data of 31 districts/cities in East Java Province from the Regional Development Agency of East Java Province in period of March 23 - April 23, 2020. The results showed that the total budget for COVID-19 in the province was worth IDR 2,102,600,000,000 divided for Curative IDR 727,654,880,535, Promotive Preventive IDR 97,134,092,873, Social Safety Net IDR 877,301,513,766 and Recovery IDR 400,50,512,826. The total fund for COVID-19 per capita in the province was IDR1,997,139 divided for Curative IDR 691,158, Promotive Preventive IDR 92,262, Social Safety Net IDR 833,299 and Recovery IDR 380,421. According to districts, the highest budgeting is Jember District, Surabaya City, and Gresik District. The highest per-capita funds, according to districts/cities, are Batu City, Jember District, and Trenggalek District.
From Social Distancing to Physical Distancing: A Challenge for Evaluating Public Health Intervention against COVID-19 Pratomo, Hadi
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected every country. Currently, no suitable vaccine or treatment has been identified; therefore, each country has attempted to issue appropriate policies, designed to reduce and prevent increases in the numbers of extreme cases. Transmission can be prevented by implementing social restrictions, also known as social distancing. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued several methods for the prevention of transmission, including social distancing, washing hands with soap (or using hand sanitizer containing at least 70% alcohol), and using masks. Over time, the term social distance has changed to physical distance. Evaluating the impacts of different types of non-pharmacological interventions has been challenging.
Traveler’s Infections: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 as a Potential Agent Oti, Victor Baba; Ioannou, Marina
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major, global, public health challenge. Over 1,051,635 confirmed cases have been reported worldwide, and both local and international travelers are considered to represent populations at high risk of acquiring the infection. Many factors are involved in the spread of this viral agent, including travel to and from endemic areas, a history of contact with a traveler from an endemic country, the virus infection rate at the destination, individual health, and inadequate prevention and control measures. The virus is thought to be transmitted through respiratory droplets, generated by coughing or sneezing and spread through close contact with infected persons or contaminated surfaces. Diagnostic strategies include detection of antiviral antibodies, multiplex nucleic acid amplification, and microarray-based assays. Currently, no approved antiviral therapy or vaccine exists to treat or prevent the infection. Public health measures have been enforced, to slow spread of the virus, by governments. The World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended screening be performed at airports, for all travelers, before traveling to endemic countries and the restriction of travel to countries more than one thousand cases of infection. In response to the global outbreak, this review examines COVID-19 as a potential traveler’s infection.
Initiating Global Civil Society as a Strategy for Handling the COVID-19 Public Health Threat: A Policy Review Ayuningtyas, Dumilah; Ul Haq, Hayyan; Utami, Raden Roro Mega
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
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Abstract

The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a serious impact on public health. The speed and extent of its spread have demonstrated a global failure to cultivate awareness and cooperation in response to the threat. Therefore, in order to improve public awareness and the management of public health threats, we propose a strategy to initiate global civil society. Using Walt and Gilson's policy triangle framework for policy analysis, we reviewed and analysed a series of articles and policies related to COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), health resilience in the context of globalization, as well as other countries’ experiences. The study also explored constitutional obligations, public health legislation, collaboration of civil society, and policies related to public health, as well as their implementation. Every country has its own public policy strategy for handling COVID-19. One possible solution is to expand the GHSA commitments and bind all countries that have signed the agreement to a single public policy strategy for the handling of COVID-19. The poor handling of the COVID-19 outbreak has demonstrated the need for Indonesia’s civil so- ciety collaboratively oversee the Indonesia’s government’s implementation of its constitutional obligations. The government must make public health security a top priority, and collectives of educated individuals with a strong, shared vision must harness the power of non-governmental advocacy.
Handling of Public Stigma on COVID-19 in Indonesian Society Sulistiadi, Wahyu; Rahayu, Sri; Harmani, Nanny
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, their families, health workers, and cemetery officials are not only haunted by tragedies of the new coronavirus but are also stigmatized by the community. Stigma can be very detrimental to social life because it can be long-lasting without proper social measures. This qualitative study examined some cases of stigma in Indonesia. The interview was broadcast both live and online by a private television station, in April 15, 2020, and supplementary informationwas obtained from reliable news stories published by various mass media and from interviews with various groups of people. We identified the limited availability of personal protective equipment among health workers, a public lack of clear understanding regarding COVID- 19, the distortion of news by various media, and a lack of clarity among those responsible for providing education, information, and communication. The government has not acted in a sufficiently prompt mannerto prevent the spread of imported infectious diseases, resulting in local transmission and creating various stigmasamong local communities. Although the infection has already begun to spread, the government must continue toensure the correct understanding and clear mechanismsfor how to prevent COVID-19 among the public.
Annalysis of Epidemiological Surveillance Activity of the COVID-19 at Surabaya Airport Indonesia on January 2020 Nastiti, Rizma Dwi; Artanti, Kurnia Dwi; Faqih, Achmad Faridy
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
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Abstract

The Surabaya Port Health Office (PHO) Class I is tasked with the disease prevention by detection, response and protection at entrance gates for the sea and airports and over the state cross-border posts regarding the situation of COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis aimed to assess activities of early warning alert and response system to COVID-19 at Juanda International Airport on January 2020. The method used includes interviewing four informants, studying of docu - ments and directing field-observation by following activities of PHO, who supervise, inspect General Declarations, distribute, and collect the Health Alert Card (HAC) and monitor body temperature of travelers. The analysis uses a system approach and 4M model with modification by adding time, technology and information variables. Activities in the early warning alert and response system of COVID-19 are in accordance with the Preparedness Guidelines by the Indonesian Goverment. The outputs of reported activities have been classified as appropriate. The HAC form is lacking as a source of COVID-19 surveillance, address information part is often being misinterpreted by travelers. It is necessary to add additional questions regarding the destination address of travelers, and to educate on how to fill HAC correctly so that the effectiveness of HAC can be maximized.
Pre-testing of the WHO’s Educational Video: “How to Protect Yourself Against COVID-19” Fadliyah, Hilyatul; Muhtar, Manendra; Munih, Munih; Risgiantini, Sylviasari; Wulandary, Weny; Pratomo, Hadi
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a public health emergency in many countries, including Indonesia. The World Health Organization (WHO) released an educational video, entitled "How to Protect Yourself Against COVID-19", which explained how to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This study is a qualitative study that aims to pre-test this video, based on the Information, Education, Communication (IEC) theory, by analyzing teenagers’ perceptions of the video. The design used was a Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP), and the data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews with participants, through virtual meetings. The data were analyzed using a qualitative data matrix and thematic analysis. The results showed that all participants found the video regarding the prevention of COVID-19 spread to be attractive and comprehensible. In addition, the participants felt that the contents of the video were not contradictory to their personal values and that the message was targeted to everyone, including themselves. The video was also perceived to be persuasive. Overall, the participants held a generally positive perception of the video.
Impact of Lockdown in India: A Case Study Comparing Kanataka with International Model Sebastian, Stelvin; Paul, Aby; Joseph, Jeeva; Joby, Joel; Saijan, Sanjo; Vilapurathu, Jobin Kunjumon
Kesmas Vol. 15, No. 5
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Abstract

The COVID-19 was declared a pandemic and a global health emergency by WHO, prompting various countries to implement early and stringent social distancing protocols through lockdown, to flatten the epidemic curve. The objective of the present study was to assess the impacts and effectiveness of the lockdown protocol in Karnataka and Punjab, compared with the implementation of this method in Australia and the UK. This study involved the collection of data from different authorized databases, in two phases. The first phase included the time starting with the first-reported index case through the 14th day after the declaration of lockdown, for each country. The second phase involved the data collected between the 15th day through the 28th day of the lockdown. The highest doubling rate for cases was observed in Australia, followed by Karnataka and Punjab, whereas the lowest was observed in the UK. Comparisons of the numbers of the samples tested, the mortality rate, and the recovery rate between Karnataka and Punjab, after the implementation of lockdown, revealed a better recovery rate and lower mortality rate in Karnataka than in Punjab. This study revealed that the implementation of social distancing and lockdown reduced the transmission of the coronavirus and the number of cases reported. However, the effectiveness of lockdown varied among locations, due to demographic and physiological differences.

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