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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology

biotropia
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Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology

ISSN : 02156334 EISSN : 1907770X DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb

Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,

Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary

BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.

Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)

Articles 520 Documents

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Invasive Plant Species in the Disturbed Forest of Batukahu Nature Reserve, Bali, Indonesia Mukaromah, Laily; Imron, Muhammad Ali
BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 1 (2020): BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 1 April 2020
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Patterns of invasive plant distribution and their underlying mechanisms are complex and vary with spatial scale. Within the mountainous tropical ecosystems of Bali Island, local-scale patterns of invasive plants are still poorly understood. This paper aimed to detect and investigate the presence of invasive species and to evaluate their relative abundance linked to forest site conditions along an elevation range on Mount Pohen, Batukahu Nature Reserve, Bali, Indonesia. To identify the importance of environmental disturbances on species invasion, disturbance-environmental factors and species-environmental relationships were also measured and examined. Using a stratified random sampling approach, 78 vegetation plots of 2 × 2 m size were established across four forest sites. Ten invasive plant species belonging to ten genera and five families were identified. Of these invasive species, 40% were herbs, while shrubs and grasses each comprised 30%. Austroeupatorium inulaefolium had the highest frequency (45% of plots), followed by Ageratina tipatia and Brachychaeta reptans (40% of plots each), Melastoma malabathricum (37%), and Calliandra calothyrsus (27%). Austroeupatorium inulaefolium was the most abundant invader, followed by Ageratina tipatia, and the remaining invasive species were Pennisetum purpureum, Calliandra calothyrsus, Imperata cylindrica, Brachychaeta reptans, Melastoma malabathricum, Lantana camara, Bidens pilosa, and Blumea lacera. The distribution of invasive plants was strongly linked to the disturbance level of their respective habitats. The largest numbers of invasive plants were present in burnt sites close to forest edges with direct anthropogenic influence, while the undisturbed forest was the least invaded site. Furthermore, most invasive species mainly occurred at low elevations up to 1,600 m a.s.l. and were rarely found at higher elevations. However, a few invasive species, such as Austroeupatorium inulaefolium and Melastoma malabathricum, were able to colonize the highest altitude (2,035 m a.s.l.), and, to a lesser degree, Ageratina tipatia and Brachychaeta reptans were also distributed at high altitudes (1,950 m a.s.l. and 1,972 m a.s.l., respectively). This study provides a fine-scale analysis of invasive species distribution, which will serve as a basis for conservation purposes, especially for strategic planning regarding the detection and management of invasive alien plants.

Microhabitat Influence on Growth Distribution Pattern of Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) in Siak, Riau Province Pribadi, Didit Okta; Kusuma, Yayan Wahyu C.
BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1 (2015): BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 1 June 2015
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Plant growth distribution patterns are influenced by habitat characteristics, ability of adaptation and association with other plant or animals. The influence of those factors, especially habitat characteristic, needs to be species defined to support plant conservation management. This study was aimed to: 1) measure plant growth dependence on their microhabitat; 2) define microhabitat variables that significantly influence the growth; and 3) develop suitable conservation measures at species level. Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) is one of major timber species that has been facing high exploitation in Indonesia. This species is usually found on specific “peat swamps” ecosystem. Data were collected through primary surveys in Riau Province and analyzed by clustering the adult based on total height and basal area variables and describing the distribution pattern of cluster. Then, Discriminant Function Analysis the (DFA) was used to overlay the cluster with the distribution of microhabitat characteristic consist altitude, slope, ing soil humidity, soil pH, peat depth and canopy cover (measured in percentage). The results showed that distribution of microhabitat matched with 67.4% of height distribution and 78.3% of width distribution of tree basal area. Altitude and canopy cover percentage had significant correlation with total height distribution (α=0.05). Meanwhile, altitude, canopy cover and slope had significant correlation with basal area (α=0.1). However, peat depth variable showed an interesting pattern since shallower peat depth was followed by wider basal area. High correlation between plant growth and its microhabitat suggested that to conserve , conservation offered better strategy G. bancanus in-situ than conservation ex-situ.

Antifungal Citrus hystrix Extract as Natural Food Preservative Nisa, Khoirun; Herawati, Ervika Rahayu Novita; Nurhayati, Septi; Rosyida, Vita Taufika
BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 3 (2020): BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 3 December 2020
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

During their storage, the traditional ready-to-eat food, such as sticky rice cake, is easily contaminated by spoilage pathogens. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the effect of Citrus hystrix extract in reducing spoilage pathogens in sticky rice cake during storage. The experimental sticky rice cake was prepared and formulated with Citrus hystrix extract at varied concentrations of 0.65%, 1.26%, and 1.82% (w/w). Treated samples were stored at room temperature for 28 days and evaluated periodically for their microbial activity (total plate count), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory analysis. For its antifungal activity, the Citrus hystrix extract was also compared against Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus nidulans prior to formulation. Results exhibited a significant advantage of the added extracts to the sticky rice cake. All extract levels effectively eliminated the spoilage microorganisms and significantly lowered the TBARS values. The physico-chemical properties of sticky rice cake including pH, water activity, and moisture content were equal among all the formulated samples and slightly different at 1.82% (w/w) extract level. Moreover, the addition of Citrus hystrix extract up to 1.82% did not affect the acceptability sensory attributes of the sticky rice cake as compared to the control which had no Citrus hystrix extract (p > 0.05).

Histological Analysis of in Vitro Cultured Coconut Endosperm Sukamto, Lazarus Agus
BIOTROPIA Vol. 24 No. 1 (2017): BIOTROPIA Vol. 24 No. 1 April 2017
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2017.24.1.387

Coconut is an important plant for supporting the livelihood of people in tropical regions and is often regarded as a symbolic icon of the tropics. However, coconut fruits are large and heavy, posing a risk of injury when falling and hitting individuals standing beneath the tree. To prevent such accidents, ripe fruits must be harvested regularly. Coconut trees derived from in vitro–cultured endosperm are triploid and produce seedless fruits (without endocarp), which are significantly lighter and therefore safer. The objective of this study was to investigate plant regeneration from fresh and in vitro–cultured coconut endosperms. Both types of endosperm tissues were analyzed using histological methods. Solid endosperm from a seven-month-old post-anthesis coconut of the ‘Samoan Dwarf’ cultivar was collected and cultured in vitro using a modified Branton and Blake medium. Histological observations of fresh coconut endosperm revealed relatively uniform parenchyma cells in both size and shape, with nuclei containing one to five nucleoli. In contrast, three-month-old calli obtained from in vitro–grown endosperm in semi-solid medium displayed cells with diverse shapes and sizes, a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, and abundant starch, protein, and lipid deposits, indicating active cell division. Furthermore, seven-month-old calli grown in liquid medium contained embryogenic cells resembling proembryos. Fourteen-month-old bud-like structures developed in semi-solid medium showed clear histological features, including a meristematic layer, tunica–corpus organization, cortex-like region, and xylem tracheids. These findings indicate that the bud-like structure represents an early stage of shoot-bud formation in coconut endosperm. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating early shoot-bud formation in coconut endosperm cultured in vitro.

Resistance Against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection and Growth of Second Generation (F2) African Catfish [Clarias gariepinus] Using Selected Molecular Markers Alimuddin, Alimuddin; Putri, Fadhila Maharani; Wahjuningrum, Dinamella; Hardiantho, Dian; Sunarma, Ade; Nuryati, Sri
BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 2 (2018): BIOTROPIA Vol. 25 No. 2 August 2018
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogenic bacteria that causes mass mortality in catfish. In previous studies, specific pathogen resistant (SPR), A. hydrophila-resistant African catfish first generation (F1) has been cultivated by marker assisted selection using the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I as a molecular marker. In this study, growth performance, inheritance of the MHC DNA marker in the second generation (F2) of catfish and disease resistance against A. hydrophila infection were observed. The F2 progenies were produced by crossing F1 fish between themselves. Nursery was performed in 80-L glass aquaria, 4 replications for each cross, at the same initial density, for 2 months of rearing. The results showed that daily growth rate of F2 progenies from the SPR broods was significantly higher than those from broods without the marker. Results of the PCR analysis showed that average number of F2 progenies from SPR broods carrying the MHC marker was about 91% higher than that of control. After the fish reached about 12 cm body length, they were challenged by intramuscularly injecting of 0.1 mL A. hydrophila (LD₅₀: 10⁵ CFU/mL) for 7 days. Results of challenge test showed that survival of F2 offspring from the crosses of SPR broods (77.2%) was about two times higher than those from brood without MHC marker (38.3%). Differential leukocyte count supported the high resistance of F2 progenies from F1 broods having MHC I marker against A. hydrophila infection. In conclusion, African catfish farming carrying MHC marker potentially have higher productivity and reduces fish loss due to infection by A. hydrophila.

Effect of Salinity on the Survival, Growth and Immunity Rate of Juvenile Sea Cucumbers (Holothuria scabra) Sembiring, Sari Budi Moria; Wibawa, Gigih Setia; Hutapea, Jhon Harianto; Giri, I Nyoman Adiasmara
BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 3 (2019): BIOTROPIA Vol. 26 No. 3 December 2019
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is an important species as food and medicine, especially for the Chinese market. It is a stenohaline and osmoconforming organism with a low level of tolerance to salinity change. Salinity of the medium is one of the environmental factors that affect the physiology and survival of juvenile sea cucumbers. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of different salinities on the growth, survival and immunity rate of juvenile sea cucumbers (Holothuria scabra) and also determining the suitable salinity level for the optimal growth, survival and immunity rate of the sea cucumbers. This experiment used a completely randomized design with 5 salinity treatments: 24, 29, 34, 39, and 44 ppt with 3 replications using fifteen 30 L fiberglass tanks. The juvenile sea cucumbers measured 4.4 ± 0.2 cm in total length and 5.6 ± 0.3 g in body weight. The juveniles were raised at 15 individuals/tank, fed with cultured fresh benthos once a day in the afternoon. Coelomate was taken from the sea cucumber juveniles from each tank and used to determine the immunity rate and also for the osmolality. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's test at 5% level of significance. The salinity of the medium significantly affected (p < 0.05) the growth, survival rate and immunity rate of sea cucumber juveniles. The 24–34 ppt salinity can support survival rate up to 100%, high growth (6.47–7.10 g) and immunity rate (27–76 × 10⁴ phagocytic cells/mL), while the 44 ppt salinity has resulted in not only a low survival rate (55.60%), but also had a bad effect on osmolality (303 ± 3.5 mOsm/kg), growth (3.12 ± 0.34 g), and immunity (209 × 10⁴ phagocytic cells/mL).

The Effect of Initial Moisture Content, Packaging and Storage Period on Succinate Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome Oxidase Activity of Soybean Seed Tatipata, Aurellia
BIOTROPIA Vol. 17 No. 1 (2010): BIOTROPIA Vol. 17 No. 1 June 2010
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

The quality of soybean seed is easily decreased, so that it is difficult to keep them for a long time. The research aims to study the effect of initial moisture content, packaging material and storage period on succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity. The experimental design was arranged in Factorial in RCB consisting of 3 factors: moisture content, i.e. 8. 10 and 12 percent, packaging materials, i.e. polyethylene, wheat and aluminium foil; storage period i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months. Changes in seed water content, specific activity of succinate and cytochrome oxidase, respiration rate, germination coefficient velocity germination, and abnormal seedlings were monthly determined. It was found that seed moisture content was increase and showed positive correlation with seed moisture content and abnormal seedlings and showed negative correlation with specific activity of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase, respiratory rate, germination and coefficient velocity germination. From this experiment, soybean seeds were stored in polyethylene and aluminium foil bags observed highly succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase specific activity, respiration rate, germination, coefficient velocity germination and keep moisture content in low level could delay seed deterioration followed by polyethylene and wheat bags.Â Key words: moisture content, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, soybean

Limited Seed Dispersal May Shape Genetic Structure of Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. Populations in Mangrove Ecosystem Yusoff, Abdul Shukor; Wan Omar, Wan Bayani; Rohani, Shahrudin
BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 2 (2020): BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 2 August 2020
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Hydnophytum formicarum is an epiphytic plant commonly distributed throughout Southeast Asia. However, its distribution is currently declining due to forest fragmentation and the subsequent habitat changes, which may have also affected the genetic structure of H. formicarum populations. Hence, this study aimed to understand the genetic variation and differentiation within and among populations of this species. Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, the genetic variation and genetic differentiation among three populations were assessed to identify potential conservation management strategies for this species in the mangrove ecosystem in Malaysia. Ten highly reproducible primers were used in the population analysis, resulting in a total of 221 discernible fragments. Genetic variation among populations was high at 98% polymorphic fragments. AMOVA showed significant genetic differentiation among the populations (PT = 0.554, p ≤ 0.001), with pairwise genetic distances between the populations ranging from 0.495 to 0.589. PCoA clustering analysis separated the populations according to their geographical locations. The high genetic variation within populations, high genetic differentiation between populations, and clear separation in the cluster analysis indicate restricted seed dispersal of the species.

THE PERFORMANCE OF UPLAND RICE ESTABLISHED ON ALANG-ALANG DOMINATED AREA AFTER VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF ALANG-ALANG CONTROL S TJITROSEMITO
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology No. 5 (1992)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Pot experiment to investigate the performance of upland rice in a previously alang-alang dominated area was conducted under greenhouse condition at BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia from November 1986 to May 1989. The treatments wereÂ factoriallyÂ combined,Â replicatedÂ 5Â timesÂ andÂ randomizedÂ completely.Â TheÂ firstÂ factorÂ was alang-alangÂ controlÂ consistingÂ ofÂ 5 differentÂ techniques,Â i.e.Â (1)Â glyphosateÂ appliedÂ atÂ 2.2Â kgÂ a.e./ha;Â (2) imazapyr applied at 1.5 kg a.e./ha; (3) dalapon applied twice at 7.4 + 7.4 kg a.i./ha; (4) slashing followed by soil cultivation; (5) slashing of alang-alang only; while the second factor was nitrogen fertilizer at 4 different levels, i.e. (1) 0 kg N/ha, (2) 60 kg N/ha, (3) 120 kg N/ha given twice, 60 kg N/ha at planting time and 60 kg N/ha at 38 dap, (4) 180 kg N/ha given twice, 90 kg N/ha at planting and 90 kg N/ha at 38 dap. Plant height (cm), tiller number/pot, productive tiller (%), panicle length (cm), spikelets/panicle, empty spikelet (%), weight 1000 grains (g) and grain yield (ton/ha) were observed. Upland rice grown with zero tillage technique using glyphosate (2.2 kg a.i./ha) or dalapon (14.8 kg a.i./ha) performed as good as or even better than manual cultivation. Imazapyr at 1.5 kg a.e./ha was phytotoxic to rice planted 1 month after spraying. The application of N fertilizer lower than 60 kg N/ha was not sufficient, but more than 60 kg N/ha was too high; it stimulated the production of too many tillers, with high percentage of unproductive tillers and empty grains.

Potential of Mangrove Seedlings for Utilization in the Maintenance of Environmental Quality Within Silvofishery Ponds Hastuti, Endah Dwi; Budihastuti, Rini
BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1 (2016): BIOTROPIA Vol. 23 No. 1 June 2016
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Silvofishery system has been applied to aquaculture activities and it has been developed in the coastal area of Semarang City, Indonesia. However, information on the initial development of silvofishery ponds concerning the functionality of mangrove seedlings on environmental quality of fish ponds had not been studied. This experiment aimed to determine the environmental conditions of silvofishery ponds and to analyze the effect of seedling stands of mangrove on environmental quality control. The presence of mangrove seedlings caused the decrease of temperature and the increase of salinity. ANOVA showed that mangrove species significantly affected water salinity, while canal width and mangrove species significantly affected turbidity and pH. Regression analysis showed that the height of Rhizophora mucronata had partially significant effect on Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Organic Matter (OM), as well as Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) concentrations. Diameter of R. mucronata affected temperature. The height and diameter of Avicennia marina affected Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Mixed populations of A. marina and R. mucronata had an effect on water turbidity, while population of only A. marina had a partial effect on water salinity. R. mucronata seedlings had dominant effect on the environmental quality. Mangrove seedlings can be used as environmental quality control within silvofishery ponds to maintain optimal conditions for fish growth. The application of silvofishery in early stage of mangrove seedlings should consider the more abundant plantation of R. mucronata compared to A. marina.

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Contact Name Knowledge Management Department

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Editorial Address SEAMEO BIOTROP Jl. Raya Tajur Km. 6 Bogor 16134 INDONESIA

Location Kota bogor, Jawa barat INDONESIA

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Contact Name
Knowledge Management Department

Contact Email
kmd@biotrop.org

Phone
+62251-8323848

Journal Mail Official
biotropia@biotrop.org

Editorial Address
SEAMEO BIOTROP Jl. Raya Tajur Km. 6 Bogor 16134 INDONESIA

Location
Kota bogor,

Jawa barat

INDONESIA