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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology
Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology
ISSN : 02156334     EISSN : 1907770X     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb
Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary
BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 520 Documents
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EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SOIL ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES ON THE OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF VA MYCORRHIZAE KHAN, A.G.
BIOTROPIA No. 8 (1995)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1995.0.8.117

Abstract

The vesicular - arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi are geographically ubiquitous soil inhabitants and form universal symbiotic relationship with plants from every phylum. These fungi link host plants with host soils and their biota in the mycorrhizosphere and play an important role in plant health, productivity and soil structure. Although VA mycorrhizal fungi do not show any host specificity, there is increasing evidence that various climatic and edaphic environmental factors such as land use and management practices, physical, chemical and biological properties of host soils and host plant characteristics influence their occurrence, taxonomic distribution and effectiveness. The interaction of these factors with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) is poorly understood except in a few cases. It is now very clear that VA mycorrhizal associations are ecologically significant factors that require more attention than previously accorded. This paper discusses the occurrence, distribution and significance of VAM in environmentally stressed soil conditions that limit plant growth such as drought, waterlogging and salinity. Key words: Mycorrhizas/Environmental factors/Waterlogging/Soil salinity/Growth development stages/ Inoculum.
EFFECTS OF PISOLITHUS TINCTORIUS AND LACCARIA FRATERNA ON THE GROWTH AND MYCORRfflZAL DEVELOPMENT OF PINUSPATULA SEEDLINGS*) SUDHAKARA REDDY, M.; NATARAJAN, K.
BIOTROPIA No. 8 (1995)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1995.0.8.121

Abstract

Vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and Laccariafraterna were inoculated to Pinuspatula seedlings grown in both steam sterilized and unsterilized shola soil. After 4 months of seedling growth, 10 seedlings from each treatment were harvested and various growth parameters were studied. Inoculation of these two fungi resulted in the production of ectomycorrhizas and increase in growth of P. patula seedlings when compared to uninoculated seedlings. Laccariafraterna inoculated seedlings showed more number of mycorrhizas than P. tinctorius inoculated seedlings at the end of one year. Both these fungi poorly colonized the root system in both soil treatments. There was no significant difference between these two fungi in improving the seedling growth in the nursery. Key words: Pisolithus tinctorius/Laccaria fraterna/Pinus patula/Inoculum/Seedlings/Growth.
FUNGI ISOLATED FROM GROUNDNUTS IN SOME LOCATIONS OF WEST JAVA S.DHARMAPUTRA, O
BIOTROPIA No. 9 (1996)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1996.0.9.126

Abstract

One hundred and ninety eight groundnut samples were collected from freshly harvested groundnuts (FHG), farmer storage systems (FSS), middlemen warehouses (MW), wholesalers (WS) and retailer sample (RS) during the dry and wet seasons from Cidolog, Cianjur, Sukabumi and Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, in 1990/1991. The moisture content (m.c.), intactness of kernels, and the percentages of groundnut kernels infected by each species of fungi were analyzed. In genera), the m.c. of the samples collected during the dry season was lower than of those collected during the wet season. Also, the m.c. of samples collected from FHG, FSS and MW was higher than of those collected from WS and RS. The m.c. of samples collected from FHG was the highest (12.5-45.75%), but the percentages of damaged kernels were the lowest (2.5-13.8%), because the samples were shelled manually. A total of 25 species of fungi were isolated from samples collected from the 4 localities. They were Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. tamarii, A. wentii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. sphaerospermum, Eumtium chevalieri, E. repens, E. rubrum, Fusarium equiseti, F. longipes, F. oxysporum, F. semitectum, Mucor sp., Papulaspora sp., Pestalotia sp., Penicillium aethiopicum, P. citrinum, Rhizapus sp., R. stolonifer and Syncephalastrum sp. The predominant fungi in samples collected from Cidolog and Sukabumi during the dry season were Aspergillus wentii, while those collected from Cianjur and Bogor were A. niger. The percentages of kernels infected by A. wentii in samples collected from Cidolog and Sukabumi were between 30-100% and 36-100%, respectively, while those of kernels infected by A. nigerin samples collected from Cianjur and Bogor were between 34-93% and 14-98%, respectively. The predominant fungi in samples collected from each location during the wet season were A. flavus. The percentage of kernels infected by the fungus in samples collected from Bogor was the highest (83-100%). Key words: Indonesia/West Java/Stored product pests/Groundnut/Fungi/Acremonium strictum/Aspergillussp./Botryodiplodia theobromae/Cladosporium sp./Eurotium sp./Fusarium sp./Mucor sp./Papulasporasp./Pestalotia sp./SPenicillum sp/Rhizopus sp./Syncephalastrum sp./Moisture content.
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATIONS OF 16S MITOCHONDRIAL GENE SEQUENCES OF YELLOW RICE STEM BORER,scirpopbaga incertulas (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) FROM WEST JAVA RAFFIUDIN, RIKA; WINNIE, RUTH MARTHA; SAMUDRA, I MADE
BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1 (2011): BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1 June 2011
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2011.18.1.135

Abstract

Yellow rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) is one of the most important rice pest insects in Asia, including Indonesia. However, there is a lack of genetic data for this important agricultural insect.  Therefore, this study was conducted to explore intraspecific differentiation of S. incertulas partial 16S mitochondrial gene from Bogor, Karawang, Indramayu and Cirebon (West Java, Indonesia). Here, we reported a total of 325 bp of 16S mitochondrial gene of S. incertulas from the obtained samples. Among all DNA sequences, three haplotypes of 16S mitochondrial gene were observed and submitted to GenBank under Accession Number of GU191881, GU191882, GU191883, respectively for haplotype 1, 2, and 3.  The haplotype 1 was found in all S. incertulas surveyed locations, except Bogor. The haplotype 2  and 3 were found only in from Cirebon and Bogor samples. These haplotype variations can be applied as DNA markers for S. incertulas early larva detection method among other rice stem borers. Hence, further explorations of the mitochondrial variations of S. incertulas in Java and other parts of Indonesia are needed.   Keywords: moth, haplotypes, genetic differentiations,  molecular identification
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA EMPHASIZING THE CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL TJITROSEMITO, SOEKISMAN
BIOTROPIA No. 11 (1998)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1998.0.11.140

Abstract

Chromolaena odorata, Siam weed, a very important weed of Java Island (Indonesia) is native to Central and South America. In the laboratory it showed rapid growth (1.15 g/g/week) in the first 8 weeks of its growth. The biomass was mainly as leaves (LAR : 317.50 cm'/g total weight). It slowed down in the following month as the biomass was utilized for stem and branch formation. This behavior supported the growth of C. odorata into a very dense stand. It flowered, fruited during the dry season, and senesced following maturation of seeds from inflorescence branches. These branches dried out, but soon the stem resumed aggressive growth following the wet season. Leaf biomass was affected by the size of the stem in its early phase of regrowth, but later on it was more affected by the number of branches. The introduction of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata to Indonesia, was successful only in North Sumatera. In Java it has not been reported to establish succesfully. The introduction of another biological control agent, Procecidochares conneca to Indonesia was shown to be specific and upon release in West Java it established immediately. It spread exponentially in the first 6 months of its release. Field monitoring continues to evaluate the impact of the agents. Other biocontrol agents (Actmole anteas and Conotrachelus) wilt be introduced to Indonesia in 1997 through ACIAR Project on the Biological Control of Chromolaena odorata in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Keywords: Indonesia / North Sumatra / West Java / Biological control / Chromolaena odorata i Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata I Procecidochares conneca.
THE EFFECTS OF a-CHLOROHYDRIN ON THE GESTATION OF THE WISTAR RAT (Rattus norvegicus) RAHMANIAH, RAHMANIAH
BIOTROPIA No. 12 (1999)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1999.0.12.145

Abstract

The investigation of the effects of a-chlorohydrin on the gestation of the wistar rat has been carried out to determine whether a-chlorohydrin could interfere with the gestation of the rat and gestation period for optimal sensitivity. Alpha-chlorohydrin was administered by gavage to three different groups of pregnant rats, namely on the first (pre-implantation period), sixth (early post-implantation period) or fourteenth (late post-implantation period) gestation day, at a single dose of 62.5; 75 and 90 mg/kg body weight. Rats were sacrificed on  the IS* gestation day. Number of implantations, gestation loss and post-implantation mortality were recorded. The results revealed that 75 and 90 mg/kg body weight of a-chlorohydrin significantly interfered with all the gestation periods used. For the pre-implantation group, a-chlorohydrin decreased significantly the implantation number, but increased the gestation loss as well as the post-implantation mortality compared to the control groups. For the early post-implantation and late post-implantation groups, a-chlorohydrin caused a significant increase in post-implantation mortality compared to the control groups. From these results it is concluded that a-chlorohydrin at 75 and 90 mg/kg body weight influences the gestation of the wistar rat administered during the pre-implantation period as the most sensitive gestation period. Key words  : a-chlorohydrin//tattu? norvegi'ctu/rat/pre-implantation/early post-implantation/late post-implantation/implantation/gestation loss/post-implantation mortality.
MORPHOMETRIC STUDY FOR IDENTIFICATION OF THE BACTROCERA DORSALIS COMPLEX (DIPTERA : TEPHRITIDAE) USING WING IMAGE ANALYSIS ADSAVAKULCHAI', A.; BAIMAI, V.; PRACHYABRUED, W.; GROTE, PAUL J.; LERTLUM, S,
BIOTROPIA No. 13 (1999)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1999.0.13.150

Abstract

The Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) used in this study included B. dorsalis, B. arecae, B. propinqua, B. pyrifoliae, B. verbascifoliae, and three new species complexes are species E, species K and species P. Bactrocera tau was used as an out-group. A total of 424 adults, which emerged from pupae collected from natural populations in Thailand, were prepared for wing measurements. Morphometric analysis was performed on measurements of wing vein characters. Wing images were captured in digital format and taken through digital  image processing to calculate the Euclidean distance between wing vein junctions. Discriminant and cluster analyses were used for dichotomy of classification processes. All 424 wing specimens were classified to species in terms of the percentage of "grouped" cases which yielded about 89.6% accurate identification compared with the formal description of these species. After clustering, the percentage of "grouped"cases yielded 100.0%, 98.9%, 98.1%, 95.2% and 84.6% accurate identification between the B. dorsalis complex and B. tau; B. arecae and Species E; B. dorsalis and B. verbascifoliae; B. propinqua and B. pyrifoliae; and species K and species P, respectively. This method of numerical taxonomy may be useful for practical identification of other groups of agricultural pests. Key words: Bactrocera dorsalis complex/wing image processing/morphometric/discriminant and cluster analyses.
THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS, FUNGI AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS IN STORED COFFEE BEANS IN LAMPUNG S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY; SUNJAYA, SUNJAYA; RETNOWATI, INA; AMAD, MUHAMMAD
BIOTROPIA No. 14 (1999)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1999.0.14.154

Abstract

A survey on postharvest handling and technology processing of coffee beans at farmer, trader and exporter levels was conducted in West Lampung and Tanggamus regencies of Lampung province during harvest time (July 1998). Interviews and sampling of coffee beans were carried out during the survey. The number of respondents at farmer, trader and exporter  levels was 22, 20 and 4, respectively, while the number of samples collected from each level was 20. All samples were analyzed for moisture content, physical quality, insect and fungal infestation, reducing sugar content, and coffee cupping. The results of the interviews indicated that postharvest handling and technology processing became better from farmers to exporters. Moisture contents of coffee beans collected from farmers and traders were higher than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (13%). Physical quality of coffee beans collected from exporters was higher than that collected from farmers and traders. Insects were found on coffee beans collected from farmers, traders and exporters, but the number of species and the percentage of samples infested by insects from each level were relatively low. The predominant species was Liposcelis entomophila. The number of fungal species on coffee beans collected from farmers was higher than  that collected from traders and exporters. The predominant species at the three levels was Aspergillus niger, but the lowest percentage of beans infected by this fungus was found on coffee beans collected from exporters. The lowest percentage of samples infected by all fungi was also found on coffee beans collected from exporters. Reducing sugar content of coffee beans collected from exporters was lower than that from farmers and traders. Aroma and flavor values tended to increase from farmers through traders to exporters, while the body decreased. Some off-flavors (i.e. earthy, mouldy, fermented and woody) were encountered in a few coffee samples from farmers as well as from traders. There was no off-flavor encountered in the coffee samples from exporters. Key words:    Stored products pests/Postharvest handling/Technology processing/Moisture content Physical quality/Insect/Fungi/Reducing sugars/Coffee cupping/Coffee/ Lampung.
STORED COCOA BEANS QUALITY AFFECTED BY FERMENTATION AND EPHESTIA CAUTELLA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE) INFESTATION S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY; SUNJAYA, SUNJAYA; RETNOWATI, INA; AMBARWATI, SANTI
BIOTROPIA No. 15 (2000)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2000.0.15.159

Abstract

The effects of fermentation on Ephestia cautella population and cocoa beans quality in terms of moisture content, fungal population, the percentage of insect-damaged and mouldy beans, lipid and free fatty acid contents during storage were investigated together with the effects of £. cautella infestation on the quality of stored cocoa beans and weight loss. Fermented and unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture contents of 7 or 9% were placed in ventilated plastic jars (Ikg/jar) and stored for 6 months under room conditions. Seven larvae of £. cautella instar IV (2 males and 5 females) were introduced in each jar at the beginning of storage. Untreated jars contained only cocoa beans. Population of £. cautella on fermented cocoa beans with either initial moisture content of 7 or 9% was lower than that on unfermented beans during storage. The population either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture content of 7% was lower than that of 9%, and the population of all treatments increased during storage. Moisture content of all treatments either on cocoa beans with initial moisture contents of 7 or 9% had the same pattern. The percentage of insect-damaged beans on fermented cocoa beans was lower than that on unfermented cocoa beans after 5 to 6 months of storage. The damaged beans on fermented cocoa after 6 months of storage was not different than on unfermented beans after 4 months of storage. The weight loss either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture content of 9% was higher than that with initial moisture content of 7%. The weight loss on fermented cocoa beans either with moisture content of 7 or 9% was lower than that on unfermented beans during storage. The weight loss either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans increased during storage. The percentage of mouldy beans on cocoa infested with £. cautella tended to increase during storage, while on beans not infested with the insect it fluctuated during storage. The highest percentage of mouldy beans was on unfermented and infested cocoa beans. Twenty-one fungal species were isolated from all treatments of cocoa beans during storage. The total fungal population on fermented and unfermented beans had the same pattern. The population on fermented cocoa beans was lower than that on unfermented beans. Total l ipid content on fermented cocoa beans either infested or not with £. cautella having initial moisture content of 7 or 9%, was lower than that of unfermented beans. The content either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans and either infested or not decreased during storage. Free fatty acid content on cocoa beans infested with £.  cautella was higher and significantly different than that on not infested. The content for both types increased during storage. Key Words :   Cocoa beans / Fermentation / Ephestia cautella I Moisture content / Fungal population / Insect-damaged beans / Mouldy beans / Lipid / Free fatty acid.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PALM FLORA OF THE LORE LINDU NATIONAL PARK, CENTRAL SULAWESI, INDONESIA JOHANIS P MOGEA
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology No. 18 (2002)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2002.0.18.169

Abstract

The population size, structure, and composition of the palm flora in a 1350 m by 20 m rectangular plot in Gunung Potong and a 1500 m by 20 m rectangular plot in Tongoa were measured. The total palm species from both plots numbered 33 represented by 8 genera. Eight species, namely  Calamus omatus  var. celebicus, Pinanga caesia, Arenga pinnata, Daemonorops  sp.3.  Calamus didymocarpus. Calamus  sp.4 (rapid spines), Caryota mitis, andAreca vestiaria have relatively high frequency values ranging from 5.46% to 10.66%. In addition, palm specimens previously collected from the park were examined at Herbarium Bogoriense to set up a preliminary checklist. So far, the national park is recorded as having 48 palm species represented by 11 genera which give figures of about 68% species and 58% genera of the total native Sulawesi palm flora. Though the number of endemic palms in Sulawesi is high (72%), namely 51 out of total native 71 species, only two species are locally endemic to Central Sulawesi namely  Gronophyllum sarasinorum and Pinanga sp. nov. 1 (longirachilla). So far only the latter species is endemic to the national park. Key words: palm diversity/Lore Lindu National Park/Sulawesi/Indonesia/endemic species

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