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BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology

biotropia
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Published by Southeast Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology

ISSN : 02156334 EISSN : 1907770X DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11598/btb

Core Subject : Health, Science, Agriculture,

Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary

BIOTROPIA, The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology, is a scientific publication of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) – Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology (BIOTROP). It publishes articles in the broad areas of tropical ecosystems and environmental impacts, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development and biotechnology.

Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)

Articles 520 Documents

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PREVENTION METHODS AGAINST Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens INFECTION IN TILAPIA Esti Handayani Hardi; Rudi Agung Nugroho; Irawan Wijaya Kusuma; Wiwin Suwinarti; Ryan Anjani; Aziza Aziza
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 27 No. 3 (2020): BIOTROPIA Vol. 27 No. 3 December 2020
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

This research evaluated a method involving provision of a concoction of Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox dan Zingimber zerumbet extracts for pathogen prevention in tilapia. The concentration of each extract was 600 ppm of Boesenbergia pandurata/BP, 900 ppm of Solanum ferox/SF and 200 ppm of Zingimber zerumbet/ZZ. The examination was performed by issuing two combinations of extracts (SF:BP, SF:ZZ) against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens (105 CFUmL-1). Preventive trials were carried out by providing a concoction of extracts through intraperitoneal injection (0.1 mL/fish) in tilapia (15Â±2 g) and the immersion method was performed by bathing the fish in the extracts for 20 minutes, with pathogen challenging during the following 24 h being carried out. The composition of the used extract was by SF60:ZZ40; SF50:ZZ50; BP90:SF10; BP50:SF50; and fish without being given the extract. Haematology and immunology parameters were observed at the 4th week after challanges with pathogenic bacteria. The number of white blood cells (WBCs) increased significantly (P <0.05) compared to controls without extract, with a similar increase observed for red blood cell (RBCs), but heamatocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) values did not significantly increase compared to control. Phagocytic index, respiratory burst and lysozyme activities also experienced a significant increase in fish fed with combined extracts compared to controls. The numbers of pathogenic bacteria in the body of the fish given extract were also lower than the control and significantly different at the 4th week. The results of this study indicate that giving combined extracts of SF50:ZZ50 and BP90:SF10 provides the best protection (RPS) against infection of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescent by injection of 100%. This study indicates that providing combined extracts by injection and immersion in the ratio of SF50:ZZ50 has a positive effect in increasing the non-specific immune system of tilapia and increasing protection against bacterial infections.

DEVELOPMENT OF MUD CRAB (SCYLLA OLIVACEOUS HERBST) OOCYTE AFTER IN VITRO CULTURE WITH THORACIC GANGLION EXTRACTS OF ESTUARINE CRABS (NEOEPISESARMA LAFONDI JACQUINOT AND LUCAS) Yushinta Fujaya; Dody Dharmawan Trijuno; Sulistiono; Seiichi Watanabe; Arief Boediono
BIOTROPIA Vol. 14 No. 1 (2007)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Thorax ganglion was reported as a source of stimulating hormone for gonad development. The aim of this research was to study the development of mud crab (Scylla olivaceous) oocytes cultured in in vitro medium supplemented with thoracic ganglion extracts of Neopisesarma lafondi. Immature crabs with 110 mm carapace width were collected from the mouth of Bawana Marana Rivers, Maros Regency of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pieces of ovarian tissues from those crabs were incubated within 24 hours in culture medium (Medium-199 with 100 IU/ml Penicilin-G) supplemented with 2 mg/ml thoracicganglion extract. Result showed that the diameter of mud crab oocytes was increased in congruent with the incubation time. The development was prominent after in vitro incubation for 8 hours (P

ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT OF THREE FUNGAL ISOLATES TO AFLATOXIN-PRODUCING^spergiY/HS/JavHS OKKY S.DHARMAPUTRA
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology No. 21 (2003)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Aflatoxin contamination in preharvest peanuts can be controlled among others by using antagonistic fimgi to aflatoxin-producing fungi.Â Aspergillus flavusÂ is one of the fungal species where certain strains can produce aflatoxin. Informations regarding the type of interactions between antagonistic fungi and toxigenic A. flavus, and the effects of culture filtrates of the test fungi on the growth and aflatoxin production of toxigenic A. flavusÂ are necessary, before antagonistic fungi could be used as biocontrol agent. Three fungal isolates (nontoxigenic A. flavus BIO 2127, A. niger BIO 2129 and Trichoderma harzianum BIO 19130) were tested for their antagonistic properties against toxigenic A. flavus BIO 2132 using direct and indirect confrontation methods. On direct confrontation method, four kinds of agar media were used, i.e PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar), MEA 1% (Malt Extract Agar 1%), SMKYA (Sucrose 200 g, MgSO47H2O 0.5 g, KNO3 3 g, yeast extract 7 g, and block agar AA 20 g), and the mixture of MEA 1 % + SMKYA (1:1). The results indicated that the type of interactions between toxigenic A. flavus either with nontoxigenic A. flavus or with T. harzianum was B type. In this type of interaction, the growth of both toxigenic A. flavus and the test fungi inhibited each other (mutual inhibition) with the zone of inhibition < 2 mm. Type of interaction between toxigenic A. flavus and A. niger depended on the kind of media. On SMKYA and MEA 1% + SMKYA media, the interaction was B type, while on PDA and MEA 1% media it was D type. In this D type of interaction, toxigenic A. flavus and A. nigerÂ inhibited each other (mutual inhibition) at a distance > 2 mm. Culture filtrates derived from nontoxigenic A. flavus and A. niger grown on ME 1%, SMKY and ME 1% + SMKY inhibited the growth (based on dry weight) of toxigenic A. flavus, except culture filtrates derived from T. harzianum grown on SMKY and ME 1% + SMKY media stimulated the growth of toxigenic A. flavus. Culture filtrates of nontoxigenic A. flavus, A. niger and T. harzianum inhibited aflatoxin B\ production of toxigenic A. flavus. Culture filtrates of A. niger and T. harzianum with conidial concentrations of IxlO6, 2xl06Â and 3xl06Â per ml inhibited aflatoxin B, production up to 100%. The percentage of inhibition of aflatoxin Bi production increased with the increase of conidial concentrations of nontoxigenic A. flavus. The highest percentage of inhibition of aflatoxin BI production (62.5%) was obtained from conidial concentration of 3xl06Â per ml. Aspergillus niger was the most potential fungus in inhibiting the growth of toxigenic A. flavus, either on agar media or on culture filtrates of test fungi. Culture filtrate of A. niger was also the most potential filtrate in inhibiting aflatoxin BI production of toxigenic A. flavus.Keywords:Â Â Â Antagonistic effect / Aspergillus flavus I Aspergillus niger I Trichoderma harzianum I aflatoxin

POTENCY OF RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA TO PROMOTE RICE GROWTH UNDER SALINE CONDITION Sri Widawati; I Made Sudiana
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 23 No. 2 (2016)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Saline soil is a common problem in coastal paddy field, especially in Indonesia. Salinity affects rice growth and the activities of soil functional microbes, including functional bacteria, which play roles in plant growth. Some of these microbes are associated with rice plants and are able to survive under saline condition. The presence of functional microbes is also important to improve soil quality. Nitrogen and phosphate are essential soil nutrients and is available in soil due to the activities of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and free-living plant-associated bacteria.Â The objective of the present study was to obtain nitrogen-fixing, phosphate solubilizing and Indole Acetic Acid Â (IAA)-producing bacteria that are able to survive and promote the growth of rice under saline conditions. From rice and peanut rhizosphere, Ca-phosphate (Ca-P) solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated separately using specific media. Then, the Ca-P solubilizing ability, phosphomonoesterase activity and IAA-producing ability were quantitatively examined. Based on the abilities, 20 strains were selected and identified as Burkholderia cepacia-complex, Burkholderia anthina, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Bacillus cereus-complex (three strains), Achromobacter spanius, Azospirillum sp. (four strains), Azotobacter sp. (three strains), Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium sp. (two strains), and Pseudomonas sp. (three strains). The inoculation of several single strains or the mixture of the selected strains promoted the growth of rice under saline conditions. These inoculants could be potential as biofertilizer in saline paddy fields.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTIAL CDNA OF SUCROSE SYNTHASE PUTATIVE GENE IN PALMYRA PALM (BORASSUS FLABELLIFER) FAINMARINAT INABUY; Adi Pancoro
BIOTROPIA Vol. 17 No. 2 (2010)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Intensification of biofuel resources is urgently needed considering the decrease in availability of worldâ€™s fossil fuel. Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) is highly potential to be developed as bioethanol source regarding the high sucrose content in its nira. It was observed that nira produced in dry season is sweeter than that in rainy season, which presumed to be influenced by a difference in expression level of sucrose-related genes during the two seasons. Studies on Â Â Sucrose Synthase (SUS) gene of palmyra are therefore required prior to study the gene expression. Palmyra SUS gene sequence is currently unavailable in GenBank, thereby pair of primers was designed from highly conserved region of SUS proteins among monocots. A 1866 bp partial cDNA fragment of SUS putative gene has been succesfully isolated from RNA of the young leaves of B. flabellifer. BLASTn and BLASTp aligments showed that either BfSUS cDNA or BfSUS polypeptide has high similarity with SUS cDNA and proteins from diverse plant species, with the highest similarity shown by Tulipa gesneriana. The phylogenetic tree showed that SUS protein sequences of monocot species were distinctively grouped and splitted from those of dicot species. The BfSUS was clustered in monocot group, although not specifically grouped with particular monocot species. Nevertheless, B. flabellifer showed nearest genetic distance with Tulipa gesneriana and Oncidium cv.â€™Goldianaâ€™. Characterization of BfSUS polypeptide using Geneious 4.6.2 indicated the presence of sucrose synthase (SUS) and glycosyl transferase (GT) domains, four putative UDP-glucose binding pockets within the GT domain, and a calcium-dependent Ser/Thr protein kinase binding site within the SUS domain. These domains and motifs are highly conserved in SUS proteins across plant species, hence confirming that the cDNA fragment obtained in this study is the putative gene of sucrose synthase of B. flabellifer. Â Keywords: Borassus flabellifer, nira, sucrose, sucrose synthase, SUS domain, GT domain, Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â

BACTERIAL COMMUNITY SHIFTS OF A HIGH MOUNTAIN LAKE IN RESPONSE TO VARIABLE SIMULATED CONDITIONS: AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS, LIGHT AND OXYGEN MUNTI YUHANA; THOMAS HORATH; KURT HANSELMANN
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 13 No. 2 (2006)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

We studied bacterial population composition shifts by exposing natural water samples to variable simulated environmental conditions. The samples were taken from Lake Jori XIII (2640 m a.s.l), an oligo-to mesotrophic cold freshwater lake, located in the eastern Swiss Alps. The Jori lakes are characterized as remote, unpolluted high mountain lakes with a long period of ice cover and typically low nutrient concentrations. Culture independent techniques (PCR-based analyses) were used for detection and molecular characterization of a large number of bacteria most of which are still uncultivable. Bacterial community shifts over three ecological conditions (nutrients, light and oxygen availability) were detected by using Temporal Temperature gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) of a PCR-amplified part of the 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial populations responded differently to the variable conditions, as revealed by TTGE pattern shifts during the experiment. Key words: Temporal Temperature gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE), ARB, small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA gene), alpine freshwater lake JOri XIII, PCR

THE PECULIAR PETIOLE CALLUSES GROWTH OF Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc. ex Arcang AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR Ex situ CONSERVATION EFFORTS Yuzammi Yuzammi; Kartika Ning Tyas; Tri Handayani
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 25 No. 1 (2018)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Amorphophallus titanum is a plant species endemic to Sumatera. Land degradation and illegal capture of hornbills (a distributor of A. titanum seeds) is leading to potential extinction of A. titanum in the wild. In order to conserve the species and save it from extinction, there is an urgent need to develop methods to propagate it both in situ and ex situ. The aim of this research was to discover environmental factors triggering callus growth from petiole cuttings of A. titanum in its natural habitat in Sumatera and to determine the viability of callus pieces as a propagation material. A completely randomized design with a single factor, i.e., callus size, was employed on five callus replicates. Each replicate consisted of four callus samples. The treatments consisted of three callus piece sizes i.e. 0.5 x.0.5 cm2, 1 x 1 cm2, 2 x 2 cm2. For each replicate, the following parameters of growth were assessed: the time of appearance of shoots; the shoot height when the first leaf fully opened; the petiole diameter; the diameter of the leaf lamina; and the number of young shoots. The results of our field observations showed that environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and soil influence the formation of the callus in the wild. The size of the callus affected the shoot and root growth. The best result was obtained from callus 2 cmÂ², which could produce 2â€“3 shoots with an average height of 18.8 cm at the time of first fully opened leaf. The collection of Â petiole calluses of A. titanum that formed in its natural habitat are recommended instead of carrying the tuber.This ex vitro calluses can be used as propagation materials and then it could be planted in the botanic gardens as one of ex situ conservation effort.

NUTRIENT TRANSFER IN VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS: A NEW MODEL BASED ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ATPases ON FUNGAL AND PLANT MEMBRANES F.A. SMITH; S.E. SMITH
BIOTROPIA No. 8 (1995)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

In this paper we review the membrane transport processes that are involved in the transfer of mineral nutrients and organic carbon between the symbiotic partners in mycorrhizas. In particular, we reassess the prevailing hypothesis that transfer in vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas occurs simultaneously and bidirectionally across the same interface and that arbuscules are the main sites of transfer. Using cytochemical techniques, we and our collaborators have reexamined the distribution of ATPases in the arbuscular and intercellular hyphal interfaces in VA mycorrhizas formed between roots of Allium cepa (onion) and the fungus Glomus intraradices. The results showed that H+-ATPases have different localisation on plant and fungal membranes in arbuscular and hyphal interfaces (Gianinazzi-Pearson et al. 1991). While some arbuscular interfaces had H+-ATPase activity on both fungal and plant membranes, in most cases the fungal membrane lacked this activity. In contrast, the plasma membranes of intercellular hyphae always had H+-ATPase and the adjacent root cells did not. This suggests that the different interfaces in a VA mycorrhiza may have different functions. We propose that passive loss of P from the arbuscules is associated with active uptake by the energised (ATPase-bearing) plant membrane and that passive loss of carbohydrate from the root cells is followed by active uptake by the intercellular hyphae. If this model is correct, then variations in "mycorrhizal efficiency" (i.e. the extent to which mycorrhizal plants grow better than non-mycorrhizal controls) might be determined by differences in the numbers of active arbuscules as a proportion of the total fungal biomass within the root.As a first step towards investigating this possibility, we have developed methods for measuring the surface areas of arbuscular and hyphal interfaces in different fungus-host combinations, Glomus spp./ Allium porrum (leek). We have also measured fluxes of P from fungus to plant and have been able to partition these between the arbuscular and total (arbuscular plus hyphal) interfaces. The implications of this work, and suggestions for future investigations of the molecular mechanisms involved in nutrient transfer in mycorrhizas, are discussed. Key words: Mycorrhizas/Glomus intraradices/ATPases/Allium cepa.

Ecological Impact of Merremia peltata (L.) Merrill Invasion on Plant Diversity at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Jani Master
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 20 No. 1 (2013)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) is the third largest protected area in Sumatra.Â Unfortunately, the area is invaded by Merremia peltata which occupiedÂ aboutÂ 7 000 ha. The aims of this study was to determine the ecological impacts ofÂ M. peltata on plant biodiversity at BBSNP. Three locations were selected for vegetation analysis and M.peltata invasion assessment on the vegetation composition in BBSNP, i.e. the primary forest representing undisturbed area, secondary forest representing burned area, and invaded forest representing forest invaded by M. peltata. Three line transectsÂ were constructed at each locations along1 km, andÂ the nested sampling plots were constructed every 100 m with the following quadrants : 20 m x 20 m for trees, 10 mÂ x 10 m for poles, 5 mÂ x 5 m for sapling, and 2 m x 2 m for seedling. The data collected were invasions of M. peltata, trees species, and diameter of the trees.Â Invaded forest has lower diversity index (1.90)Â than the other two. This caused by the invasion of M. peltata as the percentage of coverage in the invaded forest reached 44% compared to secondary and the primary forest which wereÂ 27.11% and 1.00%. It is evidenced by the correlation between the percentage of coverage M. peltata and diversity index (-0.988).

EFFECTS OF RED YAM FLOUR (Ipomoea batatas L.) ON THE GROWTH, SURVIVAL RATE AND SKIN COLOR OF GOLDFISH (Carrasius auratus) Dedi Fazriansyah Putra; Lia Armaya; Sayyid Afdhal El Rahimi; Norhayati Othman
BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 26 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

The best quality goldfish requires a good environment and a highly nutritious feed. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of commercial diets supplemented with 0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% red yam flour (Ipomoea batatas L.) on the growth rate, survival rate and skin color of the goldfish Carrasius auratus. A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and three replicates was used. Seventy-five goldfishes with an average initial length of 4.4 cm were fed the supplemented commercial diets for twenty-eight days inside fifteen experimental tanks. The results showed that the 9% dietary treatment significantly affected the skin color of the goldfishes but not their growth and survival rates (P > 0.05). Hence, the administration of 9% concentrated red yam flour was a suitable dietary supplement to improve skin pigmentation, an important characteristic of aquarium fishes.

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Knowledge Management Department

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SEAMEO BIOTROP Jl. Raya Tajur Km. 6 Bogor 16134 INDONESIA

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