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INDONESIA
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 23030623     EISSN : 24072370     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science,
Materials Science & Nanotechnology
This journal presents articles and information on research, development and applications in biomass conversion processes (thermo-chemical conversion; physico-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion) and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. A biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstock. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol (see also alcohol fuel). The high-value products increase profitability, the high-volume fuel helps meet energy needs, and the power production helps to lower energy costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from traditional power plant facilities. Future biorefineries may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials that are traditionally produced from petroleum.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 426 Documents
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Isopropyl Alcohol Purification through Extractive Distillation using Glycerol as an Entrainer: Technical Performances Simulation and Design Hartanto, Dhoni; Handayani, Prima Astuti; Sutrisno, Akhmad; Anugrahani, Viona Widya; Mustain, Asalil; Khoiroh, Ianatul
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.23477

Abstract

Isopropyl alcohol is widely used as industrial chemical intermediates and common solvents in households, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and medical purposes. The high purity of isopropyl alcohol requires special separation from its impurity i.e. water due to isopropyl alcohol and water form an azeotropic point, which is difficult to separate using a conventional distillation method. The azeotropic point of this mixture is at isopropyl alcohol mole fraction of 0.68 and temperature of 353.4 K. One of the optimum methods to separate an azeotrope point is through the extractive distillation which use a third component as a solvent. Glycerol is one of the solvents which can be used as a potential entrainer in the extractive distillation. Glycerol is produced in the biodiesel production as a by-product. Moreover, glycerol is an eco-friendly chemical. In this work, the simulation of the extractive distillation of isopropyl alcohol/water system with glycerol as an entrainer was simulated using Aspen Plus. The Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model was used as thermodynamic model in the simulation.  The effect of stage number, binary feed stage, entrainer feed stage, and reflux ratio to the purity of isopropyl alcohol, and reboiler-condenser duties were examined to achieve the optimum design for the extractive distillation column with less energy requirements. The simulation results showed that the optimum configurations in the extractive distillation column design are at 25 theoretical stages, binary feed stage (BFS) of 20, entrainer feed stage (EFS) of 2, and reflux ratio (RR) of 0.5 to produce isopropyl alcohol with the purity of 99.27%. The design and sizing of the extractive distillation column were also proposed in this work.
Application of Natural Zeolite in Methylene Blue Wastewater Treatment Process by Adsorption Method Amelia, Shinta; Maryudi, Maryudi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22480

Abstract

Textile industry waste contains dyes that are difficult to decompose naturally and cause disruption of ecosystems in water. The colorant that is often used in the textile industry is methylene blue which is a cationic heterocyclic aromatic compound. This compound is so stable that it is difficult to decompose naturally and is harmful to the environment in large concentrations. Therefore, we need a waste treatment technology that can reduce the concentration of dye waste in water. So far, the adsorption method remains the most efficient and effective technique in removing dyes because of its relatively large adsorption capacity. One method that can be used is the adsorption method using natural zeolite. Zeolite is one of the non-metal mineral commodities or multipurpose industrial minerals, one of which is as an adsorbent or adsorbent media. This study aims to determine the potential of natural zeolite in absorbing methylene blue with variations in the concentration of methylene blue and various sizes of natural zeolite mesh. The procedures in this experiment include, the preparation of natural zeolite with size variations of 20-60 mesh, 60-100 mesh and> 100 mesh and variations in the concentration of methylene blue used 15 ppm, 30 ppm and 45 ppm with contact time from 0 to 180 minutes. From the results of the study it was found that the smaller the size of natural zeolite used, the greater the percentage of dye removal that is at mesh size> 100 mesh the percentage of dye removal was 32.11%. As for the variation of the concentration of methylene blue, the smaller the concentration, the natural zeolite can work optimally ie at a concentration of 15 ppm at 180 minutes the remaining methylene blue concentration of 0.145 ppm.
Effect Carrageenan to Biodegradable Plastic From Tubers Rusianto, Toto; Yuniwati, Murni; Wibowo, Hary
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22975

Abstract

Plastic waste can cause serious environmental problems. This can be overcome by various efforts; one of them is by replacing the use of conventional plastic with biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic can be produced from tubers containing starch. The purpose of this study was to explain the suitability of two tuber species with typical protein quality and different starch structures. Starch was obtained from suweg tuber (Amorphophallus campanulatus) and ganyong (Canna edulis Ker). The material invested was obtained by dissolving 4 grams of each starch, each of which was dissolved with distilled water then added with various weight carrageenan. The tensile strength of biodegradable plastic was tested using tensile testing machines, biodegradation of soaked plastics using EM4 (Effective Microorganism) with reduced weight measurements, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) was used to identify the structure of compounds contained in biodegradable plastics. The tensile strength test results of biodegradable plastic from ganyong/canna tubers were 3.35 MPa with elongation of 13.51%, while the plastic from suweg tubers of 2.45 MPa with elongation was 13.68% on the addition of 5% carrageenan, respectively. Plastic degradation testing obtained plastic decomposition up to 100% in 37 days for ganyong and 34 days for suweg, respectively. It showed that the plastics was easily degraded. Identified by FTIR showed chemical structures of OH phenolic alcohols, C = O carbonyls, CO esters, NH amides and amines, and C≡C alkyne.
Kinetics of Sulfide Removal in Biofilter Employing Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria on Salak Fruit Seeds Lestari, Retno Ambarwati Sigit; Sediawan, Wahyudi Budi; Sarto, Sarto
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22356

Abstract

Sulfur-oxidizing bacterias were isolated then grown on salak fruit seeds forming bio-film. Their performances in sulfide removal were experimentally observed. The salak fruit seeds were then used as packing material in a cylinder. Liquid containing 83 ppm of sodium sulfide was flown through the bed. Then the sulfide concentrations in the outlet at various times were analyzed. A set of simple kinetics model for the rate of the sulfide removal and the bacterial growth was proposed. The axial sulfide concentration gradient in the flowing liquid are assumed to be quasi-steady-state. Mean while the bio-film grows on the surface of the seeds and the sulfide oxidation takes place in the bio-film. Since the bio-film is very thin, the sulfide concentration in the bio-film is assumed to be uniform. The simultaneous ordinary differential equations obtained were then solved numerically using Runge-Kutta method. The accuracy of the model proposed was tested by comparing the calculation results using the model with the experimental data obtained. It turned out that the model proposed can be applied to quantitatively describe the removal of sulfide in liquid using bio-filter in packed bed. The values of the parameters were also obtained by curve-fitting.
Reduction of FFA in Kapok Randu (Ceiba pentandra) Seed Oil via Esterification Reaction Using Sulfuric Acid Catalyst: Experimental and Kinetics Study Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi; Akbar, Muhammad Hafizt; Widjanarko, Dwi
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.23886

Abstract

The rapid growth of the population and economy has boosted up the necessity of fuel and  energy source. Until now, the world’s dependency on fossil fuel as the primary energy supply is still high. On the other hand, it has been known that the fossil-based oil and gas reserves are shrunk. Hence, it is urgent to develop alternative energy sources, which are renewable and environmentally friendly, to anticipate the energy insufficiency. Biodiesel is among the prospective renewable energy due to its advantages. Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) is a type of biofuel which is derived from vegetable oil or animal fat. There are various vegetable oils that can be used as raw material for biodiesel production. However, non-edible oils are usually preferred to be selected as a biodiesel feedstock to evade the conflict between food and energy needs. Kapok Randu (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil is a type of non-edible oil which is cheap and can be employed as biodiesel feedstock. However, this oil has high free fatty acid (FFA) content (8.89%). Thus, it cannot directly undergo transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel since the FFA will react with alkaline catalyst to produce soap. The FFA content in Kapok Randu seed oil needs to be decreased until it is lower than 2%. Hence, prior to transesterification reaction, esterification of Kapok Randu seed oil with methanol in the presence of acid catalyst should be conducted to decrease the FFA content. In this work, esterification reaction was performed in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. The reactions were conducted at the molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:12 at the temperature of 40, 50, and 60 ℃ for 120 minutes. The optimum reaction conversion was 95.14%, achieved at the reaction temperature of 60 ℃. Kinetics study using homogeneous models was also performed. It was revealed that the reaction was appropriate with the irreversible second order reaction model. The reaction rate constant (k), activation energy (Ea), and  frequency factor (A) were 4.95 L / mole.min, 30,799.21 J/ mole and 338.744 / min, respectively.
Effect of Equivalence Ratio on the Rice Husk Gasification Performance Using Updraft Gasifier with Air Suction Mode Hendriyana, Hendriyana
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23527

Abstract

Rice husk is the waste from agriculture industries that has high potential to produce heat and electricity through the gasification process. Air suction mode is new development for updraft rice husk gasification, where blower are placed at output of gasifier. The objective of this research is to examine these new configuration at several equivalence ratio. The equivalence ratio was varied at 32% and 49% to study temperature profile on gasifier, producer gas volumetric flow rate, composition of producer gas, producer gas heating value, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion. The time needed to consume rice husk and reach an oxidation temperature of more than 700oC for equivalence ratio of 49% is shorter than 32%. Producer gas rate production per unit weight of rice husk increase from  2.03 Nm3/kg and 2.36 Nm3/kg for equivalence ratio of 32% and 49%, respectively. Composition producer gas for equivalence ratio of 32% is 17.67% CO, 15.39% CO2, 2.87% CH4, 10.62% H2 and 53.45% N2 and 49% is 19.46% CO, 5.94% CO2, 0.90% CH4, 3.46% H2 and 70.24% N2. Producer gas heating value for equivalence ratio 32% and 49% is 4.73 MJ/Nm3 and 3.27 MJ/Nm3, respectively. Cold gas efficiency of the gasifier at equivalence ratio 32% is 69% and at 49% is 55%.
Refuse Derived Fuel Production through Biodrying Process (Case study: Solid Waste from Canteens) Chaerul, Mochammad; Fakhrunnisa, Afifah
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24609

Abstract

Due to its calorific value, wastes could be treated into Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) through several processes. In order to get higher calorific value, moisture content in the wastes could be removed by utilizing the heat generated from decomposition of organic fraction by microorganism (biodrying process). The study aims to treat solid wastes generated from canteens in Ganesha Campus of Institut Teknologi Bandung into RDF through biodrying process. Through standard sampling procedure, total waste generated from 59 canteens was 228 kg/day and organic fraction became the dominant (74%). There were 3 biodrying piles prepared, namely aeration, windrow, and control pile. Temperature in all piles increased in first and second weeks, then it gradually decreased and the average temperature were between 23-48 oC. The heat generated during the process could be remove water content and the optimum time 17-22 days could reach 20-30% of moisture content. The highest calorific value could be obtained from aerated pile (14.98 MJ/kg). By considering several parameters, the best RDF were produced from aerated pile. The parameters which still did not comply with the international standard of RDF were ash content, fixed carbon, and organic carbon. The quality of RDF was affected significantly by the composition of the feed. Though it could not meet with all parameters as an international standard of RDF, the product could be used as co-fuel to substitute coal or other fossil fuels for industrial activities. By knowing that the wastes could be converted into valuable product, the local municipality may shift the conventional paradigm of the waste management which is only collect-haul-dispose into a new paradigm by prioritizing waste recycle.
Optimization of Bioethanol Synthesis from Durian Seeds Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Fermentation Process Masturi, Masturi; Alighiri, Dante; Dwijananti, Pratiwi; Widodo, Rahmat Doni; Budiyanto, Saraswati Putri; Drastisianti, Apriliana
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.23574

Abstract

Bioethanol is an alternative energy of environmentally friendly as a substitute for petroleum. Sucrose, starch, and fibrous cellulose (lignocellulose) are the main ingredients for bioethanol production. The material is very easy and abundant to get from the waste of agricultural crops. One of these agricultural wastes in Indonesia that have not been used optimally is durian seeds. Durian seeds only become waste and are not commercially useful, even though they contain high carbohydrates, which is possible as a potential new source for bioethanol production. In this work, an experimental study was conducted on bioethanol synthesis from durian seeds through fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in aerobic fermenter. The process for the production of starch-based bioethanol includes milling, hydrolysis, detoxification, fermentation, and distillation. At the stage of fermentation, variations in the duration of fermentation were applied for 1-11 days. Carbohydrates contained in durian seed flour are 11.541%, which is the largest content. The highest result of ethanol content is 14.72 % (v/v) in 9 day fermentation periods by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in aerobic conditions. Distillation to enrich bioethanol was carried out by batch vacuum distillation at 68°C for ± 180 minutes and produced bioethanol with a purity of 95%.
Clove Oil Extraction by Steam Distillation and Utilization of Clove Buds Waste as Potential Candidate for Eco-Friendly Packaging Ratri, Paramita Jaya; Ayurini, Meri; Khumaini, Khabib; Rohbiya, Azka
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 9, No 1 (2020): June 2020 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v9i1.24935

Abstract

As a tropical country which has abundant of spices, Indonesia is challenged to increase the economic values of spices commodity in raw material form (wet or dry). One way to raise the economic values of these commodities is by modifying into its derivatives. Clove is one of spices commodity which can be processed furthermore into an essential oil. By transforming clove from raw material to essential oil, the economic value increases from 2 to 20 times per kilogram.  In this present research, the extraction time of clove oil using steam hydro distillation is reported. The distillation procedure was conducted in various times, that was in 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. Furthermore, the clove oil sample that obtained from optimum extraction time was characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Then the result was compared to the commercial clove oil (100 % of purity). In support of sustainability process, then the clove buds waste from steam distillation were challenging to be one of eco-friendly packaging candidates. Two compositions of waste and additional material have been investigated in this study. It found that the best composition was composed of clove buds waste powder: recycled paper (7:3). During the casting process, some additives material was added such as tapioca (20%) and chitosan (1 %) in acid solution in order to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, thermal degradability of the eco-friendly packaging was studied. It was started to degrade at 286.58oC. According to this research, the cloves buds’ cardboard was quite potential to be developed as commercial eco-friendly packaging.
Antifungal Lotion as Value-Added Product for Harvested BSFL Processing: Simple Process Design and Economic Evaluation Nugroho, Daniel Setiyo; Yu Shen, Cheng; Han Chou, Tzung; Hartini, Nina; Ya Chiu, Hsiang
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 8, No 2 (2019): December 2019 [Nationally Accredited - Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v8i2.22794

Abstract

Advancing the value of products derived from insect biomass is a potential way to increase the demand of processing insect as renewable and sustainable resources. Among several species of insect, black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) is promising biomass source because of its favorable characteristics such as easy cultivation, fast-growing, and worldwide distribution. One problem that could limit the development of insect-based bioproduct is the low market price and displeasing uses for edible food. To overcome this problem, value-added product development is necessary to carried out. Thus, establish an antifungal lotion using extracted materials from BSFL biomass was discussed in this report followed by the economic evaluation and sensitivity analysis. The result reveal that equipment availability in market and raw material readiness espouse the production expediency. From the economic aspect, the direct fixed capital cost (DFC) for a plant of this capacity is around US$3.6 million, or approximately 6 times the total equipment cost. Thus, the net profitability will remain stable even the market price of BSFL might fluctuate in the range of 20%. In contrary, the change in main product price was impactful to the rate of return (ROI), internal rate of return (IRR) and, payback time (PBT) value. The overall result suggests that this project is worthy to being built.

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