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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Biogas : Animal Waste That Can be Alternative Energy Source Haryati, Tuti
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 3 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Biogas is a renewable energy which can be used as alternative fuel to replace fossil fuel such as oil and natural gas . Recently, diversification on the use of energy has increasingly become an important issue because the oil sources are depleting . Utilization of agricultural wastes for biogas production can minimize the consumption of commercial energy source such as kerosene as well as the use of firewood . Biogas is generated by the process of organic material digestion by certain anaerobe bacteria activity in aerobic digester . Anaerobic digestion process is basically carried out in three steps i.e. hydrolysis, acidogenic and metanogenic . Digestion process needs certain condition such as C : N ratio, temperature, acidity and also digester design . Most anaerobic digestions perform best at 32 - 35Â°C or at 50 - 55Â°C, and pH 6 .8 - 8 . At these temperatures, the digestion process essentially converts organic matter in the present of water into gaseous energy . Generally, biogas consists of methane about 60 - 70% and yield about 1,000 British Thermal Unit/ft 3 or 252 Kcal/0.028 m3 when burned . In several developing countries, as well as in Europe and the United States, biogas has been commonly used as a subtitute environmental friendly energy . Meanwhile, potentially Indonesia has abundant potential of biomass waste, however biogas has not been used maximally . Key words : Biogas, renewal energy, anaerobic

Development of Goat - Palm Oil Integrated Production System : An Assessment Based on Feed Availability and Nutrient Requirements Ginting, Simon P
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The integration of goats and palm oil plantation is prospective agricultural production systems that exploit the complement relationship among various components in the system . The main components are the oil palm trees, vegetation underneath the trees, processing plant of palm oil bunch, and the goat . The estimation of carrying capacity of the plantation system is based on the quantitative analysis on nutrient supply from various feed resources in the plantation system and nutrient requirements for goat production . The goat demographic parameters, such as, prolificacy, fertility and fecundity are used to estimate the goat population size, dynamics and structures . The development of production model could be based on a certain production target, such as the number of animals sold or the amount of income (demand driven approach), or based on the availability of certain resources such as feed supply (supply driven approach) . Using the demand driven approach, and considering 6000 heads of oneyear old goats to fill the Malaysian market as the production target, it is calculated that a population size of 3,636 does and 810 ha of palm oil plantation are required to meet this production target . In a typically medium-size oil palm plantation system (500 ha of oil palm plantation) with one unit of small-scale palm oil bunch processing plant ( l ton/hour), the potency to supply metabolisable energy from various feed resources in the system is 2,778,800 Mcal/year, equivalent to a carrying capacity of 5,155 Goat Units/year . This system could carry 2,951 does and 295 bucks to produce 1,116 heads of one-year old goats annually . A medium-size oil palm plantation without processing plant unit, is potential in supplying metabolisable energy of 1,983,300 Mcal/year, equivalent to a carrying capacity of 3,680 Goat Units/year . In order to fill the export market to Malaysia, a number of 10 units of medium sized plantation with small scale plant processing or a number of 17 units medium scale plantation without processing unit are required . Using similar approach, the potential of either large-scale or small-scale plantation system to produce goat in an integrated-production system could be estimated . Key words : Integration, palm oil plantation, carrying capacity, goat

Pelung-Kampung Crosbred Chicken : Dietary Protein for 12 Weeks Old Meat Production Iskandar, Sofjan
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Increasing the utilization of local chickens has been put into national priority . Kampung chicken has been one of many local chickens used as a source of meat for consumption . Kampung chicken has actually an important role to rural community . Meat production of Kampung chicken is considerably low compared to modern selected broiler chicken . Pelung chicken is one of the local chickens, having larger body size that other local chickens . The crossing of Pelung male to Kampung female is one of the shortcuts in improving local chickens meat production . Pelung-Kampung cross could be a choice for commercial local meat type of chicken . Discussion is done on growth, carcass composition, body composition, and energy and nitrogen retentions. Keeping the bird up to 12 weeks of age with dietary protein of 21% for starter (0 - 6 weeks of age) followed by dietary protein 17% (6 - 12 weeks of age) resulted in the most economic return, but did not indicate a significant increase in biological variables . The rations with 19% dietary protein for starter followed by dietary protein of 15% for finisher up to 12 weeks of age were relatively a better choice of feeding strategy with lower input . Key words : Pelung x Kampung chicken, dietary protein, growth

Gene Controlling High Milk Lactoferrin Content in Holstein Friesian Cows Sumantri, Cece
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Lactoferrin is considered as an antimicrobial and antiviral protein, therefore milk that contains high lactoferrin is potential for health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications . The main objective of this paper is to discuss in more detail about lactoferrin function and how gene could control high lactoferrin content in milk . Milk lactoferrin content is still various among individual . Therefore, selection should be carried out to increase lactoferrin content in local Friesian Holstein . The selection could be accelerated by using lactoferrin gene as a gene marker that directly contributes to the milk lactoferrin content . Key words : Lactoferrin, antimicrobial, antiviral, selection, gene marker

Probiotic in Ruminant Feed Pamungkas, Dicky; Anggraeni, Yenny Nur
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The technology development of ruminant feed is related to the effort of fulfilling the nutrient requirement for maintenance and production of rumen microbes and optimizing the protein synthesis of rumen microbes, hence improving the animal production . Probiotic is widely used in feed to avoid the negative effect of antibiotic after therapeutic treatment and to be used as growth promoter . This paper describes the concept of probiotic, selection of microbes for probiotic, the benefit, the effect and the mechanism of probiotic in ruminant . In conclusion, probiotic can improve the animal growth and increase the immunity against diseases . Key words : Probiotic, growth stimulant, ruminant

Review on Sources and Handling Method of Pesticide Residues in Animal Products ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Field studies and literature search showed that some pesticide residues either organochlorines (OC) or organophosphates (OP) were detected in animal products (meat and milk) . Pesticide residues in meat collected from West Java were detected at the level of 0 .8 ppb lindane and 62 ppb diazinon . While in meat from Lampung was detected at the level of 7 ppb lindane . 2 .7 heptachlor, 0 .8 endosulfan and 0 .5 ppb aldrin . Furthermore, pesticide residues were also detected in the milk collected from West, Central and East Java . The levels of lindane were 2,3 ; 15,9 ; 0,2 ppb ; heptachlor 8 ; 0 .4 and 0,05 ppb; diazinon 8 ; 0 and 1,8 ppb; CPM 0,4 ; 0,8 and 0 ppb ; endosulfan 0,1 ; 0,04 and 0,05 ppb for West, Central and East Java, respectively . The source of pesticide contamination in animal products is generally originated from feed materials, fodders . contaminated soils and water around the farm areas . Minimalization approach of pesticide residues in animal products could be conducted integratedly, such as through chemical process, biodegradation using microorganisms . Organic farming system is recognised as an alternative that may be applied to minimise contamination on agricultural land, eventually reducing pesticide residues in the agricultural products . Feeding with organic agricultural by-products with low pesticide residues appears to reduce pesticide residues in animal products . In order to eliminate pesticide contamination in soil, it has to be conducted progressively by implementing sustainable organic farming . Key words : Pesticide residues, meat, milk

Factors Affecting Food Safety of Animal Origin in Indonesia Bahri, Sjamsul; Sani, Yulvian; ., Indraningsih
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Based on the Indonesian Regulation Number 7 year 1996, food is defined as everything derived from biological sources and water, either processed and non-processed materials to be used as food and drinks, including food additives, food raw materials and other materials for preparation process, processing and production of food or drinks . Furthermore, food safety is a condition and an approach required to prevent the food from contamination of pathogenic microbes, toxic compounds and other xenobiotics that may affect and hazardous to human health . Food safety is basically a complexity and close related to policy . toxicity, microbiology, chemicals, nutrition status, health and public welfare . On the other hand, food safety problem is a dynamic process following the changing of public society including socioculture, health, development of science and technology as well as everything related to human life . In general, there are three main stages of process as the critical point in food safety of animal origin, namely : (1) preharvest ; (2) production ; and (3) postharvest . The main factors of these stages are discussed in this paper . Â Key words : Food safety, livestock, preharvest, harvest, post harvest

Zoonosis that is Transmitted Through Food Murdiati, Tri Budhi; Sendow, Indrawati
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Zoonosis can be transmitted through a number of routes including food of animal products . Foodborne disease is a disease transmitted through food, while zoonosis is defined as a disease that can be transmitted from animal to man or vice versa . Then, if agent in foodborne disease is a zoonotic, it could be defined as foodborne zoonosis . The outbreaks of Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy (BSE) followed by Avian influenza (AI) have caused increasing concern in the food safety of animal products, especially after men were confirmed die from Al infection . Consumers are wondering whether the disease could be transmitted through the animal products from the infected animals . The safety of animal originated food is affected by the practices along the food chain, from farm to consumer plate . Human health hazard could enter the food at any points of the food chain . At the food preparation, some of the foodborne zoonosis can be prevented by the program of five keys for safer food, i .e. keep food clean, separate raw from cooked food, cook food thoroughly, store food at safe temperatures and use water and raw materials that are safe . Â Key words : Zoonosis, foodborne disease, food safety

Integrated Control Sytems of Mycotoxin Contamination Maryam, Romsyah
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Contamination of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp . and Penicillium s pp . i n agricultural products has been a concern regarding their effect to health and economic impact. Integrated control system should be based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach involving Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) . Prevention should be carried out through pre harvest, harvest, post harvest, as well as control quality at all stages of production. Pre harvest control is conducted through the selection of resistant varieties, insect control and weeds management mechanically or applying fungicides and herbicides, plant rotation, irrigation and soil management, as well as biological control . Harvesting at the right time using clean equipments from fungal contamination and insect infestation avoids the contamination of mycotoxins . Post harvest control by physical selection, washing and dilution, drying, storage, application of chemicals and binding agents, natural products, nutrients and vitamins, microbiological control, heating and radiation could also minimize mycotoxin in food and feed . Although chemicals can effectively reduce mycotoxin, the use of those on food/feed should be considered the safety . The addition of natural products, nutrition supplements and vitamins suppress the negative effect of mycotoxin on animals . The use of non-toxigenic fungi and other microbes as biological control is the effective and safe methods for food/feed . The implementation of integrated mycotoxin control system by utilizing the HACCP concept would meet the qualified and safe food/feed products . Â Key words: Control, mycotoxins, HACCP

Brucellosis: An Unrecognized Zoonotic Disease in Indonesia Noor, Susan Maphilindawati
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 1 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Brucellosis, a bacterial zoonosis, is a disease caused by members of the genus Brucella . In Indonesia, brucellosis has known as a contagious reproductive disease in animals, however, only certain people know that brucellosis can be transmitted to human . Bovine brucellosis is characterised by one or more of the following signs : abortion, retained placenta . orchitis, epididymitis and, rarely, arthritis, with excretion of the organisms in uterine discharges and in milk . The Brucella organism is transmitted to human most commonly by ingestion of untreated milk or milk products or through the mucous membranes and wound of the skin . The severity of human disease varies, depending largely upon the infecting strain . Brucella abortus, B . melitensis. B . suis and B. canis are highly pathogenic for humans . Clinical symptoms of human brucellosis may include an intermittent fever, headaches, weakness, arthalgia, myalgia and weight loss . Occasional complications include arthritis, endocarditis, hepatitis granuloma, meningitis, orchitis dan osteomyelitis have also been reported . Brucellosis can also produce spontaneous abortion in pregnant woman . Diagnosis is based on the isolation of the organism and serology . Antibiotics are usually the mainstay of treatment and long-term treatment may be required . Brucellosis can be controlled by comprehensive campaigns to eradicate the disease by vaccination programme followed by test and slaughter of domestic animals which exhibit positive serologic reactions to brucellae. Â Key words : Brucellosis, zoonosis, diagnose, control

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