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Elkawnie
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh
ISSN : 24608912     EISSN : 24608920     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Engineering
Elkawnie is a journal of Integration Science and Technology with Islam. It's covering research and technology in the field of study of Architecture, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Engineering, ICT, Physical Engineering and other science and technology field. In particular, Elkawnie's journal discusses the development of research and technology in contributing to development as part of Muslim scientists in the academic sphere.
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)
Articles 7 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 12 no. 2 (2026): article in press" : 7 Documents clear
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Nanoemulsion Formulated From Baeckea frutescens and Citrus x microcarpa Essential Oils Roanisca, Occa; Ropalia, Ropalia; Anggraeni, Anggraeni
Elkawnie Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): Article In Press
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v12i2.32230

Abstract

Abstract: The use of essential oils in the development of natural pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as antioxidants and antibacterial agents is currently gaining popularity. Research on combining Baeckea frutescens L. essential oil with key lime (Citrus x microcarpa Bunge) peel waste remains limited despite their individual antimicrobial efficacy and potential synergistic effects as natural preservatives. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from sapu-sapu plants and key lime fruit waste combined in nanoemulsion preparations. The essential oils were obtained through steam distillation and formulated into two nanoemulsion preparations, F1 (EOB:EOC, 40:60) and F2 (EOB:EOC, 60:40). The characteristics of F1 showed a particle size of 7.06 nm with a PDI of 0.0067, while F2 had a size of 14.64 nm with a PDI of 0.1528, indicating that both formulations showed good stability and homogeneity. The antioxidant activity test results showed an IC₅₀ of 3.3305 ppm for F1 and 4.5234 ppm for F2, indicating that F1 has stronger antioxidant activity through the DPPH method. The results of antibacterial activity tests against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Cutibacterium acnes showed that both formulas had moderate to strong activity against all test bacteria, with F1 providing a wider inhibition zone than F2. The essential oil of sapu-sapu and the essential oil derived from key lime fruit waste, when combined in a nanoemulsion formulation, demonstrate potential as natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents, offering promising candidates for sustainable bioactive ingredients in pharmaceutical and food applications. Abstrak: Penggunaan minyak atsiri dalam pengembangan produk farmasi dan kosmetik alami sebagai agen antioksidan dan antibakteri saat ini semakin populer. Penelitian mengenai pengombinasian minyak atsiri Baeckea frutescens L. dengan minyak atsiri dari limbah kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus x microcarpa Bunge) masih terbatas, meskipun masing-masing telah diketahui memiliki efektivitas antimikroba serta potensi efek sinergis sebagai pengawet alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri dari minyak atsiri tanaman sapu-sapu dan limbah buah jeruk nipis yang dikombinasikan dalam sediaan nanoemulsi. Minyak atsiri diperoleh melalui metode destilasi uap dan diformulasikan menjadi dua sediaan nanoemulsi, yaitu F1 (EOB:EOC = 40:60) dan F2 (EOB:EOC = 60:40). Karakteristik F1 menunjukkan ukuran partikel sebesar 7.06 nm dengan nilai PDI 0.0067, sedangkan F2 memiliki ukuran partikel 14.64 nm dengan nilai PDI 0.1528, yang mengindikasikan bahwa kedua formulasi memiliki stabilitas dan homogenitas yang baik. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan menunjukkan nilai IC₅₀ sebesar 3.3305 ppm untuk F1 dan 4.5234 ppm untuk F2, yang menandakan bahwa F1 memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih kuat berdasarkan metode DPPH. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, dan Cutibacterium acnes menunjukkan bahwa kedua formula memiliki aktivitas sedang hingga kuat terhadap seluruh bakteri uji, dengan F1 menghasilkan zona hambat yang lebih luas dibandingkan F2. Minyak atsiri sapu-sapu dan minyak atsiri yang berasal dari limbah buah jeruk nipis, ketika dikombinasikan dalam formulasi nanoemulsi, menunjukkan potensi sebagai agen antibakteri dan antioksidan alami, sehingga berpeluang menjadi kandidat bahan bioaktif berkelanjutan untuk aplikasi farmasi dan pangan.
Analysis of CO2 Transfer in a Siphon-Mediated Bioreactor and Its Impact on the Fermentation Dynamics and Nutrient Profile of Sargassum-Based Biostimulants Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Bhernama, Bhayu Gita; Bellia, Santi; Asmara , Anjar Purba
Elkawnie Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): Article In Press
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v12i2.34357

Abstract

Abstract: Controlling gaseous byproducts such as CO2 during fermentation is crucial for optimising microbial activity and product consistency in biostimulant production. This study evaluates CO2 transfer dynamics in a siphon-mediated dual-tank fermentation system and its impact on pH regulation and Sargassum liquid fertiliser (SLF) nutrient composition. Two siphon diameters (1.5 cm and 0.5 cm denoted as I and II, respectively) were tested over 21 days, and a revised generation-limited physical model was developed to describe gas transport under low-pressure conditions. Cumulative CO2 transfer reached 250 ± 12 g (siphon I) and 205 ± 10 g (siphon II) (p < 0.01), with average volumetric flow rates of 7.8 × 10-5 and 6.3 × 10-5 L s-1, respectively. Estimated headspace pressures (18–35 Pa) confirmed laminar, near-atmospheric operation, indicating that gas transfer was biologically limited rather than hydraulically constrained. Increased CO2 transfer significantly reduced pH in the receiving tank (ΔpH up to −1.8; p < 0.01), demonstrating strong coupling between gas dissolution and acidification. Temperature (32–33 oC) and relative humidity (87–92%) showed moderate correlations with CO2 production (R2 = 0.65–0.76), suggesting environmentally modulated fermentation kinetics. Higher CO2 transfer enhanced total nitrogen content in SLF (up to 2.25 ± 0.14%; R2 = 0.92), while phosphorus and potassium exhibited nonlinear responses. Overall, the system functions as a biologically driven, low-pressure gas redistribution model, where the siphon diameter acts as a secondary parameter for optimising nutrient transformation, which can be applied to enhance the productivity of organic fertiliser industries.  Abstrak: Kontrol terhadap hasil samping gas CO2 selama fermentasi sangat penting untuk mengoptimalkan aktivitas mikroba dan konsistensi produk dalam produksi biostimulan. Studi ini mengevaluasi transfer CO2 dalam sistem fermentasi tangki ganda yang dihubungkan oleh sifon dan dampaknya terhadap pengaturan pH dan komposisi nutrisi pupuk cair (SLF). Dua diameter sifon (1,5 cm dan 0,5 cm, atau sifon I dan II) diuji selama 21 hari, dan model fisik terbatas generasi yang direvisi dikembangkan untuk menggambarkan transportasi gas dalam kondisi tekanan rendah. Transfer CO2 kumulatif mencapai 250 ± 12 g (sifon I) dan 205 ± 10 g (sifon II) (p < 0,01), dengan laju aliran volumetrik rata-rata masing-masing 7,8 × 10-5 dan 6,3 × 10-5 L s-1. Estimasi tekanan ujung (18–35 Pa) mengonfirmasi operasi laminar, mendekati atmosfer, menunjukkan bahwa transfer gas dibatasi secara biologis dan bukan secara hidraulik. Peningkatan transfer CO2 secara signifikan mengurangi pH di tangki penerima (ΔpH hingga −1,8; p < 0,01), menunjukkan keterkaitan yang kuat antara pelarutan gas dan pengasaman. Suhu (32–33 oC) dan kelembapan relatif (87–92%) menunjukkan korelasi sedang dengan produksi CO2 (R2 = 0,65–0,76), menunjukkan kinetika fermentasi yang dimodulasi oleh lingkungan. Transfer CO2 yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan kandungan N total dalam SLF (hingga 2,25 ± 0,14%; R2 = 0,92), sementara P dan K menunjukkan respons nonlinier. Secara keseluruhan, sistem ini berfungsi sebagai model redistribusi gas bertekanan rendah yang digerakkan secara biologis, di mana diameter sifon bertindak sebagai parameter sekunder untuk mengoptimalkan transformasi nutrisi sehingga meningkatkan produksi SLF di skala industri.
Induction of Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis in Cell Suspension Culture of Siam Pontianak Orange (Citrus nobilis var microcarpa) Zakiah, Zulfa; Turnip, Masnur
Elkawnie Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): Article In Press
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v12.i2.34127

Abstract

Abstract: Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) disease outbreaks in citrus are one of the limiting factors in conventional vegetative cultivation. This affects the availability of plant material for cultivation, which in turn impacts the productivity and sustainability of Siam Pontianak orange cultivation. Micropropagation through indirect somatic embryogenesis in liquid medium is expected to produce a larger number of disease-free seedlings. Cells from embryogenic callus have the potential to develop into new individuals and are widely used for plant propagation and genetic manipulation. This study aims to determine the best treatment combination for embryogenic callus propagation in solid medium and to observe embryo development in cell suspension culture. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two stages: (1) micropropagation of embryogenic callus on Murashige Skoog (MS) solid medium suplemented with of 0.5 ppm 2,4-D + 0.5 ppm kinetin; 0.5 ppm 2,4-D + 1.5 ppm kinetin; 1.0 ppm 2,4-D + 1.0 ppm kinetin; 1.5 ppm 2,4-D + 1.5 ppm kinetin; and 2.0 ppm 2,4-D + 2.0 ppm kinetin; and (2) proliferation and development of somatic embryos in cell suspension culture on liquid MS medium with the following treatments: without Plant Growth Regulators (D0K0); 1.0 ppm kinetin (D0K1); 0.5 ppm 2,4-D + 1.0 ppm kinetin (D0.5K1); 1.0 ppm 2,4-D (D1K0); and 1.0 ppm 2,4-D + 1.0 ppm kinetin (D1K1). The results showed that the medium with 1.0 ppm 2,4-D + 1.0 ppm kinetin produced the highest average fresh weight (0.568 g), which was significantly different from all other treatments. Somatic embryo formation was observed in all suspension culture treatments 14 days after culture (DAC). Observations at 42 DAC showed that embryo development in the 1.0 ppm 2,4-D + 1.0 ppm kinetin treatment had reached the heart stage (60%), while the other treatments showed embryos only at the globular stage. Abstrak: Serangan penyakit Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (CVPD) pada tanaman jeruk merupakan salah satu faktor penghambat dalam budidaya vegetatif konvensional. Ketersediaan bahan tanaman, khususnya dalam budidaya jeruk Siam Pontianak, sangat penting bagi produktivitas dan keberlanjutan budidayanya. Perbanyakan melalui indirect somatic embryogenesis dari kalus embriogenik pada media cair dapat menghasilkan bibit yang bebas penyakit dalam jumlah lebih besar. Sel kalus bersifat embriogenik yang diinduksi dari eksplan kotiledon pada media MS dengan penambahan 2,4-D dan kinetin memiliki potensi untuk berkembang menjadi individu baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh kombinasi perlakuan terbaik sebagai media perbanyakan kalus embriogenik serta mengamati perkembangan embrio pada kultur suspensi sel. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri atas 2 tahap, yaitu: (1) optimasi perbanyakan kalus embriogenik pada media padat MS dengan penambahan 0,5 ppm 2,4-D + 0,5 ppm kinetin; 0,5 ppm 2,4-D + 1,5 kinetin; 1,0 ppm 2,4-D + 1,0 ppm kinetin; 1,5 ppm 2,4-D + 1,5 ppm kinetin, dan 2,0 ppm 2,4-D + 2,0 ppm kinetin; serta (2) proliferasi dan perkembangan embrio somatik pada kultur suspensi sel pada media MS cair dengan perlakuan: tanpa penambahan Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (D0K0); 1,0 ppm kinetin (D0K1); 1,0 ppm 2,4-D (D1K0); 0,5 ppm 2,4-D + 1,0 ppm kinetin (D0,5K1), dan 1,0 ppm 2,4-D + 1,0 ppm kinetin (D1K1). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media dengan kombinasi 1,0 ppm 2,4-D + 1,0 ppm kinetin menghasilkan rerata berat basah kalus terbesar (0,568 g) dan berbeda nyata dengan semua perlakuan.  Persentase pembentukan embrio somatik sebesar 100% terlihat pada semua perlakuan kultur suspensi umur 14 hari setelah tanam (hst). Pengamatan pada 42 hst menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan embrio pada perlakuan 1,0 ppm 2,4-D + 1,0 ppm kinetin telah mencapai tahap jantung (60%), sedangkan perlakuan lainnya hanya menunjukkan embrio pada tahap globular.
Extraction and Characterization of Oil from Edible Insect Wood Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis) Afifah, Ika Qurrotul; Rohmatin, Siti
Elkawnie Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): Article In Press
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v12.i2.34515

Abstract

Abstract: Grasshopper is one of the insects that can be used as an alternative source of edible oil because the essential fatty acids content. Characterization of oil extracted from several grasshopper species has been carried out, but there has been no study related to oil from the wood grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis), widely distributed in Indonesia. This study aimed to compare the yield and quality of oil extracted from wood grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis) using maceration and soxhletation methods. The parameters that were investigated included acid, peroxide, saponification, and iodine value. In addition, the fatty acid profile of wood grasshopper oil was determined using a GC-MS instrument. Wood grasshopper oil extraction with n-hexane using the maceration method was carried out for 1 hour, while soxhletation extraction was carried out for 2 hours at a temperature of 70°C. The results showed that extraction using the maceration method produced a lower wood grasshopper oil yield of 1.44% compared to the soxhletation method of 5.43%. The average acid value of wood grasshopper oil from maceration was 4.5043 mg KOH/g, peroxide value of 3.495 meq O2/kg oil, saponification value of 40.455 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 6.82 g I2/100 g, degree of acidity of 8.029, and free fatty acid content of 2.05%. The average acid value of oil from soxhlet extraction was 5.1239 mg KOH/g, peroxide value of 5.89 meq O2/kg oil, saponification value of 31.935 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 5.67 g I2/100 g, degree of acidity of 9.13365, and free fatty acid content of 2.34%. Statistical tests showed that the difference in extraction methods did not significantly affect the quality of the oil. Fatty acid profile analysis shows that the composition of the oil resulting from maceration contains a total of more abundant unsaturated fatty acids of 63.59% and soxhletation of 60.51%, while the total saturated fatty acids are more abundant in grasshopper oil resulting from soxhletation of 38.68% compared to the results of the maceration method of 35.3%. The initial information provided by these results highlights the potential applications of edible oils extracted from wood grasshopper. Further optimization is required to improve the yield and quality of grasshopper oil for its potential application in the food industry. Abstrak: Belalang merupakan salah satu serangga yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber alternatif edible oil karena mengandung asam lemak esensial. Karakterisasi minyak yang diekstrak dari beberapa spesies belalang telah dilakukan, tetapi belum ada penelitian terkait minyak dari belalang kayu (Valanga nigricornis) yang tersebar luas di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan rendemen dan kualitas minyak yang diekstraksi dari belalang kayu menggunakan metode maserasi dan sokletasi. Parameter yang dikaji antara lain bilangan asam, bilangan peroksida, bilangan penyabunan, dan bilangan iod. Selain itu, dilakukan penentuan profil asam lemak penyusun minyak belalang kayu menggunakan instrumen GC-MS. Ekstraksi minyak belalang kayu dengan pelarut n-heksana menggunakan metode maserasi dilakukan selama 1 jam, sedangkan ekstraksi sokletasi dilakukan selama 2 jam dengan suhu 70°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi menghasilkan rendemen minyak belalang kayu lebih rendah yaitu sebesar 1,44% dibandingkan metode sokletasi sebesar 5,43%. Minyak belalang kayu hasil maserasi memiliki rata-rata bilangan asam sebesar 4,5043 mg KOH/g, bilangan peroksida 3,495 meq O2/kg minyak, bilangan penyabunan 40,455 mg KOH/g, bilangan iod 6,82 g I2/100 g, derajat asam 8,029, dan kadar asam lemak bebas sebesar 2,05%. Minyak hasil dari ekstraksi sokletasi memiliki bilangan asam sebesar 5,1239 mg KOH/g, bilangan peroksida 5,89 meq O2/kg minyak, bilangan penyabunan 31.935 mg KOH/g, bilangan iod 5,67 g I2/100 g, derajat asam 9,13365, dan kadar asam lemak bebas sebesar 2,34%. Uji statistika menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan metode ekstraksi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kualitas minyak. Analisis profil asam lemak menunjukkan komposisi minyak hasil maserasi mengandung total asam lemak tak jenuh lebih melimpah sebesar 63,59% dan sokletasi sebesar 60,51%, sedangkan total asam lemak jenuh lebih melimpah pada minyak belalang kayu hasil sokletasi sebesar 38,68% dibandingkan dengan hasil metode maserasi sebesar 35,3%. Informasi awal yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi pemanfaatan minyak pangan yang diekstraksi dari belalang kayu. Optimalisasi lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk meningkatkan rendemen dan kualitas minyak belalang agar berpotensi digunakan dalam industri pangan.
CD4 Response to Duffy-Binding-Like Domain 2β of PfEMP1 Recombinant Protein for Malaria Vaccine Development Sulistyaningsih, Erma; Nafisa, Tsabita; Dewi, Rosita; Rachmania, Sheilla; Kusuma, Irawan Fajar
Elkawnie Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): Article In Press
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v12.i2.35878

Abstract

Abstract: A malaria vaccine based on Plasmodium falciparum antigen is essential in controlling malaria morbidity and mortality. The Duffy-binding-like domain 2β of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (DBL2β-PfEMP1) is a malaria subunit vaccine candidate expected to prevent severe malaria. Meanwhile, subunit vaccines often elicit a weak immune response. This study aimed to analyze the CD4 response induced by several doses of DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein injection. This was a post-test-only true experimental study using 30 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 2-3 months, weighing 150-250 g. The rats were randomly assigned into two control groups: NaCl 0.9% and adjuvant groups, and four treatment groups: DBL2β-PfEMP1 0.75 mg/kgBW, 0.75 mg/kgBW + adjuvant, 1.5 mg/kgBW + adjuvant, and 2.25 mg/kgBW + adjuvant groups. Injection was performed subcutaneously twice on days 0 and 42, and the blood serum was collected on days 14 and 56 for CD4 measurement using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The results showed that CD4 concentration tends to decrease with an increasing dose of the DBL2β-PfEMP1 protein, particularly in post-injection II. Analysis of the differences between groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences with p=0.59 in post-injection I and p=0.68 in post-injection II, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test to examine the differences across injections within each group showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in all groups. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in CD4 concentration post DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein injection in Wistar rats. Further studies examining other induced immune responses should be conducted to emphasize the DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein as a malaria vaccine candidate. Abstrak: Vaksin malaria berbasis antigen Plasmodium falciparum penting untuk mengendalikan morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat malaria. Duffy-binding-like domain 2β dari Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (DBL2β-PfEMP1) merupakan salah satu kandidat vaksin malaria subunit yang diharapkan mampu mencegah malaria berat. Namun, umumnya vaksin subunit menginduksi respon imun yang lemah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon CD4 setelah injeksi beberapa dosis protein rekombinan DBL2β-PfEMP1. Sebanyak 30 tikus Wistar jantan berusia 2-3 bulan dengan berat 150-250 g dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok kontrol: NaCl dan adjuvan, dan empat kelompok perlakuan: DBL2β-PfEMP1 0,75 mg/kgBB, 0,75 mg/kgBB + adjuvan, 1,5 mg/kgBB + adjuvan, and 2,25 mg/kgBB + adjuvan. Injeksi subkutan dilakukan dua kali pada hari ke-0 dan 42. Serum dikoleksi pada hari ke-14 dan 56 untuk pemeriksaan CD4 menggunakan metode ELISA. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi CD4 cenderung menurun seiring dengan peningkatan dosis protein rekombinan, terutama setelah injeksi II. Analisis perbedaan tiap kelompok menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis test menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dengan p=0,59 setelah injeksi I dan p=0,68 setelah injeksi II. Dan analisis menggunakan Wilcoxon signed rank test untuk menilai perbedaan tiap kelompok antar injeksi menunjukkan semua kelompok tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05).  Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa injeksi protein rekombinan DBL2β-PfEMP1 menginduksi respon CD4 yang tidak signifikan. Penelitian lanjutan dengan menilai respon imun lain diperlukan untuk menekankan potensi protein ini sebagai kandidat vaksin malaria.
Cassava-Derived Microbial Pre-Fermentation Enhances BSF Bioconversion of Cabbage Waste: A Trade-Off Between Larval Performance and Compost Maturity Lisafitri, Yuni; Arta Sinaga, Yuni; Annas Mufti, Aulia; Hasiany, Sillak; Irhamni
Elkawnie Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): Article In Press
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v12.i2.35977

Abstract

Abstract: The high moisture content and rapid decay of cabbage residues make organic market waste challenging to manage, and the black soldier fly larvae can turn this waste into protein-rich biomass and nutrient-rich residues. This study evaluated how different fermentation durations (0, 4, 7, and 10 days; coded F0, F4, F7, F10) with cassava-derived local microorganisms affect the bioconversion of cabbage waste during a 14-day BSF feeding period, focusing on waste reduction, larval performance, conversion efficiency, and residue chemistry. All measurements used three biological replicates per treatment and were analysed by one-way and mixed ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc tests. Pre-fermentation significantly raised the waste reduction index (WRI) from 6.88 ± 0.01 in F0 to 7.01–7.03 in all fermented treatments (F = 114.8, p < 0.001, η² = 0.98). Final larval biomass, efficiency of conversion of ingested feed (ECI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) all peaked at F4 (251.7 ± 1.7 mg larva⁻¹; ECI = 12.96 ± 0.12 %; FCR = 7.72 ± 0.07), each significantly outperforming F0 (p < 0.05). Specific growth rate was lowest at F10 (31.6 ± 1.5 % day⁻¹), significantly below F4 (36.0 ± 0.2 % day⁻¹), indicating that prolonged fermentation depresses larval performance, an effect not previously emphasised in the literature. Liquid residue potassium showed a non-monotonic response, peaking at F4–F7 and dropping back to control levels at F10 (0.45 ± 0.04 %; F = 75.2, p < 0.001), while liquid carbon collapsed from 0.55 % to 0.14 % at F10. Solid residue C/N ratios met the SNI 19-7030-2004 mature-compost range (10–20) only for F7 and F10. Overall, 4-day pre-fermentation with cassava-derived MOL best balances bioconversion efficiency, larval yield, and compost maturity, providing a practical, low-cost strategy for sustainable BSF-based valorisation of cabbage market waste by industries and local farmers through shorter processing times sustainably. Abstrak: Kadar air yang tinggi dan laju pembusukan yang cepat pada limbah kubis menjadikan limbah organik pasar sulit dikelola, sementara larva black soldier fly (BSF) mampu mengubah limbah tersebut menjadi biomassa kaya protein dan residu yang kaya nutrisi. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pengaruh berbagai lama fermentasi (0, 4, 7, dan 10 hari; dikodekan sebagai F0, F4, F7, dan F10) menggunakan mikroorganisme lokal (MOL) berbahan dasar singkong terhadap biokonversi limbah kubis selama periode pemeliharaan larva BSF selama 14 hari, dengan fokus pada reduksi limbah, performa larva, efisiensi konversi, dan karakteristik kimia residu. Seluruh pengukuran dilakukan menggunakan tiga ulangan biologis untuk setiap perlakuan dan dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu arah dan ANOVA campuran yang dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Tukey HSD. Pra-fermentasi secara signifikan meningkatkan waste reduction index (WRI) dari 6,88 ± 0,01 pada F0 menjadi 7,01–7,03 pada seluruh perlakuan fermentasi (F = 114,8; p < 0,001; η² = 0,98). Biomassa akhir larva, efficiency of conversion of ingested feed (ECI), dan feed conversion ratio (FCR) semuanya mencapai nilai tertinggi pada F4 (251,7 ± 1,7 mg larva⁻¹; ECI = 12,96 ± 0,12%; FCR = 7,72 ± 0,07), yang secara signifikan lebih baik dibandingkan F0 (p < 0,05). Specific growth rate terendah ditemukan pada F10 (31,6 ± 1,5% hari⁻¹), secara signifikan lebih rendah dibandingkan F4 (36,0 ± 0,2% hari⁻¹), yang menunjukkan bahwa fermentasi berkepanjangan menurunkan performa larva, suatu fenomena yang belum banyak ditekankan dalam literatur. Kandungan kalium pada residu cair menunjukkan respons yang tidak monoton, mencapai puncak pada F4–F7 sebelum kembali ke tingkat kontrol pada F10 (0,45 ± 0,04%; F = 75,2; p < 0,001), sedangkan kandungan karbon cair menurun drastis dari 0,55% menjadi 0,14% pada F10. Rasio C/N residu padat memenuhi kisaran kompos matang menurut SNI 19-7030-2004 (10–20) hanya pada F7 dan F10. Secara keseluruhan, pra-fermentasi selama 4 hari menggunakan MOL berbahan dasar singkong memberikan keseimbangan terbaik antara efisiensi biokonversi, hasil biomassa larva, dan kematangan kompos, sehingga menjadi strategi yang praktis dan berbiaya rendah untuk mendukung valorisasi limbah kubis berbasis BSF yang berkelanjutan oleh industri dan petani lokal melalui waktu pengolahan yang lebih singkat.
Integrated Evaluation of Service Standards, Facility Adequacy and User Satisfaction at Toll Road Rest Areas: Evidence From The Sigli-Banda Aceh Toll Road, Indonesia Syammaun, Tamalkhani; A. Rani, Hafnidar; Dailami; Zuqnina, Yaumi; A. Rahman, Rahimi
Elkawnie Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): Article In Press
Publisher : Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v12.i2.36104

Abstract

Abstract: Rest areas play an essential role in supporting road safety and travel comfort on toll roads by providing facilities for drivers to rest during long-distance travel. This study aims to evaluate service standard compliance, facility feasibility, and user satisfaction at toll road rest areas along the Sigli-Banda Aceh Toll Road, Indonesia. A quantitative approach was employed through field observations, document analysis, and questionnaire-based surveys conducted at Rest Area KM 37B and KM 54B. Descriptive statistical analysis, validity and reliability testing, and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) analysis were applied to assess user perceptions and service performance. The results indicate that the facility feasibility level at Rest Area KM 37B reached 75% (moderately feasible), while Rest Area KM 54B achieved 80% (highly feasible). In terms of service performance, KM 37B recorded 75% and KM 54B obtained 62.5%, both categorized as moderately serviceable. The CSI analysis shows an overall user satisfaction level of 79%, indicating that users are generally satisfied with the provided facilities and services. Despite meeting most technical standards and basic service requirements, several aspects, particularly parking capacity, toilet availability, and operational service facilities, require further improvement. This study provides practical insights for toll road operators and policymakers to enhance the quality and effectiveness of rest area infrastructure and services. Abstrak: Tempat Istirahat dan Pelayanan (TIP) memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung keselamatan jalan dan kenyamanan perjalanan di jalan tol dengan menyediakan fasilitas bagi pengemudi untuk beristirahat selama perjalanan jarak jauh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian standar pelayanan, kelayakan fasilitas, dan kepuasan pengguna pada tempat istirahat dan pelayanan di sepanjang Jalan Tol Sigli-Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif melalui observasi lapangan, analisis dokumen, dan survei berbasis kuesioner yang dilakukan pada Rest Area KM 37B dan KM 54B. Analisis statistik deskriptif, uji validitas dan reliabilitas, serta analisis Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) digunakan untuk menilai persepsi pengguna dan kinerja pelayanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelayakan fasilitas pada Rest Area KM 37B mencapai 75% dengan kategori cukup layak, sedangkan TIP KM 54B mencapai 80% dengan kategori sangat layak. Dari aspek kinerja pelayanan, KM 37B memperoleh nilai 75% dan KM 54B sebesar 62,5%, yang keduanya dikategorikan cukup melayani. Analisis CSI menunjukkan tingkat kepuasan pengguna secara keseluruhan sebesar 79%, yang mengindikasikan bahwa pengguna secara umum merasa puas terhadap fasilitas dan layanan yang disediakan. Meskipun sebagian besar standar teknis dan persyaratan pelayanan dasar telah terpenuhi, beberapa aspek, khususnya kapasitas parkir, ketersediaan toilet, dan fasilitas layanan operasional, masih memerlukan peningkatan lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini memberikan masukan praktis bagi operator jalan tol dan pembuat kebijakan dalam meningkatkan kualitas dan efektivitas infrastruktur serta layanan tempat istirahat dan pelayanan.

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