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Jurnal Kelautan Tropis
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 14108852     EISSN : 25283111     DOI : -
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Articles 451 Documents
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Adaptasi Salinitas Mampu Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan dan Kelulushidupan Benih Nila Sultana (Oreochromis niloticus) : (Kelas : Osteichtyes; Famili : Cichlidae) Zuib, Mauvi Ahdha; Rejeki, Sri; Harwanto, Dicky
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 2 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i2.22546

Abstract

Sultana nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a superior fish strains that can live in waters with high salinity (20−32‰). To improve the endurance of high salinity, it is necessary to prepare the seed as the salinity adaptation method during the fish seeds nursing stage. The purpose is to examine the effect of salinity adaptation on the growth and survival of Sultana nile tilapia during the fish seeds nursing stage. The research was conducted on January 9th−February 10th 2023 at the Brackish Water Cultivation Fisheries Center, Jepara. Fish tests were used in the experiment with an initial weight average of 3.6±0.01 g at densities of 1 fish/1.5L. Commercial feed (30% crude protein) was given thrice a day at 5% of body weight. This research used RAL with four treatments of different levels of salinity increase and three replications. There is 0‰ (as control), increment 1‰/1 day-1, increment 2‰/2days-1, and increment 3‰/3 days-1 conducted for 30 days. Water quality monitoring is done daily. The results showed that the adaption methods in salinity changes of tilapia had significantly different (p<0.05) in growth, but not significantly different (p>0.05) on survival rate and absolute length of Sultana. The best growth and survival rate are found in treatment S1 (absolute weight of 10.53±0.64 g fish-1, absolute length of 2.9±0.10 cm, SGR of 4.56±0.15%/day-1, and SR 100%.
Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Astaxanthin dari Limbah Kulit dan Kepala Udang Dogol (Metapenaeus ensis) Rahmalia, Winda; Adhitiyawarman, Adhitiyawarman; Prayitno, Dwi Imam; Lubis, Yosef Novem Batistuta
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 2 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i2.22706

Abstract

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid derivative compound with various benefits, one of which is as an antioxidant, making astaxanthin applicable in drugs and cosmetics. Astaxanthin is discoverable in various sources, with shrimp as its main source. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of astaxanthin extracted from shrimp shell and head wastes. Extraction was carried out using the soxhletation method, followed by saponification to obtain free astaxanthin. Astaxanthin in extract before and after saponification were identified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity assay was carried out in five variations of sample concentrations using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Extraction of shrimp shell and head wastes resulted in an oil yield percentage of 1.02 and 3.05 % of dry mass in 60 g of shrimp shells, respectively. Identification results showed astaxanthin content in extracts after saponification were higher than that before saponification. There are three thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation spots and two UV-Vis absorption peaks in extracts before and after saponification. Antioxidant activity assay results (IC50) of shrimp shell extract before and after saponification showed antioxidant activity of 572.0 and 186.6 mg/L, respectively. Astaxanthin merupakan senyawa turunan karotenoid dengan beragam manfaat, salah satunya sebagai antioksidan, sehingga membuat astaxanthin dapat diaplikasikan dalam obat-obatan dan kosmetik. Astaxanthin dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai sumber, dengan sumber utama adalah udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antioksidan astaxanthin yang diekstraksi dari limbah kulit dan kepala udang. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode soxhletasi, dilanjutkan dengan saponifikasi untuk mendapatkan astaxanthin bebas. Hasil ekstraksi dan saponifikasi diidentifikasi astaxanthinnya menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan pada lima variasi konsentrasi sampel menggunakan metode 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Ekstraksi limbah kulit dan kepala udang menghasilkan rendemen masing-masing sebesar 3,05 dan 1,02% massa kering dari 60 g kulit udang. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan kadar astaxanthin dari ekstrak setelah saponifikasi lebih tinggi daripada sebelum saponifikasi. Terdapat tiga spot pemisahan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) serta dua puncak serapan UV-Vis pada ekstrak sebelum dan setelah saponifikasi. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan (IC50) kulit udang sebelum dan setelah saponifikasi masing-masing adalah 572,000 dan 186,583 mg/L.
Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factors of Sea Cucumber on Mare and Moti Islands Conservation Areas in North Maluku Ramili, Yunita; Umasangaji, Halikuddin; Legohiwo, Misnawati
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 1 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i1.22017

Abstract

This work aimed at determining the growth patterns and condition factors of three sea cucumber species, namely Holothuria atra, Bohadschia marmomata, and B. vitiensis in seagrass beds of Mare and Moti Islands. Samples were collected in March 2023 using a roaming survey method in a block area with an area of 5000 m2.  As amount of 54 sea cucumbers were analysed from Mare Island and 58 individuals from Moti Island. The results of this study indicate that the correlation (r) length-weight relationship for the three sea cucumber species is stronger (r > 0.6) on Moti Island than Mare Island.  H. atra and B. marmorata have a negative allometric growth pattern, while B. vitiensis has a positive allometric growth pattern on both islands. The Fulton condition factors for the sea cucumbers assessed on Mare Island were recorded for H. atra of 2.84 ± 2.01, B. marmorata of 3.13 ± 2.47 and B. vitiensis of 9.24 ± 5.73. Meanwhile, at Moti Island were found for H. atra of 12.49 ± 11.66, B. marmorata of 9.58 ± 7.38, and B. vitiensis of 8.87 ± 3.68. This is indicated that all sea cucumber species are in good physical condition. Meanwhile, the relative weight condition factor (Wr) of the three species of sea cucumbers on both islands were in the range above 100, which indicated a food surplus in their habitat. The results of this research can be important as the preliminary data in terms of sustainable management of sea cucumber stocks in North Maluku.
Kondisi Foraminifera Bentik Sebagai Bioindikator Pada Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Di Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Pesisir Timur Pulau Weh, Sabang, Aceh, Indonesia Ulfah, Maria; Zahra, Avifah; Ocatvina, Chitra; Ramadhaniaty, Muthia; Khairunnisa, Khairunnisa
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 2 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i2.22411

Abstract

The East Coast Marine Conservation Area of Pulau Weh, Sabang (KKP PTPW) holds a lot of potential natural wealth. One of them is foraminifera which lives in coral reef sediments. Foraminifera are a group of single-celled organisms that can foram shells from their own bodies. This research aims to determine the type, abudance anda relationship of benthic foraminifera eith coral reefs and determine the condition of the coral reef ecosystem. This research was carried out from July to Sptember 2023 using a purposive sampling method, where benthic foraminifera samples were taken using a corer with five repetitions at one station and coral reef data was collected using the Point Intercept (PIT) method. The results of resecrh on benthic foraminifera found 33 families, 33 genera and 31 species with an average abudance of 1089 ind/m2 and average coral reef cover of 56,66% in the high category. Foraminifera have a very cose relationship with coral reefs, which is why foraminifera can be used as associates on coral reefs.   Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Pesisir Timur Pulau Weh, (KKP PTPW) sabang, menyimpan banyak potensi kekayaan alam. Salah satu nya Foraminifera yang hidup pada sedimen terumbu karang. Foraminifera merupakan sekelompok organisme bersel tunggal yang dapat membentuk cangkang dari tubuh nya sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis, kelimpahan serta hubungan foraminifera bentik dengan terumbu karang dan mengetahui kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan September 2023 dengan metode purposive sampling, dimana pengambilan sampel foraminifera bentik menggunakan corer (Pipa Paralon) dengan lima kali pengulangan dalam satu stasiun dan pengambilan data terumbu karang dengan metode Point Intercept Transect (PIT). Hasil penelitian foraminifera bentik ditemukan sebanyak 33 family, 33 genus dan 31 spesies dengan kelimpahan rata-rata 1089 ind/m2 dan rata-rata tutupan terumbu karang 56,66% dengan kategori tinggi. Foraminifera mempunyai hubungan sangat dekat pada terumbu karang yang dimana foraminifera bisa dijadikan sebagai asosiasi pada terumbu karang.  
Uji Aplikasi Lactobacillus lactis sebagai Paraprobiotik pada Budidaya Udang Vanamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) : Aspek Pertumbuhan Dan Imunitas Subagiyo Subagiyo; Sebastian Margino; Triyanto Triyanto; Sugeng Widada
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 26, No 3 (2023): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v26i3.20658

Abstract

Growth is one of the targets of shrimp cultivation. One factor that influences this growth is the level of immunity. Paraprobiotics are probiotics that have been inactivated, making it easier for production, storage and application. In this research, a test was carried out on the application of inactive Lactobacilus lactis to vanamei shrimp via pelleted feed (ad libitum). The experiment was carried out on a laboratory scale. There were 4 treatments, namely a single application of one of the 3 L. lactis isolates (isolate U.181, P.32 dan W-331)and a mixed of 3 L. lactis isolates. The application dose was 108 cells/gram of feed. The experiment was carried out for 35 days. Parameters observed included weight gain and cellular immune system (total number of hemocytes and hemocyte activity).The results of this study indicate that the application of the paraprobiotic L. lactis either alone or in the form of a mixture of the three can improve the growth performance and immunity of vanamei shrimp, namely being able to increase growth between 32-38% higher than the control, as well as increasing the total number of hemocytes and phagocytic activity respectively between 27.4-35.6 % and 29.1-45.9 % higher than the control.  Pertumbuhan merupakan salah satu target budidaya udang. Salah satu factor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan adalah tingkat imunitas. Paraprobiotik adalak probiotik yang telah diinaktifkan/dimatikan, sehingga memudahkan untuk produksi, penyimpanan hingga aplikasi. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan uji aplikasi Lactobacilus lactis inaktif sebagai paraprobiotik ke udang vanamei melalui pakan pellet (ad libitum). Percobaa dilakukan pada skala laboratorium Ada 4 perlakuan, yaitu aplikasi tunggal salah satu dari 3 isolat L. lactis (isolat U.181, P.32 dan W-331) dan aplikasi campuran 3 isolat L. lactis. Dosis aplikasi yang dipilih adalah 108 sel/gram pakan. Percobaan dilakukan selama 35 hari. Parameter yang diamati meliputi pertambahan berat dan sistem imun seluler (total jumlah hemosit dan aktivitas hemosit). Hasil penelitian aplikasi paraprobiotik L. lactis baik secara tunggal atau dalam bentuk campuran ketiganya dapat meningkatkan performa pertumbuhan dan imunitas udang vanamei. Pada kondisi penelitian ini, apiikasi paraprobiotik mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan antara 32-38 % lebih tinggi daripada kontrol, serta meningkatkan jumlah total hemosit dan aktivitas fagositosis berturut-turut sebesar antara 27,4-35,6 % dan 29,1-45,9 % lebih tinggi daripada kontrol.  
Komparasi Morfometrik, Pola Pertumbuhan Dan Faktor Kondisi Ikan Genus Scarus Dari Perairan Pulau Weh, Aceh Zulfahmi, Ilham; Al Isna, Nadia; Agustina, Imelda; Maghfiriadi, Furqan; Nafis, Badratun; Nur, Firman M.; Latuconsina, Husain
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 1 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i1.20746

Abstract

Scarus fish play an important ecological role in supporting the health of coral reefs. Unfortunately, studies related to morphometric variations, growth patterns and condition factors of scarus fish are still unexplored. Hence, this research aimed to describe morphometric variations, growth patterns and condition factors of scarus fish (Scarus quoyi, Scarus rubroviolaceus and Scarus niger) collected from Pulau Weh water, Aceh. As many as  50 fish for each species were obtained through fishermen's catches. The main parameters investigated include morphometric comparisons, length and weight distribution, growth patterns and condition factors. The number of morphometric characters measured was 12 characters. Morphometric comparisons and condition factors between fish species were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) and discriminant function test. Meanwhile, comparative growth patterns were analyzed descriptively. The research results show that dorsal finbase length, pectoral fin length, and caudal peduncle depth were key characters in distinguishing the three species of scarus fish. A comparison of morphometric characters between Scarus quoyi and Scarus rubroviolaceus showed a  63.6% different character. Meanwhile, both Scarus rubroviolaceus and Scarus niger, and Scarus quoyi and Scarus niger showed a  54.5% different character. All scarus fish in this study had a negative allometric growth pattern (b<3) with condition factor values ranging from 1.008 to 1.020. Efforts to develop fishing gear selectivity and further research related to reproductive biology aspects of the scarus fish are essential to obtain comprehensive information and support sustainability programs.  Ikan genus scarus memiliki peran ekologis penting memelihara kesehatan terumbu karang. Sayangnya, kajian terkait variasi morfometrik, pola pertumbuhan dan faktor kondisi ikan genus scarus masih minim diungkap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis variasi morfometrik, pola pertumbuhan serta faktor kondisi ikan genus scarus (Scarus quoyi, Scarus rubroviolaceus dan Scarus niger) yang dikoleksi dari perairan Pulau Weh, Aceh. Jumlah sampel ikan yang dianalisis untuk masing-masing spesies berjumlah 50 ekor yang diperoleh melalui hasil tangkapan nelayan. Parameter utama yang dianalisis meliputi komparasi morfometrik, distribusi selang kelas panjang dan bobot, pola pertumbuhan serta faktor kondisi. Jumlah karakter morfometrik yang diukur sebanyak 12 karakter. Komparasi morfometrik dan faktor kondisi antar jenis ikan dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu arah diikuti dengan Uji Beda Nyata terkecil (BNT) dan uji fungsi diskriminan. Sementara itu, komparasi pola pertumbuhan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa panjang sirip dorsal, panjang sirip pektoral, dan tinggi batang ekor merupakan karakter kunci yang dapat membedakan ketiga spesies ikan genus scarus. Komparasi karakter morfometrik antara Scarus quoyi dengan Scarus rubroviolaceus menunjukkan persentase perbedaan karakter sebesar 63,6%. Sementara itu, baik antara Scarus rubroviolaceus dan Scarus niger maupun Scarus quoyi dengan Scarus niger sama- sama menunjukkan persentase perbedaan karakter sebesar 54,5%. Ketiga ikan scarus memiliki pola pertumbuhan alometrik negatif (b<3) dengan nilai faktor kondisi berkisar antara 1.008 hingga1.020. Upaya pengembangan selektivitas alat tangkap dan penelitian lanjutan terkait aspek biologi reproduksi ikan genus scarus penting dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang komprehensif dalam upaya mendukung kelestarian dan pemanfaatan yang berkelanjutan.
Analisis Kesesuaian Wisata di Pulau Pahawang, Kabupaten Pesawaran berdasarkan Parameter Oseanografi Panalaran, Satriyo; Pamungkas, Rifky Jati
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 2 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i2.22438

Abstract

Lampung Province has marine tourism potential, one of which is Pahawang Island. Pahawang Island has attractions in the form of beautiful beach with white sand, mangrove vegetation and underwater tourism for snorkeling and underwater photography. This purpose of this research to analyze the suitability of each physical oceanographic parameter and calculate the Tourism Suitability Index value for marine tourism activities. Determination of the Tourism Suitability Index is carried out by analyzing physical oceanographic data which includes: wave height, current speed, depth and slope data of the beach. The research results show that the level of suitability for each dominant parameter is in the very suitable category. Overall, from the calculations that have been carried out, the results of the % tourism suitability index range between 91.67 – 100%. This value is in the Very Suitable (S1) category for suitability for marine tourism.Provinsi Lampung memiliki potensi wisata bahari, salah satunya Pulau Pahawang. Pulau Pahawang memiliki daya tarik yang berupa keindahan pantai dengan pasir putih, adanya vegetasi mangrove dan wisata bawah air untuk kegiatan snorkling dan fotografi bawah air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisisi kesesuaian setiap parameter fisik oseanografi dan menghitung nilai Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata untuk kegiatan wisata bahari. Penentuan Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata  dilakukan dengan menganalisis data fisik oseanografi yang meliputi : ketinggian gelombang, kecepatan arus, data kedalaman dan kemiringan pantai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kesesuaian tiap parameter dominan berada pada kategori sangat sesuai. Secara keseluruhan dari perhitungan yang telah dilakukan, hasil % IKW berkisar antara 91, 67 – 100 %. Nilai tersebut berada pada kategori Sangat Sesuai (S1) untuk kesesuaian wisata bahari. 
Biology Fisheries of Threadfin Bream Fish (Family: Nemipteridae) Landed at Oeba Fish Landing Site and Oesapa Fish Market, Kupang City Wora, Umbu Domu; Wijayati, Diah Permata; Widowati, Ita; Nursalim, Nining; Kolilah, Nenik; Ginzel, Fanny Iriyany; Kurniasih, Eka Maya
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 2 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i2.22949

Abstract

The threadfin bream fish from the Nemipteridae family is a demersal species and an economically significant commercial fish. It is widely used for personal consumption and sold in markets. The capture of threadfin bream fish at the Oeba Fish Landing Site and Oesapa Fish Market has been increasing. Continuous high-intensity fishing will likely negatively impact the threadfin bream fish population, leading to stock depletion and reduced catch production. Research on threadfin bream fish in East Nusa Tenggara has yet to be reported, particularly in Kupang Bay and Rote Ndao waters. This study aims to investigate the fisheries biology of threadfin bream fish landed at the Oeba Fish Landing Site and Oesapa Fish Market. A total of 84 threadfin bream fish were sampled from both locations. The length-weight relationship of threadfin bream fish at these sites is negatively allometric with value b < 3, indicating that length growth is more dominant than weight gain. The gonad maturity stages of male and female threadfin bream fish range from GSM I-III. The size distribution of threadfin bream fish ranges from 173-295 mm at the Oeba Fish Landing Site and from 173-245 mm at the Oesapa Fish Market. Most of the threadfin bream found are still in the early stages of gonadal maturity, indicating that these fish are young and not yet ready to spawn. Implementing Sustainable fishing management practices is crucial, including setting catch quotas and minimum catch sizes and educating fishermen to ensure the sustainability of threadfin bream fish stocks.
Tidal Analysis and Implementasion of an Internet of Things (IoT) Sea Level Monitoring Device in Coastal Region Kusuma, Hollanda Arief; Egistian, Farista; Cintra, Allsay Kitsash Addifisyukha; Setyono, Dwi Eny Djoko
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 1 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i1.21983

Abstract

Monitoring the sea level is crucial for the protection of coastal communities and infrastructure. Instruments that can record and transmit the sea level in real time are essential for preventing potential disasters. This study presents the design, construction, and evaluation of an instrument for measuring sea level using a pressure sensor, a microcontroller, and a GSM module. The sea level analyzed using T Tide analysis. The instrument's accuracy was established through a calibration process, resulting in a sensor reading accuracy of 96.76% and a low root mean square error of 3.24 cm. The linear regression model confirmed the strong correlation between sensor readings and actual water depth, with a coefficient of determination of 0.999. The instrument achieved an accuracy of 96.76% and a low root mean square error of 3.24 cm. Field testing over three days showed the instrument's reliability in measuring sea levels, with an accuracy rate of 91.93% and an root mean square error of 8.07 cm with a packet loss of 7.86%. The study area had mixed semidiurnal characteristics, with water levels ranging from 60.1 cm to 209.55 cm. Significant constituents such as principal lunar diurnal constituent (K1) and Principal lunar semidiurnal (M2) dominate the tidal patterns, each with distinct frequencies, amplitudes, and signal-to-noise ratios. This research provides a precise and cost-effective instrument for measuring water depth, which is suitable for coastal management, environmental monitoring, and scientific investigation.
Determination of chlorophyll-a and its distribution in the waters of the mangrove forest rehabilitation area in Mojo Estuaria, Pemalang Maharani, Galung Dhiva; Indarjo, Agus; Hadibarata, Tony; Zainuri, Muhammad; Endrawati, Hadi; Redjeki, Sri; Pribadi, Rudhi; Rochaddi, Baskoro; Ismanto, Aris; Jihadi, Muhammad Shulhan
Jurnal Kelautan Tropis Vol 27, No 2 (2024): JURNAL KELAUTAN TROPIS
Publisher : Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v27i2.23253

Abstract

Pemalang Regency has a mangrove area of around 2,839.44 but has been damaged reaching 453.38 Ha or about 16% of the existing area. This causes ecological functions in resisting abrasion, erosion, sedimentation, and carbon capture to decrease. Government efforts to restore the function of mangroves on the North Coast of Central Java carried out by rehabilitation require input from a water productivity approach. This study aims to determine the content and distribution of chlorophyll-a found in Pemalang Waters, Central Java. This was done by in situ observations in Pemalang Waters to see the fertility level of the waters, by purposive sampling at 20 sampling site, on April 30, 2024. The results obtained will be interpolated with ex situ data, including the Indonesian Earth Map (RBI), tidal data obtained from the SRGI website, flow data obtained from the Batnas website, and wind data obtained from the BMKG website. The next geospatial approach is ODV 4, Ms.Excel, and WR Plot application mapping; current analysis will be performed using ArcGIS 10.8 and Mike 21 applications; while the tidal analysis is carried out by the Admiralty method. The results of research conducted in Mojo Waters, Pemalang showed that the range of chlorophyll-a values was in the range of 1,858 - 41,287 mg / m3. The results were analyzed in sampling areas including rivers, estuaries, lagoons, eastern drift currents, western drift currents, waters still affected by estuaries, and the high seas. The distribution of chlorophyll values in these waters is the impact of nutrient supply from land because it is closely related to human activities, freshwater and seawater resuspension, drift currents, breaking waves, tidal currents. This causes the distribution pattern to occur from northeast to southwest.

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