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TALAK MELALUI SMS (SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE) PERSFEKTIF IBNU HAZM Adang Djumhur Salikin; Ilham Bustomi; Irfan Zidny
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

Talak adalah putusnya hubungan suami istri karena perceraian. Caranyapun berbeda-beda, ada yang diucapkan secara langsung, ada yang diajukan ke pengadilan, ada yang melalui surat, ada juga yang memakai SMS. Mengenai cara mentalak para fuqaha’ berbeda pendapat. Berdasarkan perbedaan pendapat tersebut penulis mencoba menkaji permasalahan ini dengan membahas pendapat salah satu ulama yaitu Ibnu Hazm, Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan memfokuskan pada penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Analisis data menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa menurut Ibnu Hazm, apabila ada seorang suami yang mentalak istrinya dengan cara ditulis baik surat ataupun SMS, maka talak tersebut tidak sah bahkan sia-sia. Menurut beliau, tidak akan sah talak sebelum dilafadzkan. Karena dalam al-qur’an dan hadis tidak ditemukan nashnya secara jelas, maka istinbāṭ hukum Ibnu Hazm dalam pendapatnya tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan al-dalil dari nash. Bila nash memiliki makna tertentu, lalu makna tersebut diungkapkan dengan pernyataan lain yang semakna dengan lafadz. Dalam nash menyatakan bahwa ceraikanlah istrimu dengan cara yang baik, cara yang baik ini dapat ditarik dalil bahwa talak dengan cara yang baik adalah talak yang dilakukan dengan cara sepatutnya, yaitu dengan diucapkan.Kata kunci : Perceraian, Talak, Ibnu HazmAbstractDivorce is the breakup of the husband and wife's relationship due to divorce. The methods are different, some are spoken directly, some are submitted to the court, some are sent by mail, some are using SMS. Regarding the mentality of the jurists' opinions. Based on these differences of opinion the author tries to examine this problem by discussing the opinion of one of the scholars namely Ibn Hazm. This study uses qualitative research methods by focusing on library research. Data analysis using descriptive analysis method. The results of the study state that according to Ibn Hazm, if there is a husband whose wife's mentality is written either by letter or SMS, then the divorce is invalid even in vain. According to him, talak will not be valid before being recited. Because in the al-quran and hadith the nash is not clearly found, then the istinbā Ib of Ibn Hazm's law in his opinion is to use the al-proposition of the nash. If the text has a specific meaning, then the meaning is expressed by another statement that is similar to lafadz. In the text states that divorce your wife in a good way, this good way can be drawn theorem that divorce in a good way is divorce that is done in a proper way, namely by saying.Keywords: Divorce, Talak, Ibnu Hazm

“STUDI PUTUSAN PENGADILAN AGAMA SUMBER NOMOR: 1305/PDT.G/2015/PA.Sbr. TENTANG ISBAT NIKAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF YURIDIS DAN MAQĀSHID AL-SYARĪ’AH” kosim kosim; Ilham Bustomi; Irmaya Irmaya
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

Maraknya pernikahan di bawah tangan yang terjadi dimasyarakat dengan berbagai macam motif yang menjadi alasannya, diantaranya untuk mempermudah melakukan pernikahan poligami dengan tidak mengikuti syarat dan ketentuan undang-undang yang berlaku. Bagi pernikahan di bawah tangan dapat mengesahkan pernikahannya ke Pengadilan Agama, dan Pengadilan Agama dapat mengesahkan pernikahan yang belum dicatatkan di Kantor urusan Agama dengan alasan sesuai dengan Pasal 7 dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam, namun terdapat putusan Pengadilan Agama yang mengabulkan permohonan isbat dari pernikahan poligami. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan normatif filosofis dengan tehnik yang digunakan: Wawancara, Observasi, dokumentasi. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa duduk perkara tersebut adalah seorang suami yang menikahi istri kedua dan kemudian meminta untuk mengesahkan pernikahan mereka dan Pengadilan Agama Sumber mengabulkan permohonannya dengan tujuan kemaslahatan, ketertiban dan keadilan serta melindungi hak-hak sosial warga negara bagi pasangan suami istri serta anak-anak yang lahir dari perkawinan tersebut.Kata Kunci: Isbat Nikah Poligami, izin poligami dan perkawinan di bawah tangan. Abstract Many marriage establishments would happen in the society with various motives as the reasons, as like to make polygamy marriage easier because it does not follow requirtment and provision based on the valid act. For the unlisted marriage yet in the office of religious affairs can propose the marriage establishment in religious court. the religious court can execute the unlisted marriage yet in office of religious affairs with suitable reason according to the chapter 7 of compilation of islamic law. The research method is qualitative, by using yuridical normative and philosophical approach the teachnique of collecting data are interview, observation and documentacion. Based on the discussion, it could be conduded that the case position is a husband who do the marriage with her seccond wife. Then they are willing to register their marriage and Sumber Religious Court execute their request with the weifare purpose, order, justice and to practice social rights the society for a couple of husband and a wife and the would be born children from their marriage.Keywords : Polygamy Mirrage Establishment, Polygamy Permission and the Unregistered Mirrage.

KONSEP PENERAPAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH ANAK PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM akhmad shodikin
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

Abstrak Anak adalah bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari keberlangsungan hidup secara tegas dinyatakan bahwa negara menjamin hak setiap anak atas keberlangsungan hidup, tumbuh, dan berkembang serta atas perlindungan dari kekerasan dan diskriminasi. Perlindungan terhadap anak tidak hanya diberikan kepada anak yang menjadi korban tindak pidana, namun juga kepada anak yang menjadi pelaku tindak pidana,sehingga dalam proses hukum apalagi dalam memberikan putusan pidana seharusnya juga mempertimbangkan masa depan si anak karena bagi suatu negara, anak merupakan harapan masa depan negara. Terhadap anak yang melakukan tindak pidana ini juga dikenai sanksi pidana. Berbicara mengenai pemidanaan terhadap anak sering menimbulkan perdebatan, karena masalah ini mempunyai konsekuensi yang sangat luas baik menyangkut diri prilaku maupun masyarakat. Pemidanaan merupakan unsur dari hukum pidana,dimana pemidanaan itu mempunyai akibat negatif bagi orang yang diberikan sanksi pidana. Seiring dengan Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012. Sedangkan efektivitas penerapan sanksi terhadap anak dalam perspektif restorative jusitce di Wilayah Hukum Polres Mataram adalah cukup efektif karena korban, pelaku dan masyarakat puas dengan penyelesaian secara restorative justice dan mengingat lahirnya Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Kata Kunci :Pidana, Anak, Restorative Justice. AbstractChildren are an inseparable part of survival which expressly states that the state guarantees the rights of every child to survival, growth and development and to protection from violence and discrimination. Protection of children is not only given to children who are victims of criminal acts, but also to children who are perpetrators of crimes, so that in the legal process especially in giving criminal decisions should also consider the future of the child because for a country, children are the hope of the future country. The child who commits this crime is also subject to criminal sanctions. Talking about criminal prosecution of children often causes debate, because this problem has very broad consequences both regarding self-behavior and society. Criminal punishment is an element of criminal law, where the sentence has a negative effect on the person given criminal sanctions. In line with Law Number 11 of 2012. While the effectiveness of the application of sanctions on children in the perspective of restorative jusitce in the Legal Territory of Mataram Police is quite effective because the victims, perpetrators and the community are satisfied with the restorative justice settlement and considering the birth of Law Number 11 of 2012 About the Child Criminal Justice System. Keywords: Criminal, Child, Restorative Justice.

PERSEPSI HAKIM MENGENAI ADIL SEBAGAI SYARAT PERMOHONAN IZIN POLIGAMI DI PENGADILAN AGAMA KOTA CIREBON Wardah Nuroniyah; Didi Sukardi; Hifny Faqih
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

Poligami merupakan perkawinan yang diakui oleh Islam. Poligami yang dibolehkan Islam adalah yang terbatas dan bersyarat. Permasalahan poligami semakin bertambah rumit karena terdapat banyak pertentangan dari berbagai pihak dalam menyetujui diperbolehkannya poligami yang berupa diperketatnya persyaratan pelaksanaan poligami. Penyusunan penelitian ini akan membahas permasalahan mengenai syarat permohonan izin poligami khususnya di Pengadilan Agama Kota Cirebon. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriftif. Penelitian disusun berdasarkan dari hasil wawancara dan dokumentasi dengan hakim, kemudian menganalisisnya melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, dan pembuatan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa hakim Pengadilan Agama Kota Cirebon mengartikan adil dalam poligami bersifat proposional, yang berarti suami yang ingin berpoligami harus bisa menyesuaikan kebutuhan istrinya, secara materil ataupun non materil. Hakim memutuskan izin poligami ditolak atau dikabulkannya dengan persangkaan hakim yang didahului dengan pembuktian di persidangan, kemudian melihat bukti surat-surat yang hakim anggap perlu di persidangan, serta menimbang maslahat dan mafsadat yang akan timbul nantinya. Kata Kunci : Poligami, Pengadilan Agama. ABSTRACTPolygamy is a marriage recognized by Islam. Polygamy allowed by Islam is limited and conditional. The problem of polygamy is increasingly complicated because there are many contradictions from various parties in agreeing to the permissibility of polygamy in the form of tightening requirements of polygamy. The preparation of this research will discuss the issue about the requirement of polygamy permit application especially in Religious Court of Cirebon City. This research uses qualitative research method with descriptive approach. The research is based on interviews and documentation with judges, then analyzing them through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The result of the research shows that the judges of Religious Court of Cirebon City mean fairness in polygamy is proportional, meaning that husbands who want to have polygamy should be able to adjust the needs of his wife, materially or non materil. The judge decides that a polygamy permit is denied or granted by a judge's presumption that is preceded by evidence in court, then looks at the evidence of letters that the judge deems necessary in the hearing, as well as weighing the maslahat and mafsadat that will arise later. Keywords: Polygamy, Religious Courts.

PENDAMPINGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KORBAN MARITAL RAPE DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG PENGHAPUSAN KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA (Studi Kasus di Women Crisis Center Mawar Balqis Cirebon) Didi Sukardi; Agus Abikusna; Rani Sri Imayati Rahayu
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

In the process of resolving the problem of victims of marital rape or victims of forced sexual relations in marriage which is generally lay law, of course requires assistance, one of which is legal assistance. This research aims to find out the role and mechanism of legal assistance against victims of marital rape conducted by the Women Crisis Center Mawar Balqis Cirebon which is reviewed from Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence and obstacles and efforts in legal assistance to victims of marital rape conducted by the Women Crisis Center Mawar Balqis Cirebon. The research method uses a sociological juridical approach. The results of this study, namely 1) Women Crisis Center Mawar Balqis Cirebon has a very important role in carrying out legal assistance to victims of marital rape who are unfamiliar with the law. 2) the legal assistance mechanism for victims of marital rape is carried out on the basis of the wishes of the victims. 3) obstacles in carrying out legal assistance to victims of marital rape, namely obstacles arising from victims, families, the community, the state and the existence of inappropriate understanding of religious teachings. Then, the efforts made are by reviewing the arguments that textually corner one party and the existence of education (learning).

ANALISIS BUDAYA HUKUM MASYARAKAT DALAM PENANGGULANGAN PELACURAN DI KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM DAN GENDER Anthon Fathanudien
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

In this decade, the development of prostitute becomes luster especially in Indramayu city. The government of Indramayu did some efforts to solve that problem by producing regional regulation no. 2 about “The Elimination of Prostitute”. In the implementation, the prostitute prevention was much done by ordering and catching the women as the whore done by the upholds law agencies, meanwhile the men as the consumer were free. This way shows that there is an injustice of gender un the effort of prostitute prevention in Indramayu. The injustice of gender causes the difficulties to prevent the prostitute because it is a paradigm of interaction between woman and out of marriage. In that interaction, the woman is like a hire part, meanwhile the man as the consumer or tenant part. In the prostitute prevention that was already done, only the woman as the hire part got punishmen; on the other and the tenant part was free. It shows that the law was made by man and has a purpose to strengthen the patriarchy relationship. Therefore, the theory of law system by Lawrence M. Friedman and the theory of law with feminism perpective by D.Kelly Weisberg are used to analyse that problem.Keywords : Prevention, Prostitute, Law and Gender

PENGGUNAAN NAVIGASI BINTANG DI ALAM BEBAS PADA MALAM HARI DALAM PENENTUAN ARAH KIBLAT Samsudin samsudin; Ubaidillah Ubaidillah; Masriah Masriah
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

AbstractIn conditions in the wild we often have difficulty in determining the direction, especially if we do not carry a pointing device such as a compass, therefore the position of heavenly bodies can be relied upon. The existence of celestial objects can be a navigation instrument that becomes a reference in determining the direction of the Qibla by observing the position of the star, this study was conducted to prove whether the position of a star can be used as a natural tool other than the sun in determining the Qibla direction.This study aims to answer the questions that formulate the problem: "How to use star navigation in determining the direction of Qibla in the wild and includes the results of the accuracy of the calculations and observations". This study uses qualitative research, data collected by means of interviews (interviews), observation, documentation and then analyzed by descriptive analysis method.The results of this study: the method of determining the direction of the Qibla by looking at the direction of the star in a particular month and time can be a reference to facing the Qibla direction accurately. To get these results, you can use regulus stars in the Leo constellation in April to May with calculations using the formula:WK = (X / 15) + (21˚ 32 '59.24 ") - (0˚ 03' 56.55" x date)) + KWD (for April).WK = (X / 15) + (19˚ 34 '42.56 ") - (0˚ 03' 56.55" x date)) + KWD (for May).In addition to using the above formula, getting accurate results is used as well as trial observations using a special compass tool to determine the Qibla direction. In this case, from April to May the location of the wild becomes a strategic place to determine the direction of the Qibla using regulus stars at a certain time. So wherever there is no reason for prayer not facing the Qibla direction.

TELAAH MAKNA DHARABAH BAGI ISTRI NUSYUZ DALAM PERSPEKTIF GENDER Napisah Napisah; Syahabuddin Syahabuddin
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

ABSTRAK Terminologi nusyuz sebagai bentuk ketidakharmonisan hubungan suami-istri seringkali dipahami dan diselesaikan secara bias gender. Hal ini diawali dengan pemahaman konsep nusyudz secara sempit hanya disematkan kepada istri yang tidak mentaati suami, sehingga pada tahap selanjutnya didapati menjadi pemicu terjadinya kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap rahasiasebenarnyadariAl-Qur’ansuratan-Nisa@’ayat34mengenaihukumanbagiistri yang nusyuz. Penelitian ini juga ingin memberikan pemahaman yang utuh kepada masyarakat tentang nusyudz dan mencarikan solusi untuk mengatasi kekerasan gender dalam rumah tangga.Penelitian ini bersifat kepustakaan murni, sebagai sumber data primernya adalah data pokok QS an- Nisa@’ ayat 34 dan Undang-Undang No 23 tahun 2004 tentang penghapusan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan tafsir perspektif gender dan teologis-filosofis. Secara teknis, pendekatan tersebut dilakukan dengan cara memadukan antara manhaj athari dengan pemaknaan dari segi medan maknasemantic.Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa: pertama, nusyuz bukanlah bentuk ketidaktaatan istri kepada suami, melainkan bentuk penyimpangan salah satu pasangan suami-istri dari kaidah-kaidah kesalihan dan penjagaan diri dan kehormatan. Nusyuz dapat terjadi pada diri suami, maupun istri. Kedua, para ulama memahami kata dharb dalam Qs. Al-Nisa: 34 adalah dengan pukulan, yang merupakan langkah terakhir dari tahapan penyelesaian nusyuz istri. Sedangkan dengan metode pemaknaan yang mengedepankan prinsip humanisme dan kesalingan, dan dengan menggunakan analisis medan makna semantic kata dharb dapat diartikan dengan “menggerakkan” pasangan yang nusyuz agar kembali salih dan menjaga diri. Ketiga, berdasarkan pemaknaan tersebut, UU No. 23 tahun 2004 tentang penghapusan kekerasan dapat dinyatakan telah sesuai denganal-Quran. Kata Kunci: Nusyudz, Dharabah, Tafsir, Gender ABSTRACT The term nusyuz as a form of disharmony relationship between husband and wife is often understood and resolved in a gender biased manner. The missunderstanding of term nusyud is began with a narrow understanding of the nusyudz concept which only attached to the wife who does not obey her husband, which finally promotes the violance in housewifery. Thus, this research is conducted to discover the real secret of al- Qur’an Surah an- Nisa’ verse 34 regarding the punishment of nusyuz commited by the wife. This research also aims to give full understanding to the community regarding nusyudz and to find ways out of nusyudz in order to avoid the violance inhousewifery.This research uses a literature approach with the Qur’an as a primary data source and UU No. 23 Tahun 2004 concerning the elimation of violance in housewifery. This research also uses descriptive analysis with an approach of tafsir in gender perspective andtheology-philosophy.There are several result found in this resarch. First, nusyudz is not only limited to the definition of wife’s disobedience toward the husband, but it seen as a disgression of both husband and wife from the rules of piety, self-care and self-honor. Second, the scholars understand the meaning of the word dharb in Qur’an Surah an- Nisa’ verse 34 as a hit. Where a hit is considered as last step in resolving the problem of nusyudz. Using the principle of humanity, the word dharb refers “to actuate” the mate who commits nusyudz to come back in piety and self-care. Third, UU No 23 Tahun 24 is consistent to the Qur’an and Hadits in suppressing the violance in housewifery. Keywords: Nusyudz, Dharabah, Tafsir, Gender

TRANSAKSI BITCOIN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA Raden Muhammad Arvy Ilyasa; Ridwan Arifin
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

Pada era ini pengaruh globalisasi sangat kuat, terlebih lagi dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, informasi, dan komunikasi mengalami perkembangan yang pesat. Dunia sedang bergerak ke arah baru dan menuntut untuk diikuti perkembangannya tidak terkecuali dengan Indonesia. Sebagai negara berkembang Indonesia harus mampu untuk bisa mensejahterakan rakyatnya dan dapat membawa rakyatnya menuju ke arah yang baru.Fenomena perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, informasi dan komunikasi ini sudah menyebar ke berbagai aspek kehidupan, perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, informasi dan komunikasi ini dianggap dapat mengawali perubahan tatanan kehidupan suatu masyarakat dalam berbagai aspek maka dari itu di tuntut adanya kecermatan dari pihak pemerintah maupun masyarakat untuk mengimbanginya. Perkembangan yang pesat ini pun turut merubah pola pikir masyarakat dalam berbagai bidang tidak terkecuali dalam bidang ekonomi. Dalam bidang ekonomi transaksi penjualan dan pembelian menjadi aspek yang sangat penting dalam perekonomian,karena perkembangan yang pesat ini dalam hal transaksi penjualan dan pembelian tidak harus penjual dan pembeli bertemu secara langsung tetapi sekarang melalui media dunia maya atau internet, kita bisa melakukan transaksi jual beli kapan pun dan di mana pun kita berada tanpa harus bertemu secara langsung, melihat trend perkembangan ini sebagian masyarakat tidak menggunakan uang konvensional seperti pada umumnya tetapi mulai beralih menggunakan digital currency yang dilindungi oleh kriptografi, diantara digital currency yang beredar yang paling terkenal adalah Bitcoin. Dalam perjalanan Bitcoin sendiri mengalami berbagai polemik dalam penggunaannya di dunia bahkan di Indonesia sendiri, karena di Indonesia sendiri Bitcoin belum diakui eksistensinya dan belum ada regulasi jelasnya. Bahkan dalam islam pun para ulama seputar Bitcoin ini masih menjadi perdebatan apakah Bitcoin ini dikatakan halal atau haram apabila di kaji dalam Al-Quran, hadits, ijma maupun sumber islami lainnya. In this era the influence of globalization was very strong, especially in the fields of science, technology, information and communication which experienced rapid development. The world is moving in a new direction and demands that its development be followed by Indonesia. As a developing country, Indonesia must be able to prosper its people and bring its people to a new direction. The phenomenon of the development of science, technology, information and communication has spread to various aspects of life, the development of science, technology, information and communication is considered able initiating changes in the order of life of a society in various aspects, therefore it is demanded carefulness from the government and the community to compensate. This rapid development also helped change the mindset of the people in various fields, including in the economic field. In the economic field, sales and purchase transactions are a very important aspect in the economy, because of this rapid development in terms of sales and purchase transactions that do not necessarily require sellers and buyers to meet directly, but now through cyber media or the internet, we can buy and sell transactions when and wherever we are without having to meet directly, seeing this development trend, some people do not use conventional money as in general, but begin to switch to using digital currency protected by cryptography, among the digital currency in circulation the most famous is Bitcoin. In the course of Bitcoin itself experienced various polemics in its use in the world even in Indonesia itself, because in its own existence Bitcoin has not yet recognized its existence and there is no clear regulation. Even in Islam, the scholars around Bitcoin are still debating whether Bitcoin is said to be halal or haram if it is reviewed in the Koran, hadith, ijma and other Islamic sources.

KEWAJIBAN NAFKAH DALAM KELUARGA PERSPEKTIF HUSEIN MUHAMMAD Wardah Nuroniyah; Ilham Bustomi; Ahmad Nurfadilah
Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam Vol 4, No 1 (2019)
Publisher : IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon

The obligation of living in the family or in the concept of fiqh that the obligation of living is borne by the husband, this is because the male leadership over women therefore the husband is charged with his wife's wages. But over time, the concept of living in fiqh now seems irrelevant. Not a few, it is the wife who plays a role in earning a living in the family. It is clear that the division of roles like this seems to cause inequality in the family. The obligation of living in the family according to KH Husein Muhammad is charged not to the husband, but who can afford him who is obliged. This means that it is not fixed on the husband. His thought that at that time, men were considered as public beings while the wives of domestic beings. In this position lasted for centuries. However, when in context, women are more capable, more productive and husbands make a living. So according to him there is no element of justice, while the husband is in a position of incapacity. This is what underlies his thinking regarding the obligation of living.

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