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MENINJAU KEMBALI KONSEP PENULARAN PEMBUNUHAN (HOMICIDE CONTAGION): MEMBEDAKAN TRANSMISI DAN PENGELOMPOKAN KEKERASAN MEMATIKAN Zul Khaidir Kadir
Journal of Research and Publication Innovation Vol 4 No 3 (2026): JULY
Publisher : Journal of Research and Publication Innovation

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Abstract

The language of contagion has become increasingly attractive in homicide and mass shooting research because it appears to explain why lethal violence sometimes clusters in time, social relations, and urban space. Yet clustering does not necessarily demonstrate transmission. This article re-examines homicide contagion by asking a more restrictive question: under what conditions can a post-event increase in lethal violence reasonably be interpreted as contagion rather than pre-existing concentration, common shocks, homophily, or persistent place-based risk? A systematic literature review followed by narrative synthesis was conducted on empirical research published between January 2000 and June 2026. The review covers temporal self-excitation, media attention, offender digital traces, social-network exposure, and near-repeat homicide. The strongest temporal claims largely arise from mass-shooting datasets and remain sensitive to event definitions and model specifications. Media visibility can expand the salience of previous attacks, but aggregate news volume rarely demonstrates individual exposure. Network and spatial studies show that lethal risk is unevenly concentrated, although event dependence remains difficult to separate from shared vulnerability. The article therefore proposes selective amplification: earlier events may amplify risk only where exposure intersects with existing motives, relational conflict, network position, or persistent urban vulnerability. Homicide contagion should consequently be reserved for cases where temporal precedence, identifiable exposure, and a plausible event-dependent change in lethal risk are jointly supported.
Honor Killing di Diaspora Barat: Konstruksi dan Respons Hukum Pidana di Inggris, Jerman, dan Kanada Zul Khaidir Kadir
Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi Vol. 3 No. 4 (2026): Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi (April 2026)
Publisher : PT. Hasba Edukasi Mandiri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71282/jurmie.v3i4.1802

Abstract

Honor killing in Western diasporas remains a serious concern because migration to host states does not automatically dismantle the logic of honor that ties family reputation to the control of women’s bodies, intimate relations, and life choices. This study examines the relationship between honor, migration, community identity, and patriarchy; identifies the patterns, triggers, and forms of honor-based violence; and analyzes legal responses and prevention strategies in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Canada. The research employs normative legal methodology through statutory, case-based, and comparative approaches. Primary legal materials consist of legislation and judicial decisions, supported by secondary materials on honor, diaspora, gender-based violence, and victim protection. The analysis finds that honor in diaspora settings no longer functions merely as a private family concern, but also as a means of preserving minority community boundaries under pressures of assimilation and intergenerational tension. Violence then develops through an escalating continuum, beginning with surveillance, restrictions on mobility, threats, forced marriage, and social isolation, and in some cases ending in homicide. The United Kingdom and Canada illustrate stronger preventive mechanisms through forced marriage protection and criminal law measures, while Germany demonstrates a firm rejection of honor-based motives through general homicide law. The study argues that effective responses require a combination of legal firmness, accessible early protection, and institutional sensitivity that does not slide into either cultural permissiveness or the stigmatization of minority communities.
KEMATIAN YANG TERJADI LAMA SETELAH SERANGAN: MORTALITAS TERTUNDA (DELAYED MORTALITY) DAN BATAS TEMPORAL PEMBUNUHAN Zul Khaidir Kadir
Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi Vol. 3 No. 8 (2026): Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi (Agustus 2026)
Publisher : PT. Hasba Edukasi Mandiri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71282/jurmie.v3i8.2496

Abstract

Research on homicide causation often assumes a short interval between injury and death, leaving delayed mortality insufficiently explained when complications, medical intervention, or pre-existing vulnerability alter the final mechanism of death. This study examines how the temporal boundary of homicide should be determined when death occurs long after the initial attack. It employs a literature-based study combining doctrinal legal analysis with limited functional comparison of legislation, judicial decisions, medical guidance, and scholarly literature from England and Wales, the United States, and Indonesia. The findings show that elapsed time does not sever causation by itself, although a longer interval increases evidentiary uncertainty and the possibility of competing causes. The abolition of the year-and-a-day rule has shifted legal analysis from a fixed calendar limit toward case-specific causal examination, while procedural safeguards remain necessary in unusually delayed prosecutions. The study develops causal persistence as an analytical device for assessing whether the initial injury continues to contribute to death despite changes in the immediate medical mechanism. Complications, medical treatment, withdrawal of life support, and victim vulnerability do not automatically break causation; their legal effect depends on whether they remain connected to the condition created by the attack or provide an independent explanation for death. Delayed mortality may therefore remain attributable as homicide when clinical records, forensic findings, and expert evidence support a coherent causal account. The temporal boundary is reached when the contribution of the initial injury can no longer be established as a real and legally significant part of the fatal outcome.