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Application of Artificial Intelligence in White Blood Cell Classification Based on Microscopic Images: A Scoping Review Hasanah, Annisa Nur; Sas, Oktafirani Al; Kosen, Yosua Darmadi
Jurnal Kesehatan Budi Luhur: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Keperawatan, dan Kebidanan Vol. 18 No. 2 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : STIKes Budi Luhur Cimahi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62817/jkbl.v18i2.432

Abstract

White blood cell (WBC) classification plays a crucial role in hematological diagnosis and is typically performed manually using microscopic images. However, manual analysis is limited by subjectivity and time inefficiency. With recent technological advances, artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions for automated WBC classification that enhance accuracy and efficiency. This study presents a scoping review of 20 scientific publications discussing AI applications in microscopic image-based WBC classification. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enginers (IEEE) Xplore, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords such as “AI”, “white blood cell”, and “microscopic image”. Findings indicate that the most commonly used method is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), either standalone or hybrid (e.g., YOLOv5, ResNet, Vision Transformer), achieving accuracies up to 99.7%. The datasets were mostly public Blood Cell Count and Detection (BCCD), Leucocyte Images for Segmentation and Classification (LISC), Raabin-WBC or local laboratory sources. The reviewed studies aimed at automatic WBC detection, classification, and morphological identification. Despite encouraging outcomes, challenges such as external validation and limited access to real clinical data remain. Overall, AI has proven effective in enhancing speed, accuracy, and objectivity in WBC classification. Further research is needed to support AI integration into real-world clinical laboratory practice.
Development of a natural eosinophil stain based on cordyline fruticosa leaves extract and selenicereus monacanthus (dragon fruit peel extracts) for hematology diagnostic applications Hasanah, Annisa Nur; Liswanti, Yane; Kusmiati, Meti; Salsabila, Aliya Fitria; Prihartini, Linda
Science Midwifery Vol 13 No 6 (2026): February: Health Sciences and related fields
Publisher : Institute of Computer Science (IOCS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35335/midwifery.v13i6.2268

Abstract

The search for natural alternatives to conventional hematological stains has gained attention due to issues of dependency on imported reagents, cost, and potential environmental impact. This study aimed to explore the potential of Cordyline fruticosa (andong leaves) and Selenicereus monacanthus (dragon fruit peel) extracts as natural eosinophil stains in hematology. Pigment extraction was performed using standard procedures, followed by phytochemical screening for anthocyanins and flavonoids. The total anthocyanin content was higher in C. fruticosa (1.20 mg/L) compared to S. monacanthus (0.30 mg/L), while relative flavonoid absorbance values also indicated greater pigment density in andong leaves. Application of the extracts in the hemocytometer method demonstrated staining of the background and cellular components, although with weaker intensity than conventional eosin. In peripheral blood smear preparations, Giemsa stain produced the most distinct results, clearly differentiating eosinophil nuclei, cytoplasm, and characteristic granules. In contrast, the natural extracts yielded paler orange cream staining, with less clarity and limited granule visualization, and some smears exhibited detachment due to imperfect fixation. These findings suggest that while andong leaves and dragon fruit peel contain bioactive pigments with staining potential, their application in hematology requires further optimization, particularly in fixation methods, extract concentration, and stability testing over longer storage periods.