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Journal : Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering

Oxidation of Styrene to Benzaldehyde Using Environmentally Friendly Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate-Supported Titania Catalysts Koesnarpadi, Soerja; Wirawan, Teguh; Nurhadi, Mukhamad; Wirhanuddin, Wirhanuddin; Prananto, Yuniar Ponco; Nazarudin, Nazarudin; Degirmenci, Volkan; Lai, Sin Yuan; Nur, Hadi
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2024: BCREC Volume 19 Issue 4 Year 2024 (December 2024)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20224

Abstract

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)-supported titania (TiO2) catalysts and their application in the environmentally friendly oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant. The study explores the catalyst's structure-activity relationship, emphasizing the importance of mesoporous materials for enhanced catalytic performance. The CSH-Titania catalysts were synthesized using fish bone-derived CSH as a support, which aligns with green chemistry principles. Characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis confirmed the successful impregnation of titania and its catalytic efficiency. The catalysts exhibited high selectivity for benzaldehyde, achieving up to 49.45% conversion of styrene, with benzaldehyde as being the main product. The research highlights that the catalyst’s performance decreased after calcination due to a reduced surface area and pore volume, yet it maintained recyclability across three cycles with minimal  lose  in selectivity loss. Overall, this study introduces a cost-effective and sustainable approach to styrene oxidation, demonstrating the potential for industrial application in producing high-value chemicals with minimal environmental impact. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Catalytic Performance of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) for Oxidation Styrene to Benzaldehyde Rahmadani, Agung; Nurhadi, Mukhamad; Wirawan, Teguh; Wirhanuddin, Wirhanuddin; Agusti, Nabila Nur; Lai, Sin Yuan; Nur, Hadi
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 1 Year 2026 (April 2026)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20508

Abstract

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) catalysts and their application in the styrene oxidation to benzaldehyde using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. The study explores the catalyst's structure-activity relationship, emphasizing the importance of mesoporous materials for enhanced catalytic performance. The CSH-Metals catalysts were synthesized using fish bone-derived CSH as a support, which aligns with green chemistry principles. Characterization techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET surface area analysis, confirmed the successful impregnation of Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) and its catalytic performance. The catalysts exhibited styrene conversion and high selectivity for benzaldehyde, achieving up to 49.5% and 60.2% for CSH-Ti; 12.9% and 84.1% for CSH-Fe, 19.9% and 61.5% for CSH-Cu, and 13.4% and 92.8% for CSH-Ag. The research highlights that the best catalyst’s performance are CSH-Ti for styrene conversion and CSH-Ag for benzaldehyde selectivity. To support performance interpretation, a fuzzy logic analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of seven key parameters on catalytic behavior. The results revealed that ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation activity, type of metal, and metal–intermediate interaction were the most dominant factors affecting performance. This data-driven insight reinforces the chemical reactivity as the primary determinant of catalyst effectiveness, above physical attributes such as surface area or pore structure. Overall, this study introduces a cost-effective, sustainable, and selective catalyst system for styrene oxidation, demonstrating high potential for industrial application in the production of value-added chemicals with minimal environmental impact. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).