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Widyawati, Dewi Kania
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Hybrid Machine Learning Approach for Nutrient Deficiency Detection in Lettuce Zuriati, Zuriati; Widyawati, Dewi Kania; Arifin, Oki; Saputra, Kurniawan; Sriyanto, Sriyanto; Ahmad, Asmala
TIERS Information Technology Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38043/tiers.v6i2.7143

Abstract

Early detection of nutrient deficiencies in lettuce is essential for precision agriculture. However, this task remains challenging due to limited data availability and class imbalance, which reduce model sensitivity toward minority classes and hinder generalization. This study introduces a hybrid machine learning approach integrating SMOTE, Optuna, and SVM to enhance the accuracy of nutrient deficiency classification using digital leaf image analysis. The dataset, obtained from Kaggle, includes four categories: Nitrogen Deficiency (-N), Phosphorus Deficiency (-P), Potassium Deficiency (-K), and Fully Nutritional (FN). Image features were extracted using MobileNetV2 pretrained on ImageNet and classified with a Support Vector Machine. Three scenarios were tested: (1) SVM before SMOTE, (2) SVM after SMOTE, and (3) Optuna-SVM after SMOTE, evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The hybrid model achieved the best performance with accuracy 0.929, precision 0.946, recall 0.835, and f1-score 0.869, outperforming the other scenarios. This hybrid framework effectively addressed class imbalance and improved classification margin stability through adaptive hyperparameter tuning using the Tree Structured Parzen Estimator within Optuna. The novelty of this study lies in combining MobileNetV2 based feature extraction with SMOTE and Optuna-SVM for small agricultural datasets. The proposed approach offers an efficient, accurate, and practical solution for automated nutrient deficiency diagnosis and contributes to the development of AI-driven smart agriculture systems.
Co-Authors Ahmad, Asmala Ambarwari, Agus Arifin, Oki Billah, Muhammad Fahry Arief Desfaryani, Rini Djangkaru, Elliana Dulbari, Dulbari Dwirgo Sahlinal, Dwirgo Fathurrahman Kurniawan Ikhsan Fitriani Fitriani Kurniawan Saputra Loriko, Hendra Agus Marlinda Apriyani mutiara mutiara Noer, Irmayani Nurkhotimah, Jihan Susan Nurul Qomariyah Putra, Septafiansyah Dwi Rima Maulini Romanda, Novandro Sari, Chika Imelda Sriyanto, Sriyanto Sutarni, Sutarni Sylvia, Sylvia Unteawati, Bina Wibowo, Yusep Windhu Ari Yuniarti, Evi Zarnelly Zarnelly Zuriati, Zuriati