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All Journal Reaktor International Journal of Renewable Energy Development TEKNIK Rotasi METANA BERKALA FISIKA JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman Geoplanning : Journal of Geomatics and Planning Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Jurnal Riset Industri Mesin JUPE : Jurnal Pendidikan Mandala Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Undergraduate Conference Proceeding Jurnal Sosial dan Sains International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Progress JURNAL REKAYASA KIMIA & LINGKUNGAN
I. Istadi
Department Of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, Kampus UNDIP Tembalang, Semarang 50239
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Astronomy Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Physics Public Health Social Sciences

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Journal : International Journal of Renewable Energy Development

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Enhancing hierarchical factor (HF) and catalytic performance of Bayah’s natural zeolite catalyst for hydrocracking of palm oil to biofuels Istadi, Istadi; Alqurni, Wais; Riyanto, Teguh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61669

Abstract

This study investigates enhancement of Bayah’s Natural Zeolite (BNZ), an abundant resource from Banten, Indonesia, as a catalyst for hydrocracking palm oil into biofuels. The primary objective was to improve the zeolite's Hierarchical Factor (HF) and overall catalytic performance through a targeted modification process. The modification involved a two-step procedure: a desilication treatment using various concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to create mesoporosity, followed by activation with an ammonium acetate (CH₃COONH₄) solution. The structural, textural, and chemical properties of the modified catalysts were systematically characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller/Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BET-BJH) analysis. The characterization results revealed that the NaOH treatment increased the HF, average pore diameter, pore volume, and specific surface area compared to the untreated BNZ. Catalytic performance was evaluated in a continuous hydrocracking reactor using palm oil as feedstock. Among the modified samples, the BNZ-3 catalyst exhibited the most promising activity, demonstrating an optimal average pore diameter of 3.83 nm and an HF value of 0.069. This catalyst achieved an impressive Organic Liquid Product (OLP) yield of 85.67% and a palm oil conversion rate of 97.22%. The conversion of triglycerides was monitored via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) by observing the disappearance of the ester bond absorption peak at 1745 cm⁻¹. Furthermore, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the distilled biofuel confirmed the presence of desired hydrocarbons fractions, including gasoline, kerosene, and diesel components, alongside minor quantities of alcohols, esters, and acids. The DSC results corroborate the TG and DTG analyses, reinforcing the conclusion that BNZ‑3 experiences more extensive coke deposition and undergoes more intense thermal decomposition than the blank catalyst. These findings underscore the potential of modified natural zeolites as effective, low-cost catalysts for sustainable biofuel production.
Co-Authors Afriadie, Chandra Ajeng Riswanti Wulandari Alqurni, Wais Amalia, Rahma Amin N.A.S. Amin Amin Nugroho Aminuyati Anggun Kurniawan Anindita Indriana Aniyati Khoiriyah Anwar Muttaqien, Anwar Anwaruddin Hisyam Anwaruddin Hisyam Ardian D. Yudhistira Ardian Dwi Yudhistira Aribowo, Windarto Astri Rakhmawati Atanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Bahrudin, Moh. Bambang Pramudono Bambang Tri Nugroho Bintang Ayu Kalimantini Chusnul Khotimah D. A. Rahmawati D. Intaningrum Daniel Setiyo Nugroho Daniel Setiyo Nugroho, Daniel Setiyo Dian Rahmayanti Didi D. Anggoro Didi D. Anggoro Didi D. Anggoro Didi D. Anggoro Didi Dwi Anggoro Dinara, Daniella Cipta Dini Wulandari Dorothy Hoo Wei Ling Dyah Hesti Wardhani Eko Hidayanto Fachmy Adji Pangestu Setiawan Fajar Astuti Febriansyar, Rosyad Adrian Haniif Prasetiawan Heri Mulyanti Heri Sutanto Herlina Hidayati Iis Nurhasanah Inshani Utami Inshani Utami Karimullah, Suud Sarim Kursius, Catherine M. Kursius, Catherine Mentaya Luqman Buchori M.C.T. Wahyu Utami Maryanto - Muhamad, Theobroma Guntur Nani Harihastuti, Nani New Pei Yee Nofi Marlini Nor Aishah Saidina Amin Nor Aishah Saidina Amin Nor Aishah Saidina Amin P Purwanto Pakpahan, Agnes J. Pakpahan, Andre W. S. Permatasari, Astrid Eka Pratiwi, A. Andini Radisya Purwanto . Purwanto Purwanto Purwanto Purwanto Putut Marwoto Qotrunnada, Novaya Aulia Rahmat Gernowo Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas Riyanto, Teguh Roikhatus Solikhah Roikhatus Solikhah Salsabila, Unik Hanifah Salsabilla, Alda Saputra, Roni Ade Sitompul, J. P Slamet Priyanto Suherman Suherman Sulistyo Sulistyo Teguh Riyanto Teuku Irfan Maulana Udin Mabruro Wahyu Ambikawati Wulandari, Ajeng Riswanti