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Mycobacterium leprae in Daily Water Resources of Inhabitants Who Live in Leprosy Endemic Area of East Java Wahyuni, Ratna; Adriaty, Dinar; iswahyudi, iswahyudi; Prakoeswa, Cita Rosita S.; Agusni, Indropo; izumi, shinzo
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 1 No. 2 (2010)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Leprosy still a health problem in Indonesia, where many leprosy pocket areas still persists, especially in the eastern part of the country. Although the program of WHO – Multidrug Therapy (MDT) regiment has been conducted elsewhere since 1980s, only the prevalence can be reduced but not the incidence of new leprosy cases. Theoretically after the source of leprosy (the infectious leprosy cases) has been treated, no more transmission of the disease and should be no more new leprosy cases will be found. To explain this phenomenon, the non-human resource of M.leprae became a new topic of debates, especially the existence of bacteria in the environment. A field study of the existence of M.leprae in the environment of leprosy endemic area had been conducted in a leprosy endemic area of the northern part of East Java. The aim of the study is to find any correlation of the existence of these bacteria in the environment with the presence of leprosy patients who live in that area, in order to study its role in the transmission of the disease. Ninety water samples from wells in the house of inhabitants who live in one endemic sub district were collected. The owner of the well was interviewed whether any leprosy patients who routinely use the water for their daily life activities. Water samples were examined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method to detect M.leprae DNA, using the LpF-LpR and Lp3-Lp4 nested primers (99bp). The PCR results showed positive band for M.leprae in 22 out of 90 (24%) water samples. Water samples from wells that used by leprosy patients showed positive PCR in 11/48 (23%), while 11 out of 42 (26%) water samples from wells that never been used by leprosy cases showed positive result. Statistically there was no difference (p>0.05) in the positivity of M.leprae between the two groups. It was concluded that the existence of M.leprae in the daily water resource was not correlated with the present of leprosy cases in the area. Possible symbiosis between protozoan and mycobacterium in the environment were discussed.

EVALUATION OF ANTI PCL-1 ANTIBODY TITER IN A GROUP OF HEALTHY SCHOOL CHILDREN WHO LIVE IN LEPROSY ENDEMIC AREA FROM 2007–2010 putri, rachmah diana; amiruddin, M. dali; tabri, farida; Adriaty, Dinar; Wahyuni, ratna; iswahyudi, iswahyudi; agusni, indropo; izumi, shinzo
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 1 No. 3 (2010)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

The "Iceberg phenomene” has been used to explain this situation which indicate that these new leprosy cases is originated from Subclinical Leprosy. Fifty eight healthy school children who live in Jeneponto Regency, a leprosy endemic area in South Sulawesi were recruited. The first examination was performed in 2007 and sera samples were kept in deep freeze refrigerator. In 2010 these children were re-examined for clinical leprosy and sera were collected again. ELISA study was performed simultaneously to these 58 pairs of sera (2007 & 2010) for measuring the titer of IgM anti PGL-1 antibody (ELISA) and the level 605u/ml was regarded as cut off value. After three years evaluation, none of these children showed any clinical signs of leprosy, but 20 of 22 ( 90.9%) children were remained sero-positive and only 2 (9.1%) became sero-negatives. In other sites, 5 children that previously sero-negatives became sero-positives after 3 years. Eight of 10 (80%) children who showed sero (+) with high titer (>1.000u/ml) in 2007, were also remained in high titer. The mean titer of 2007 was 627.8 u/ml, and after3 years became 723.9 u/ml (p<0.05). Although there is no progression from Subclinical to Manifest Leprosy cases among these children, the number of sero (+) cases were increased and the mean titer of IgM anti PGL-1 antibody was significantly increased.. The majority who previously showed high anti PGL-1 antibody titer, remained in high level. This study support the "iceberg phenomene” theory in Leprosy.

TTC Repeats Variation of Mycobacterium leprae Isolates for Analysis of Leprosy Transmission in Leprosy Endemic Area in East Java, INDONESIA Adriaty, Dinar; Wahyuni, Ratna; Iswahyudi, Iswahyudi; Agusni, Indropo; Izumi, Shinzo
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 1 No. 1 (2010)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

East Java province still has some pocket of leprosy endemic areas. In order to solve the problem, molecular typing will make it feasible to study the transmission pattern of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy endemic area. The present study is to analyze the presence of M.leprae DNA in the environment and to study variation number of TTC repeats and their distribution. Poteran Island is located in Madura, East Java and was chosen because this island has a high prevalence of leprosy and remains stable for the last five years. All samples were analyzed by PCR and the numbers of TTC repeats were confirmed by direct sequencing. Of all collected samples, 26.4% isolates of water resources (24); 61.9% nasal swabs (26); and 35.3% skin tissues (24) are positives. No statistically difference in the pattern distribution of TTC repeats between skin tissues of patients and nasal swab of households contact (p=0.594); also distribution of TTC repeats between skin tissues of leprosy patients and those of water resources (p=0.441); and distribution of TTC repeats between nasal swab of households contact with water resources (p=0.906). It means that the transmission of M.leprae in leprosy endemic area has closely related in 3 aspects: agent, host & environment.

Measurements and Accuracy of IgM and IgG Anti Phenolic Glycolipid-1 Levels in Blood Serum for Early Detection Mycobacterium leprae by using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A Reality of a Laboratory Abdullah, Salsabilla Putri Kinanti; Dinar Adriaty; Iswahyudi; Puput Ade Wahyuningtyas; Laura Navika Yamani; Medhi Denisa Alinda; Ratna Wahyuni; Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 11 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v11i2.43481

Indonesia was the third most recent case of leprosy globally in 2020 with 11,173 people, after India and Brazil. Most of the leprosy manifestations are asymptomatic. This is possibly as subclinical leprosy which individuals without leprosy symptoms but have leprosy specific antibodies high levels, so it has the potential to become a transmission and disability. Therefore, an ELISA test need for early detection in preventing leprosy transmission. This study aims to measure IgM and IgG antibody levels in leprosy patients and assess the accuracy of the measurement results. This research is a cross-sectional study. Five patients' blood samples have analyzed for IgM and IgG anti-PGL-1 antibody levels by ELISA. Accuracy interpretation of this measurement based on the %CV. Antibody levels were classified based on the cut-off <605 u/ml as IgM seronegative or <630 u/ml as IgG seronegative, 605–1000 u/ml as low seropositive IgM or 630-1000 u/ml as low seropositive IgG, and >1000 u/ml as high seropositive IgM and IgG. Among five patients examined, 40% had high seropositive leprosy with anti-PGL-1 IgM and IgG antibody titers>1000 u/ml, and 60% of patients had seronegative leprosy. Accuracy in this ELISA test shows high accuracy with %CV <10% in the conversion of OD to antibody titer levels. IgM and IgG Anti PGL-1 antibody titers by ELISA as one of the parameters in identifying patients at higher risk of leprosy. A significant portion of patients with high seropositive leprosy with high accuracy.

Mycobacterium leprae Survival Inside Acanthamoeba sp. Isolated from Water Source in Leprosy Endemic Area, Indonesia: Mycobacterium leprae Survival Inside Acanthamoeba sp. Wahyuni, Ratna; Astari, Linda; Iswahyudi, Iswahyudi; Paling, Sepling; Adriaty, Dinar; Kurniawati, Siti; Aulia, Syifa; Rahmatari, Bandaru; Prakoeswa, Cita Rosita; Agusni, Indropo; Izumi, Shinzo
Journal of Tropical Life Science Vol. 14 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Journal of Tropical Life Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/jtls.14.02.07

Mycobacterium leprae is an acid-fast bacterium that causes leprosy diseases, which remains a problem worldwide. Even though leprosy prevalence in the world has decreased significantly, many endemic pocket areas continue reporting new cases and harbor M. leprae in the environment, including water and soil. The presence of obligate intracellular bacteria-M. leprae in the environment raises a question on how it survives. Free-living amoeba has been proposed as its reservoir host in the environment. The study was conducted to give evidence that M. leprae can survive inside free-living amoeba isolated from water sources of leprosy endemic areas. M. leprae from leprosy patients was cultured together with Acanthamoeba sp. isolated from the water source of the leprosy endemic area. Viability and duplication of M. leprae inside amoeba then observed at day 14 and 28 using reverse transcriptase PCR and qPCR. The results showed that M. leprae survived inside the amoeba until day 28, but no bacterial replication was observed. The study reveals in vitro evidence of viable M. leprae inside free-living amoeba of leprosy endemic area environment.

Mycobacterium leprae Survival Inside Acanthamoeba sp. Isolated from Water Source in Leprosy Endemic Area, Indonesia: Mycobacterium leprae Survival Inside Acanthamoeba sp. Wahyuni, Ratna; Astari, Linda; Iswahyudi, Iswahyudi; Paling, Sepling; Adriaty, Dinar; Kurniawati, Siti; Aulia, Syifa; Rahmatari, Bandaru; Prakoeswa, Cita Rosita; Agusni, Indropo; Izumi, Shinzo
Journal of Tropical Life Science Vol. 14 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Journal of Tropical Life Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11594/jtls.14.02.07

Mycobacterium leprae is an acid-fast bacterium that causes leprosy diseases, which remains a problem worldwide. Even though leprosy prevalence in the world has decreased significantly, many endemic pocket areas continue reporting new cases and harbor M. leprae in the environment, including water and soil. The presence of obligate intracellular bacteria-M. leprae in the environment raises a question on how it survives. Free-living amoeba has been proposed as its reservoir host in the environment. The study was conducted to give evidence that M. leprae can survive inside free-living amoeba isolated from water sources of leprosy endemic areas. M. leprae from leprosy patients was cultured together with Acanthamoeba sp. isolated from the water source of the leprosy endemic area. Viability and duplication of M. leprae inside amoeba then observed at day 14 and 28 using reverse transcriptase PCR and qPCR. The results showed that M. leprae survived inside the amoeba until day 28, but no bacterial replication was observed. The study reveals in vitro evidence of viable M. leprae inside free-living amoeba of leprosy endemic area environment.

Virtual Screening of Dihydropyrimidinone (DHPM) and Chromene Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Adriaty, Dinar; Hery Suwito; Ardiana Ilham Nurrohman; Ni Nyoman Tri Puspaningsih
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026): January - April Edition
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v14i1.80945

SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like protease (PLPro) is an essential enzyme involved in viral replication and immune evasion, making it an attractive target for antiviral drug discovery. In addition to processing viral polyproteins, PLPro removes ubiquitin and ISG15 from host proteins, contributing to immune suppression. Therefore, the identification of compounds capable of interacting with PLPro may support the development of antiviral therapeutic strategies against coronavirus infections. This study employed virtual screening of dihydropyrimidinone (DHPM) and chromene derivatives to prioritize compounds with favorable predicted interactions with SARS-CoV-2 PLPro. Despite their broad biological activities, these scaffolds have not been extensively explored against viral proteases. A preliminary in vitro study showed that there were two lead compounds, DHPM (S-12) and chromene (S-10), which showed good inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC₅₀ values of 6.187 ± 0.41 μM and 8.52 ± 0.28 μM, respectively, thereby establishing them as promising antiviral lead compounds. Based on these findings, the current research aims to design new derivatives of DHPM and chromene compounds by introducing 14 functional groups to the aromatic rings of these lead compounds. As a result, a database of 420 new derivatives was generated. The screening process employed a selection score (SS) system based on ADMET properties and docking scores, allowing for the identification of the highest-ranked in comparison to reference drugs. Three compounds were identified: S12-92, S12-98, and S12-2-60, all of which were DHPM derivatives. These compounds are proposed as potential PLPro-binding candidates for further development as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs due to their favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and docking results.

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