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Journal : Yuridika

Characteristics of Party autonomy in a Transnational Electronic Consumer Contract Moh. Ali; Agus Yudha Hernoko
Yuridika Vol. 35 No. 1 (2020): Volume 35 No 1 January 2020
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (274.183 KB) | DOI: 10.20473/ydk.v35i1.15105

Abstract

International contracts involving legal subjects between countries will affect the law chosen by the parties. Electronic contracts are different than conventional contracts in general. Prominent characteristics includevirtual, paperless and borderless. Determination of legal choices cannot be made with a link-point approach that is generally applicable to conventional transactions. The typical e-commerce characteristics should be special treatment for special contracts. The virtual nature that knows no national borders is difficult to determine in which country the legal event takes place. Paperless nature often overrides accuracy in transactions, especially with regard to legal choice clauses and forum choices.In addition, another character is that electronic transactions are made in standard form and are arranged for the purpose of take or leave it. Generally, business actors have determined the choice of law and the choice of the forum. Electronic contracts place consumers in a weak bargaining position (the weaker party). There are active limitations in determining the legal choice clause, causing consumers not to have an unequal bargaining power, giving rise to a fundamental paradigm shift in the principle of freedom of contract from "party autonomy" to "one-sided autonomy". On this basis, the need for state intervention to provide legal protection in the form of mandatory regulations as an exception to the contractual principle that is absolute becomes relative, namely that the applicable law is not mutatis mutandis law that is chosen by the parties but the law where habitual residence is.
The Regulation of Land Ownership Rights for Legal Entities in the Perspective of Modern Agrarian Law: Challenges of Fair Legal Evolution Alen Saputra; Agus Yudha Hernoko; Agus Sekarmadji
Yuridika Vol. 41 No. 1 (2026): Volume 41 No 1, January 2026
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/ydk.v41i1.75227

Abstract

Land ownership is a legally recognized right that represents the strongest and most comprehensive form of control over land. Within Indonesia’s agrarian legal system, land ownership rights are fundamentally granted only to Indonesian citizens. However, in practice, certain exceptions allow legal entities to obtain land ownership rights based on Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles and Government Regulation Number 38 of 1963 concerning the Designation of Legal Entities Eligible to Hold Land Ownership Rights. These provisions have sparked theoretical and philosophical debates as legal entities do not possess descendants, while land ownership is inherently hereditary. This paper examines the philosophical foundation from a normative juridical perspective regarding the granting of land ownership rights to specific legal entities, as well as the urgency of regulatory reform to ensure legal certainty and to accommodate the evolving legal and societal needs within the framework of modernization.