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Sintesis ZSM-5 dari Coal Fly Ash (CFA) dengan Sumber Silika Penambah yang Berasal dari Abu Sekam Padi: Pengaruh Rasio SiO2/Al2O3 Terhadap Kristalinitas Produk Azlia Metta; Simparmin Br Ginting; Hens Saputra
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 8, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Coal Fly Ash and rice husk ash can be utilized by converting it into ZSM-5 synthetic zeolite. One of the influencing factors of ZSM-5 synthetis is ratio of SiO2/Al2O3. Synthesis of ZSM-5 was carried out in an autoclave at a temperature of 180°C with a variation of the ratio of SiO2/Al2O3, namely 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mol/mol during 24 hour crystallization using TPABr template. Characterization of ZSM-5 was conducted using X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Adsorption-Desorption Analysis of Nitrogen and Acidity. The results showed that the ZSM-5 was formed in all the variations of SiO2/Al2O3 ratios with the highest percent crystallinity of 52.83%, at the ratio of 50 mol/mol. All products are still in accompany with the formation of side products such as Analsime and Silica Oxide. The ZSM-5 crystal product was in hexagonal shape. Results from Adsorption-Desorption Analysis of Nitrogen indicated that all products were mesoporous materials. Keywords: crystallinity, mesopore, ZSM-5, silica, rice husk, SiO2/Al2O3 ratio Limbah Coal Fly Ash dan abu sekam padi dapat dimanfaatkan dengan mengkonversi limbah menjadi zeolit sintesis ZSM-5. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi sintesis ZSM-5 adalah rasio SiO2/Al2O3. Sintesis ZSM-5 dilakukan di dalam autoklaf pada suhu 180C dengan variasi rasio SiO2/Al2O3 yaitu 20, 30, 40, 50 dan 60 mol/mol selama waktu kristalisasi 24 jam menggunakan template TPABr. Karakterisasi ZSM-5 menggunakan metode Difraksi Sinar X, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Adsorpsi – Desorpsi Nitrogen dan Analisis Keasaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ZSM-5 terbentuk pada semua variasi SiO2/Al2O3. Persen kristalinitas produk ZSM-5 sebesar 52,83%, ada pada rasio 50 mol/mol. Semua produk masih disertai terbentuknya produk samping seperti Analsime dan Silika Oksida. Kristal ZSM-5 yang dihasilkan berbentuk heksagonal. Hasil Analisis Adsorpsi-Desorpsi nitorgen mengindikasikan bahwa semua sampel adalah material mesopori. Kata kunci: kristalinitas, mesopori, ZSM-5, sekam, rasio SiO2/Al2O3

Kombinasi Adsorben Biji Kelor - Zeolit Alam Lampung untuk Meningkatkan Efektivitas Penjerapan Logam Pb dalam Air secara Kontinu pada Kolom Fixed Bed Adsorber Simparmin Br Ginting; Sebastian Djoni Syukur; Yeni Yulia
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 11, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

The mixture of adsorbents of moringa seed (BK) and natural zeolite of Lampung (ZAL) is placed in a fixed bed adsorber column arranged at a certain height according to the designed height ratio. BK is processed by extraction to remove its oil content while ZAL is activated by chemical and physical treatments. Composition ratio of BK-ZAL (cm/cm) was varied i.e.1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 and concentrations of Pb entering adsorber were 1 ppm and 2 ppm. The adsorption conditions were 20-35 mesh adsorbent size, 4 cm diameter column of adsorber, 5 cm bed height, and 8 liters/3 hours flowrate. Upflow adsorption was performed in a fixed bed adsorption column for 3 hours and Pb solution of output adsorber was taken at every 30 minutes. Analysis of Pb content was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Adsorbent BK before and after extracted, and after adsorption were characterized using Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). ZAL before and after activation were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). The characterization results of XRD, XRF and FTIR showed that the crystalline phases of ZAL increased, the activation process of ZAL only caused a shift in the peak, no significant change in the structure of solids, and the content of impurities in ZAL reduced after activation, thereby enhancing its ability to adsorb Pb. AAS analysis results showed that the best combination adsorbent BK-ZAL (cm/cm) was 1: 2 with the highest effectiveness of the entrapment of Pb metal reached 99.90%. The adsorption capacity of adsorbent was 2.25 mg Pb/ gram adsorbent calculated using Freundlich equilibrium model. ABSTRAKKombinasi adsorben yang terdiri dari biji kelor (BK) dan zeolit alam Lampung (ZAL) ditempatkan di dalam kolom adsorber unggun tetap yang disusun pada ketinggian tertentu sesuai rasio tinggi yang dirancang. Adsorben BK diekstraksi untuk mengeluarkan kandungan minyaknya dan ZAL diaktivasi secara kimia dan fisika. Variasi rasio tinggi komposisi BK-ZAL (cm/cm) di dalam kolom dilakukan pada kisaran 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3. Variasi konsentrasi larutan Pb masuk adsorber adalah 1 ppm dan 2 ppm. Ukuran partikel adsorben yang digunakan sebesar 20-35 mesh, diameter kolom adsorpsi 4 cm, tinggi unggun 5 cm, dan laju alir larutan Pb 8 liter per 3 jam. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan secara upflow pada kolom adsorpsi dengan unggun tetap selama 3 jam dan larutan Pb keluaran adsorber diambil setiap 30 menit untuk dianalisis dengan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Adsorben BK sebelum dan setelah diekstrak, serta setelah proses adsorpsi dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). Adsorben ZAL sebelum dan setelah diaktivasi dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), dan Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). Hasil karakterisasi XRD, XRF, dan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa fase kristalin ZAL bertambah, proses aktivasi ZAL hanya menyebabkan pergeseran puncak yang muncul, tidak terjadi perubahan struktur padatan secara signifikan, dan kandungan zat pengotor pada ZAL turun setelah diaktivasi sehingga meningkatkan kemampuan untuk menjerap logam Pb. Hasil analisis AAS menunjukkan kombinasi adsorben BK-ZAL (cm/cm) terbaik yaitu 1:2 dengan efektivitas penjerapan logam Pb tertinggi mencapai 99.90%. Hasil perhitungan kapasitas adsorpsi adsorben adalah 2.25 mg Pb/ gram adsorben yang dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan adsorpsi Freunlich.

Sintesis Zeolit A Dari Coal Bottom Ash Dengan Metode Step Change Of Synthesis Temperature Dengan Variasi Suhu Kalsinasi Diaplikasikan Untuk Dehidrasi Etanol Simparmin Br. Ginting; M. Yassien Nurfiqih
JURNAL MECHANICAL Vol 9, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/mech.v9.i1.201802

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pembuatan zeolit A yang diaplikasikan untuk dehidrasi etanol dengan menggunakan metode step change of synthesis temperature dengan temperatur awal 90oC selama 1,5 jam kemudian dinaikkan menjadi 95oC selama 2,5 jam. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah coal bottom ash PLTU Tarahan Lampung Selatan, yang dikalsinasi pada suhu yang bervariasi yaitu 500oC, 600oC, 700oC dan 800oC. Tahapan yang dilakukan adalah kalsinasi, sintesis dan adsorpsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan zeolit A sintesis dari variasi suhu kalsinasi agar didapatkan persen kristalinitas yang tinggi yang diharapkan dapat menyerap air dalam campuran etanol dengan optimal, sehingga etanol memiliki kemurnian >99% (Fuel Grade Ethanol). Karaktersiasi zeolit A sintesis menggunakan difraktometer sinar-x (XRD), spektrometer inframerah (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan brunnaur, emmet dan teller (BET). Berdasarkan analisis XRD didapatkan persen kristalinitas tertinggi pada variasi suhu kalsinasi 500˚C yaitu sebesar 34,79 %, hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan telah terbentuk produk Zeolit A yang ditandai dengan adanya karakteristik Zeolit A pada bilangan gelombang 950-1250cm-1, 650-750cm-1, 500-650cm-1, 420-500cm-1 dan 300-400cm-1, hasil analisis SEM menunjukkan semua variasi suhu kalsinasi terlihat bahwa bentuk partikel didominasi bentuk kubus, berdasarkan analisis BET diketahui Zeolit A berukuran mesopori yang memiliki kisaran diameter 2-50 nm.

Penentuan Konsentrasi Aktivator Asam Sulfat Terbaik pada Pretreatment Zeolit Alam Lampung (Zal) sebagai Katalisator untuk Reaksi Esterifikasi Gliserol dan Asam Asetat Menjadi Triacetin Achmad Ariyadi; Simparmin Br. Ginting
Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan Vol 5 No 02 (2017): August 2017
Publisher : Balitbangda Provinsi Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (354.226 KB)

The research has been done to obtain the best concentration of sulfuric acid activator on Lampung Natural Zeolite at the pretreatment stage as catalyst for esterification reaction of glycerol and acetic acid to form triacetin. The process of pretreatment was chemical activation where the zeolite wasimmersed in sulfuric acidina concentration of 0.2; 0.3and 0.4 N. The zeolite activation results were analyzed for the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio with XRF analysis. Then the three pretreated zeolites with variations of the activator concentration were tested for performance as catalysts for the reaction of triacetin formation from glycerol and acetic acid with the reaction time of 90 minutes and the sampling for every 15 minutes. The samples were then compared with the reactions using zeolite catalyst without activation and the reactions without catalyst. The highest and best conversion was obtained on pretreated zeolite catalyst 0.2 N sulfuric acid with conversion of 11.75 %. The XRF analysis resulted that higher the concentration of sulfuric acid activator, higher the ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 zeolite. The FTIR analysis showed that the activation treatment on zeolite did not cause significant changes in its structures.

The Effect Catalyst Natural Zeolite of Lampung On The Synthesis Of α-Terpineol From Turpentine Herti Utami; Simparmin Br. Ginting; Dwi Derti Sulistiowati; Ria Putri Hermiyati
INSIST Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Universitas Lampung

The major component of turpentine is α-pinene. Alpha pinene can be hydrated using an acid catalyst to produce α-terpineol. It can be used as a perfume, anti -insect, and disinfectants. The using of heterogeneous catalysts as natural zeolite can be a new alternative to replacehomogeneous catalysts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of zeolite catalysts and the reaction time which resulting the highest conversion on hydration reactions of turpentine to α-terpineol. Parameters were the effect of catalyst concentration of (5%, 10% and 15%) and the reaction time (60 minutes, 120 minutes and 180 minutes). The turpentine, aquadest and isopropyl alcohol were reacted in the three neck flask at the temperature of 70°C. The result of this study showed that the best condition the hydration of turpentine α-terpineol was achieced at 15% catalyst concentration and the reaction time of 180 minutes. The convertion was obtained to be 4.875%.Keywords— Turpentine, Hydration, Alpha terpineol, Catalys,Natural Zeolite.

Sintesis ZSM-5 dari Coal Fly Ash (CFA) dengan Sumber Silika Penambah yang Berasal dari Abu Sekam Padi: Pengaruh Rasio SiO2/Al2O3 Terhadap Kristalinitas Produk Azlia Metta; Simparmin Br Ginting; Hens Saputra
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 8, No 2 (2014)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.11374

Coal Fly Ash and rice husk ash can be utilized by converting it into ZSM-5 synthetic zeolite. One of the influencing factors of ZSM-5 synthetis is ratio of SiO2/Al2O3. Synthesis of ZSM-5 was carried out in an autoclave at a temperature of 180°C with a variation of the ratio of SiO2/Al2O3, namely 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mol/mol during 24 hour crystallization using TPABr template. Characterization of ZSM-5 was conducted using X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Adsorption-Desorption Analysis of Nitrogen and Acidity. The results showed that the ZSM-5 was formed in all the variations of SiO2/Al2O3 ratios with the highest percent crystallinity of 52.83%, at the ratio of 50 mol/mol. All products are still in accompany with the formation of side products such as Analsime and Silica Oxide. The ZSM-5 crystal product was in hexagonal shape. Results from Adsorption-Desorption Analysis of Nitrogen indicated that all products were mesoporous materials. Keywords: crystallinity, mesopore, ZSM-5, silica, rice husk, SiO2/Al2O3 ratio Limbah Coal Fly Ash dan abu sekam padi dapat dimanfaatkan dengan mengkonversi limbah menjadi zeolit sintesis ZSM-5. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi sintesis ZSM-5 adalah rasio SiO2/Al2O3. Sintesis ZSM-5 dilakukan di dalam autoklaf pada suhu 180C dengan variasi rasio SiO2/Al2O3 yaitu 20, 30, 40, 50 dan 60 mol/mol selama waktu kristalisasi 24 jam menggunakan template TPABr. Karakterisasi ZSM-5 menggunakan metode Difraksi Sinar X, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Adsorpsi – Desorpsi Nitrogen dan Analisis Keasaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ZSM-5 terbentuk pada semua variasi SiO2/Al2O3. Persen kristalinitas produk ZSM-5 sebesar 52,83%, ada pada rasio 50 mol/mol. Semua produk masih disertai terbentuknya produk samping seperti Analsime dan Silika Oksida. Kristal ZSM-5 yang dihasilkan berbentuk heksagonal. Hasil Analisis Adsorpsi-Desorpsi nitorgen mengindikasikan bahwa semua sampel adalah material mesopori. Kata kunci: kristalinitas, mesopori, ZSM-5, sekam, rasio SiO2/Al2O3

Kombinasi Adsorben Biji Kelor - Zeolit Alam Lampung untuk Meningkatkan Efektivitas Penjerapan Logam Pb dalam Air secara Kontinu pada Kolom Fixed Bed Adsorber Simparmin Br Ginting; Sebastian Djoni Syukur; Yeni Yulia
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 11, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.23154

The mixture of adsorbents of moringa seed (BK) and natural zeolite of Lampung (ZAL) is placed in a fixed bed adsorber column arranged at a certain height according to the designed height ratio. BK is processed by extraction to remove its oil content while ZAL is activated by chemical and physical treatments. Composition ratio of BK-ZAL (cm/cm) was varied i.e.1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 and concentrations of Pb entering adsorber were 1 ppm and 2 ppm. The adsorption conditions were 20-35 mesh adsorbent size, 4 cm diameter column of adsorber, 5 cm bed height, and 8 liters/3 hours flowrate. Upflow adsorption was performed in a fixed bed adsorption column for 3 hours and Pb solution of output adsorber was taken at every 30 minutes. Analysis of Pb content was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Adsorbent BK before and after extracted, and after adsorption were characterized using Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). ZAL before and after activation were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). The characterization results of XRD, XRF and FTIR showed that the crystalline phases of ZAL increased, the activation process of ZAL only caused a shift in the peak, no significant change in the structure of solids, and the content of impurities in ZAL reduced after activation, thereby enhancing its ability to adsorb Pb. AAS analysis results showed that the best combination adsorbent BK-ZAL (cm/cm) was 1: 2 with the highest effectiveness of the entrapment of Pb metal reached 99.90%. The adsorption capacity of adsorbent was 2.25 mg Pb/ gram adsorbent calculated using Freundlich equilibrium model. ABSTRAKKombinasi adsorben yang terdiri dari biji kelor (BK) dan zeolit alam Lampung (ZAL) ditempatkan di dalam kolom adsorber unggun tetap yang disusun pada ketinggian tertentu sesuai rasio tinggi yang dirancang. Adsorben BK diekstraksi untuk mengeluarkan kandungan minyaknya dan ZAL diaktivasi secara kimia dan fisika. Variasi rasio tinggi komposisi BK-ZAL (cm/cm) di dalam kolom dilakukan pada kisaran 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3. Variasi konsentrasi larutan Pb masuk adsorber adalah 1 ppm dan 2 ppm. Ukuran partikel adsorben yang digunakan sebesar 20-35 mesh, diameter kolom adsorpsi 4 cm, tinggi unggun 5 cm, dan laju alir larutan Pb 8 liter per 3 jam. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan secara upflow pada kolom adsorpsi dengan unggun tetap selama 3 jam dan larutan Pb keluaran adsorber diambil setiap 30 menit untuk dianalisis dengan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Adsorben BK sebelum dan setelah diekstrak, serta setelah proses adsorpsi dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). Adsorben ZAL sebelum dan setelah diaktivasi dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), dan Fourier Transmission Infra Red (FTIR). Hasil karakterisasi XRD, XRF, dan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa fase kristalin ZAL bertambah, proses aktivasi ZAL hanya menyebabkan pergeseran puncak yang muncul, tidak terjadi perubahan struktur padatan secara signifikan, dan kandungan zat pengotor pada ZAL turun setelah diaktivasi sehingga meningkatkan kemampuan untuk menjerap logam Pb. Hasil analisis AAS menunjukkan kombinasi adsorben BK-ZAL (cm/cm) terbaik yaitu 1:2 dengan efektivitas penjerapan logam Pb tertinggi mencapai 99.90%. Hasil perhitungan kapasitas adsorpsi adsorben adalah 2.25 mg Pb/ gram adsorben yang dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan adsorpsi Freunlich.

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Wanita Tani Dengan Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Pedesaan Untuk Mewujudkan Desa Mandiri Pangan Di Desa Kediri Kecamatan Gadingrejo, Kabupaten Pringsewu, Lampung Simparmin Br Ginting
Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pengembangan Masyarakat Vol 2, No 2 (2019): NOV
Publisher : Pengabdian dan Pengembangan Masyarakat Sekolah Vokasi UGM

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jp2m.38931

Desa Kediri memiliki potensi sumber daya yang besar berupa lahan pekarangan yang luas, Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT), Karang Taruna serta tersedianya pupuk bioslurry yang merupakan limbah dari biogas kotoran sapi. Namun demikian rendahnya taraf pengetahuan warga menyebabkan potensi sumber daya yang besar tersebut menjadi kurang berdaya. Oleh karena itu tim program pengembangan desa mitra (PPDM) 2018 melakukan pendampingan yang bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan potensi yang ada, salah satunya untuk pembuatan Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL), kebun kolektif, dan kolam lele kolektif guna memenuhi kebutuhan sayur dan lauk harian untuk rumah tangga dalam rangka mewujudkan desa mandiri pangan. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan ini adalah memberikan pengetahuan tentang Teknik budidaya tanaman organik, pembuatan pupuk organik, teknik budidaya ikan lele organik, dan pembuatan pakan lele organik. Hasilnya telah terbangun 20 unit KRPL, 3 unit kebun kolektif dengan total luasan 1/8 ha yang ditanami berbagai jenis tanaman menggunakan pupuk bioslurry, sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan sayur harian. Selain itu, telah terinstal juga 2 unit kolam lele berkapasitas 5 m3.

Dehidrasi Etanol Menggunakan Zeolit Teraktivasi Irradiasi Lampu Sinar Ultraviolet (UV Light) pada Kolom Fixed Bed M. Praditia Ansor; Simparmin Br. Ginting; Muhammad Haviz; Darmansyah
Jurnal Teknik: Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Aplikasi Teknik Vol 21 No 1 (2022): Jurnal Teknik - Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Aplikasi Teknik
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik - Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

To obtain ethanol purity >99.5%, an adsorption method using Lampung Natural Zeolite (ZAL) is needed. In order to be used as a zeolite adsorbent, activation must be carried out using UV light lamp irradiation germicidal lamp 254 nm, blacklight lamp 360 nm and insect lamp 546 nm. The results of the BET characteristic test showed that the surface area of ??the non-treated zeolite was 41,331 m2/g, the germicidal lamp was 41,158 m2/g, the black light lamp was 40,399 m2/g and the insect lamp was 38,796 m2/g. The largest total pore volume was obtained from UV germicidal lamp activated zeolite 0.0690 cc/gram and the average pore size was found in insect lamp activated zeolite 35.57. After the activation of the zeolite, pellets were formed using a binder from wheat flour with a composition of 35% by weight of zeolite, then the zeolite was calcined to remove the binder that was still attached and opened the pores that were closed by the binder. The results obtained were dehydrated ethanol to increase purity using zeolite activated by UV germicidal lamp 98.69% v/v for 45 minutes, blacklight and insect lamp 98.69% v/v for 55 minutes.

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI ALAT SPINNER PADA PRODUK OLAHAN KERIPIK UMKM SWAKARYA DI DESA RULUNG SARI, LAMPUNG SELATAN Herry Wardono; Simparmin Br Ginting; Herti Utami
Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Sakai Sambayan Vol 6 No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jss.v6i3.378

The group of UMKM Swakarya, located in Desa Rulung Sari, Lampung Selatan is a home industry that produce variety of processed chips. This Swakarsa group is one of the UMKM that was initiated in 2020. At that time, the sluggish economy occurred, due to the Covid 19 pandemic, so the idea arose to sell processed products, namely banana chips and cassava chips. The problem with this partner of Swakarya UMKM is that the chip product turns out to be not hard like chips in general because the product does not drain the oil perfectly with a drainer, so the product cannot be stored longer. The Unila team provides solutions by using appropriate technology tools in order to drain the oil. In the manufacture of this chip product, after being fried, a spinner is used to drain the oil so that the chip product has a little oil content and is ready to be packaged and marketed. By providing this spinner, a tool for draining oil, it is expected that it will increase the production capacity of chips and the quality of chips produced by the partner for the better.

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