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Determination of the Temperature Effect on Glycerol Nitration Processes Using the HYSYS Predictions and the Laboratory Experiment Erna Astuti; Supranto Supranto; Rochmadi Rochmadi; Agus Prasetya; Krister Ström; Bengt Andersson
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2014)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Determinations of the temperature effect on glycerol nitration processes have been done with two methods: the HYSYS predictions and the laboratory experiment. The aim of this study was to compare prediction method and laboratory experiment method. The highest equilibrium conversion from HYSYS predictions was obtained in the range of equilibrium temperature of 10 to 20 °C. The laboratory experiments also described that nitration of glycerol with nitric acid should be carried out at reaction temperature of 10 to 20 °C. HYSYS that was used to predict the results of experiments in the laboratory can reduce the laboratory work with minimize the range of operating conditions studied. HYSYS exactly predict temperature of nitration of glycerol. The difference in conversion between two methods due to the equipment that was used in the experiments, procedure of experiments and the accuracy of analysis.

Production of Activated Carbon by Activation of Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica) Wood Charcoal Erna Astuti; Zahrul Mufrodi; Shinta Amelia; Muhammad Imam Zulfi; Firdaus Ramadhani
CHEMICA: Jurnal Teknik Kimia Vol 10, No 1 (2023): April 2023
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/chemica.v10i1.25260

Tamarind or Tamarindus indica is a plant originating from Asia and Africa. Tamarind wood has high cellulose that could be activated into activated carbon and modified to become a catalyst from its ingredient nature. This study aims to find optimum conditions for producing activated carbon from tamarind charcoal. Research on the activation of tamarind charcoal begins with reducing the size of charcoal. Then the charcoal was sieved to obtain 40, 60, and 60 mesh charcoal sizes. Furthermore, the charcoal was soaked in HCl (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 M) for 1 hour, after which it was filtered, and the pH of the charcoal was neutralized by washing using distilled water. The final step is to dry activated carbon in an oven at 105 ºC. Then, the performance of activated carbon is sought by using activated carbon to adsorb dyes in a dye solution. The concentration of the dye solution before and after being adsorbed with activated carbon was measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 560 nm. Adsorption effectiveness is measured. The greatest effectiveness value obtained was 82.31%. Optimum conditions for activating carbon from tamarind charcoal were obtained by activating 60 mesh of carbon using a hydrochloric acid solution of 4 M. The use of activated carbon at different concentrations of dye solutions produces the same optimum conditions. It is proven that activated carbon can be produced from tamarind charcoal. Tamarind charcoal can be used as an adsorbent material.

Review: Biochar from Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastic Siti Jamilatun; Zulia Arifah; Erna Astuti; Rahayu Aster; Remmo Sri Ardiansyah
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): Indonesian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/ijce.v1i1.458

Plastic and biomass waste disposal will increase if it is not accompanied by appropriate, efficient, and effective waste treatment. Recent research on the yield of charcoal produced by co-pyrolysis has shown that the product of co-pyrolysis of plastic and biomass raw materials is a beneficial additive with a variety of applications, ranging from soil and water improvement, increasing agricultural yields, fuel cells, supercapacitors, as a support/ catalysts, sustainable chemistry, and carbon sequestration. Therefore researchers need to ensure the quality of the results of co-pyrolysis in the form of biochar obtained from any raw material and process to provide maximum benefits, mainly from biomass and plastic raw materials. This study aims to review the formation of biochar from the co-pyrolysis of plastic and biomass raw materials by examining the raw materials, pyrolysis techniques, and the type of reactor used to identify the appropriate parameters. This review discusses biochar production techniques, pyrolysis technology mechanisms, types of pyrolysis, the type of reactor used, the properties of both biomass and plastic raw materials and the properties of biochar produced from various raw materials for comparison. Biochar will be obtained with maximum yield quality from the results of mixing the raw materials for biomass and plastic and optimal operating conditions. It can be an alternative in the bio-oil and syngas energy sector and reduce carbon emissions.

IDENTIFIKASI KEBUTUHAN DAN KEINGINAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN PERANCANGAN ALAT KONVERSI MINYAK JELANTAH MENJADI ENERGI BIO DIESEL YANG PORTABEL Endah Utami; Erna Astuti; Zahrul Mufrodi; Agus Indra Gunawan
Industri Inovatif : Jurnal Teknik Industri Vol 13 No 2 (2023): Inovatif Vol. 13 No. 2
Publisher : Prodi Teknik Industri S1 Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36040/industri.v13i2.6491

Riset ini dilatarbelakangi bagaimana perancangan suatu alat yang telah dihasilkan di dalam suatu laboratorium dan telah mendapatkan Hak Paten dapat dikenal di pasar. Adapun alat yang dimaksud adalah suatu Alat yang mampu mengkonversi minyak jelantah menjadi energi biodiesel yang portable. Minyak jelantah merupakan limbah dari sebuah aktivitas proses pengorengan. Minyak ini dapat ditemukan dari limbah rumah tangga maupun limbah dalam sebuah usaha kuliner. Alat konversi tersebut dirancang khusus untuk para pelaku usaha kuliner, rumah tangga maupun bank sampah. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah mengetahui indikator apa yang menjadi keinginan dan kebutuhan pelanggan. Adapun respondennya adalah pelaku usaha kuliner dan bank sampah. Penentuan sampel dengan menggunakan Metode Heirs. Teknik Sampling menggunakan Purposive sampling. Metode yang digunakan dengan Voice Of Customer, Adapun matrix Importance Performance digunakan untuk memberikan rekomendasi bagi pihak pengembang tentang indikator yang menjadi prioritas kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen. Berdasarkan 40 suara responden, ditemukan ada 12 tambahan indikator dari 5 indikator sebelumnya. Sehingga total sejumlah 17 indikator. Adapun indikator yang menjadi focus perhatian dari 92 responden diantaranya desain yang menarik, kemudahan dalam penggunaan, keamanan penggunaan, adanya guide book, harga di bawah Rp.4 juta, adanya indicator penunjuk suhu dan kecepatan pengadukan, adanya stiker peringatann” Jauhkan dari jangkauan anak anak serta kapasitas tabung diperbesar.

Iron Impregnation on Activated Carbon Prepared from Tamarind Wood (Tamarindus Indica L.) as a Potential Catalyst in Biodiesel Production Astuti, Erna; Suharto, Totok Eka; Setyawan, Martomo; Hanin, Nabila; Mulyono, Sekar Larasati
Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan Vol 13, No 1 (2024): June 2024 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 2]
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/jbat.v13i1.49517

Renewable energy in the form of biodiesel requires a process called transesterification. This process runs slowly, so a catalyst is needed to reduce the activation energy and speed up the reaction rate. Activated carbon is one of the supports in transesterification catalysts because of its high surface area and is proven to be effective in gas or liquid phase reactions. This work aims to study the potential of active carbon from tamarind wood for making catalysts, the characteristics of the catalyst and the optimal concentration of Fe(NO3)3 in the impregnation step. Activated carbon was impregnated using an Ultrasonic Processor with 80% strength at 60 oC for 60 minutes. The impregnation process was carried out with variations of 2, 4, and 6% Fe(NO3)3 dissolved in 0.09M isopropyl alcohol. Variation of processing time 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 minutes. Furthermore, after the activated carbon is allowed to stand for 24 hours, a calcination process is carried out at 300oC to remove impurities. Obtained materials have been characterized by SEM and XRD. The Fe-impregnation process has been successfully carried out on activated carbon made from Tamarind wood (Tamarindus indica L.). In the Fe precursor solution concentration range of 2 – 6%, the higher the concentration of the Fe precursor solution, the higher the impregnated Fe metal. Fe-impregnated activated carbon has the characteristics of being a material consisting of a mixture of crystalline and amorphous phases with even porous surface morphology. This Fe-impregnated activated carbon is a potential material as a catalyst in the biodiesel production process.

Review: Biochar from Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastic Jamilatun, Siti; Arifah, Zulia; Astuti, Erna; Aster, Rahayu; Sri Ardiansyah, Remmo
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/ijce.v1i1.458

Plastic and biomass waste disposal will increase if it is not accompanied by appropriate, efficient, and effective waste treatment. Recent research on the yield of charcoal produced by co-pyrolysis has shown that the product of co-pyrolysis of plastic and biomass raw materials is a beneficial additive with a variety of applications, ranging from soil and water improvement, increasing agricultural yields, fuel cells, supercapacitors, as a support/ catalysts, sustainable chemistry, and carbon sequestration. Therefore researchers need to ensure the quality of the results of co-pyrolysis in the form of biochar obtained from any raw material and process to provide maximum benefits, mainly from biomass and plastic raw materials. This study aims to review the formation of biochar from the co-pyrolysis of plastic and biomass raw materials by examining the raw materials, pyrolysis techniques, and the type of reactor used to identify the appropriate parameters. This review discusses biochar production techniques, pyrolysis technology mechanisms, types of pyrolysis, the type of reactor used, the properties of both biomass and plastic raw materials and the properties of biochar produced from various raw materials for comparison. Biochar will be obtained with maximum yield quality from the results of mixing the raw materials for biomass and plastic and optimal operating conditions. It can be an alternative in the bio-oil and syngas energy sector and reduce carbon emissions.

Optimization of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Production from Tofu Liquid Waste Using EM-4 Activator and Additional Ingredients of Rice Washing Water and Goat Urine Maryudi, Maryudi; Kurniawan, Lutfi; Astuti, Erna; Yahya, Asdarina
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol. 2 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/ijce.v2i2.707

Liquid organic fertilizer is organic fertilizer in liquid form which is partly or wholly derived from organic compounds such as plant, animal and industrial waste, either in solid or liquid form. The nutrients contained in it are in the form of a very fine solution so that it is easily absorbed by plants, even the leaves or stems. Organic fertilizer is one solution to restore soil minerals physically, chemically and biologically from the bad effects of synthetic fertilizers. The benefits of liquid organic fertilizer include providing nutrients for plants, improving soil structure, suppressing bacteria that can be detrimental to the soil, and continuous use of soil will improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil as a result being conducive to the environment. In the fermentation process, the role of microbes greatly determines the product produced. The aim of this research is to determine the potential of liquid waste. in the form of liquid organic fertilizer with the addition of goat urine and rice washing water with variations of 15 mL and 30 mL to increase micro and micro nutrients with the bacterial activator EM-4 through a fermentation process. The results of the optimum organic fertilizer content show that the Biological Oxygen Requirement is 969,549 ppm, the Chemical Oxygen Requirement is 14,801.04 ppm and the Total Suspended Solids is 5.360 ppm. Optimal macro nutrient results show Nitrogen 0.2527%, phosphorus 0.1359%, potassium 0.15435%. And the highest degree of acidity (pH) is 4.415. on the first day

The Effects of Adding CaCOᴣ and Glycerol as Filler in The Synthesis of Bioplastic Made from Corn Starch Safira, Ajeng Listiani; Suffah, Nurullia; Hendrawati, Tri Yuni; Astuti, Erna
Journal of Chemical Process Engineering Vol. 9 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Chemical Process Engineering
Publisher : Fakultas Teknologi Industri - Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/jcpe.v9i1.97

Plastic is one of the items widely used by the world's population, including in industry. Apart from being cheaper, plastic also has the advantage of being waterproof and having good strength to withstand the load carried. However, plastic has weaknesses in the decomposition process and can cause environmental pollution. Corn has a high percentage of starch content and is easy to cultivate in Indonesia, so corn has the potential to become one of the raw materials used in making bioplastics to reduce the plastic waste produced. This research aims to determine the effect of adding CaCOᴣ and glycerol fillers in synthesizing bioplastics from corn starch. The method applied in this research is pouring the solution. Based on research, the reaction to make bioplastic from corn starch with CaCO3 filler and glycerol is an esterification reaction. The higher the CaCO₃ content in bioplastics, the smaller the percent elongation value produced, the tensile strength properties will decrease, and this will result in the %w loss value decreasing. The low tensile strength is due to the presence of empty holes in the bioplastic product. Meanwhile, more glycerol will cause an increase in the percent elongation value, a decrease in tensile strength, and easy degradation. The bioplastic that has specification close to SNI standards was obtained using 5 ml of glycerol and 2 grams of CaCO₃ for 100 g of corn starch.

A Review : Optimalisasi Sisa Tanaman Hiperakumulator: Pemanfaatan dan Pengelolaan Biomassa Logam Berat Pasca-Fitoremediasi Jamilatun, Siti; Nurmustaqimah, Nurmustaqimah; Astuti, Erna; Rahayu, Aster
Prosiding Semnastek PROSIDING SEMNASTEK 2024
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Urbanisasi dan industrialisasi yang pesat meningkatkan risiko polusi logam berat, mengakibatkan dampak ekologis yang merugikan dan klasifikasi sebagai polutan utama. Logam berat seperti kadmium, kromium, merkuri, arsenik, timbal, dan seng tidak dapat terurai secara alami, menyebabkan tanah tidak cocok untuk pertanian. Fitoremediasi, dengan menggunakan tanaman hiperakumulator, muncul sebagai solusi untuk mengatasi kontaminasi logam berat, tetapi menghadapi tantangan polusi sekunder dari pelepasan ulang kontaminan oleh biomassa tanaman. Review ini mengevaluasi metode perlakuan pasca-fitoremediasi, termasuk perlakuan panas (insinerasi, pirolisis, dan gasifikasi), ekstraksi (dengan agen seperti amonium asetat dan amonium oksalat), pengomposan, dan pemadatan. Meskipun perlakuan panas efektif dalam menghilangkan logam berat, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai efisiensi dan pemulihan logam berat. Pengomposan, meskipun mengurangi volume biomassa, memiliki risiko remobilisasi logam berat. Pemadatan, sebagai alternatif, melibatkan tekanan untuk memadatkan biomassa tanaman. Pemilihan metode perlakuan harus mempertimbangkan efisiensi, biaya, dan dampak lingkungan. Kesadaran akan potensi polusi sekunder dan pengelolaan limbah hasil dari perlakuan sangat penting untuk keberlanjutan upaya remediasi logam berat. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutan dalam pengembangan teknologi pasca-fitoremediasi dan pemantauan lingkungan untuk mendukung keberlanjutan upaya remediasi logam berat.Kata kunci: Limbah, Biomassa, Logam berat, Lingkungan, Fitoremediasi

Utilization of Tofu Liquid Waste as Liquid Organic Fertilizer Using the Fermentation Method with Activator Effective Microorganisms 4 (EM-4): A Review Lutfi Kurniawan; Maryudi Maryudi; Erna Astuti
Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 8, No 1 (2024): Volume 8, No 1 July 2024
Publisher : Program studi Teknik Kimia UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/equilibrium.v8i1.84056

Liquid organic fertilizer is organic fertilizer in liquid form which is partly or wholly derived from organic compounds such as plant, animal and industrial residues, in solid or liquid form. The nutrients contained in it are in the form of a very fine solution so that it is easily absorbed by plants, even the leaves or stems. Organic fertilizer is one solution to restore soil minerals physically, chemically and biologically from the bad effects of synthetic fertilizers. Liquid fertilizer is obtained from a solid fermentation process first, then followed by a liquid anaerobic fermentation and extraction process. In the fermentation process, the role of microbes greatly determines the product produced. Tofu liquid waste is made from cooking residue from cooked soybeans boiled and the water from the remaining tofu tends to be thrown into the surrounding environment. Waste Liquid tofu contains organic ingredients, namely carbohydrates reaching 20-50%, protein 40-60%, and 10% fat. It is known that this tofu waste can be used as liquid organic fertilizer by fermentation. Tofu liquid waste contains organic substances, namely carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which can be used as liquid organic fertilizer. These substances must first be broken down into simpler elements by a fermentation process so that they can be absorbed by plants. Effective Microorganisms-4 as inoculants to increase microbial diversity in soil and can control unpleasant odors, accelerate the decomposition process, maximize the decomposition process, increase nutrient content, reduce the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, improve the physical, chemical and biological structure of the soil and bioremediation.Keywords: Liquid Organic Fertilizer, Liquid Waste, Fermentation, Effective Microorganisms-4, Nutrient

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