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Winda Rahmalia
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Ahmad Yani Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 79124
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Determination of Optimum Conditions for Biodiesel Synthesis from Bulk Palm Oil Using Red Mud-CaO Catalyst Nurdianty, Sri; Usman, Thamrin; Rahmalia, Winda
agriTECH Vol 45, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/agritech.79978

Abstract

The synthesis of biodiesel from bulk palm oil using methanol and a heterogeneous catalyst, red mud-CaO, has been carried out. This research aimed to investigate the effect of the ratio of red mud-CaO, percent catalyst, and reaction time on the conversion of methyl ester. Red mud and CaO catalysts were obtained from calcining red mud and clay bath CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) waste at 200°C and 900 o C for 5 and 4 hours, respectively. Biodiesel synthesis was carried out by adding bulk palm oil:methanol (1:10 v/v) and red mud-CaO heated for 1, 2, and 3 hours at 65 o C. In addition, the reaction was followed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Optimum reaction conditions were obtained at the ratio of red mud-CaO (1:1 w/w), catalyst 5%, and time of 2 hours indicated by the total formation of methyl ester on TLC plate. Meanwhile, red mudCaO (1:1 w/w) catalyst was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to determine the crystal structure and element composition. The analysis was carried out using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) to determine the functional groups of catalyst. XRD characterization results showed that there were 4 highest peaks, namely 29.29° (CaCO3 ), 33.99° and 17.93° (Ca(OH)2 ), and 11.59° (aluminum silicate mineral). The 4 highest elemental contents were Ca, Fe, Al, and Si. FTIR characterization showed the peak wavenumbers 3641.60 cm -1 (Ca(OH)2 ),1423.47 cm -1 (O-C-O bond of carbonate), 981.77 cm -1 and 986.69 cm -1 (Si-O), 875.68 cm -1 and 713.66 cm -1 (Ca-O), 366.48 cm -1 (Al-O), and 426.27 cm -1 (Fe-O). According to GC-MS analysis, the most formed methyl ester compositions were methyl oleate (47.35%) and methyl palmitate (40.13%).
Co-Authors Adhitiyawarman, Adhitiyawarman Agustiawan, Deri Ajuk Sapar Alimunddin, Andi Hairil Andi Hairil Alimuddin Anis Shofiyani Aprilia, Jelita Ari Widiyantoro Asniati, Asniati Chitra, Fara Endah Sayekti Fadly, Dzul Fani Indriani, Fani Firman Shantya Budi, Firman Shantya Gusrizal Gusrizal Heni Pujiastuti Imelda Hotmarisi Silalahi Lestari, Titiek Lubis, Yosef Novem Batistuta Naselia, Uray Amira Nelly Wahyuni Nurdianty, Sri Prayitno, Dwi Imam Putri, Alintianni Yolla Putri, Dea Malyana Rahayu, Warsi Kurnia Risa Nofiani Rudiyansyah Rudiyansyah Rudiyansyah, R. Sugandi, Didiek Suriyanti, Lieli Syamsi, Wisi Wilanda Th. Candra Wasis Agung Sutignya Thamrin Usman Titin Anita Zahara, Titin Anita Wibowo, Muhamad Agus Widiyananta, Surya Yanti, Ninda Meili Yohana Sutiknyawati Kusuma Dewi